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There are various resources to support students in reading comprehension and the components of reading. Students with exceptionalities have technology that allows text-to-speech functions and have access to them at school. Encouraging students to read aloud is another way to help students, read slowly and pronounce each word. Educators must set aside time for reading groups and independent reading. When students are provided with well-designed classroom libraries, they interact more with books, spend more time reading, exhibit more positive attitudes toward reading, and exhibit higher levels of reading achievement (NAEP, 2002). Additionally, research-based classroom libraries support balanced literacy instruction. Support teachers in building classroom libraries through budget dollas (Staff, 2023).

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The 5 Components of Reading , J. (2021, April 7). The 5 Components of Reading Explained - 3P Learning. 3P Learning. https://www.3plearning.com/blog

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Reading skills are built on five separate components: phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension.

These components work together to create strong, rich, and reliable reading abilities, but they're often taught separately or in uneven distribution.

Here's how you comprehensively teach the 5 components of reading skills and make them a regular feature of your classroom.

Phonics

Phonics is the connection of different sounds with different letters, or different groupings of letters. For example, the letter 's' gives an /s/ sound, but adding an 'h' gives the different sound of /sh/.

Why is phonics an important component of reading?

Phonics forms the nuts and bolts of the reading process. It allows students to connect arbitrary symbols on a page to verbally expressed language. Even if a child has no understanding of what a word means , they will still be able to phonetically sound it out.

Phonics also develops students' ability to 'read by sight', i.e. register whole words at a glance without sounding out each individual letter. Even within an unfamiliar word, students will be able to quickly sight-read phonic patterns (e.g. 'however' as a whole might be new, but 'how' and 'ever' will be sight words).

Both of the above developments translate to reading fluency. Students are able to read much faster and more efficiently without having to stop and process the letters each time they are confronted by a new piece of vocabulary.

4 ways to teach phonics for reading

There are different approaches to phonics instruction, but these activities will suit any classroom.

1. Rhyming games: Any activity that requires students to rhyme words will develop their phonic understanding. This might be writing a poem as a class or mixing and matching pairs of rhymed words.

2. Flexiwords: Have students break down a word into its individual phonemes, each of which go onto a decorated piece of card. Students then attach the phonemes (in order) to an elastic band. Stretching out the band will separate the phonemes and helps students to view a slow sounding out of the word. Relaxing it will reveal the word as it appears in regular speech.

3. Phonics hopscotch: Draw hopscotch but substitute the numbers with graphemes (the letters representing phonetic sounds). Students have to jump between the different letters as they hear them from a teacher or partner.

4. Guess the word: Students write down a set of 5 words, then place them in the middle of the table. The teacher or nominated student then has to pick a word and give clues (e.g. "it ends with -ig") while the others guess what it is.

5. Word mix up: Put individual graphemes on separate cards, and then task students with manipulating them to create as many words as possible.

You can also download phonics teaching resources for free from our literacy hub.

Phonemic Awareness

Phonemic awareness is an understanding of how individual phonemes (consonant or vowel sounds) can be manipulated and arranged to create words. This may sound similar to phonics, but there is a difference. Phonics concerns letter- sound knowledge, whereas phonemic awareness refers to sound- word knowledge. Phonemic awareness is therefore aimed on auditory understanding, as opposed to words on a page.

Why is phonemic awareness an important component of reading?

English is written using an alphabetical system, where every letter corresponds to an individual phoneme. This might sound obvious, but it's not the case in other languages where characters represent whole syllables (e.g. Japanese) or even whole words (as with certain Chinese characters).

This means that students need an awareness of phonemes themselves before they can make sense of words on a page. For example, to read the word 'cat' aloud, students have to know what the phonemes /c/, /a/, /t/ sound like when put together. And it's not easy either - phonemes have to overlap and flow together to form fluent speech.

For this reason, studies have identified phonemic awareness as the best early indicator of a student's reading potential. It sets the stage for phonics, and virtually every other component of literacy.

5 ways to develop phonemic awareness for reading

1. Phoneme isolation: Students identify individual phonemes in words, e.g. "What is the first sound in 'boat'?" (/b/)

2. Phoneme identity: Students identify the common sound in different words, e.g. "Tell me the sound that is the same in 'bike', 'boy', and 'bell'." (/b/)

3. Phoneme categories : students identify the word with the odd sound in a sequence, e.g. "Which word does not belong? Bus, bun, rug." (rug)

4. Phoneme blending: Students listen to a sequence of separately spoken sounds and combine them to form a recognizable word, e.g. "What word is /s/ /k/ /u/ /l/?" (school)

Phoneme deletion : Students find the word that remains when a specified phoneme is removed, e.g. "What word do we get when we remove /s/ from 'smile'?" (mile)

Vocabulary

Vocabulary is the range of words a student is able to understand and use in context. More of a toolbox than a skill, students' vocabularies grow as they read and are introduced to new words.

Why is vocabulary an important component of reading?

You can only take meaning from words you understand. Students with broader vocabularies are more confident when reading challenging or unfamiliar material. When they encounter unknown words, they can figure it out based on context clues or resemblance to familiar pieces of vocabulary.

You can grow students' vocabularies with regular reading in and out of the classroom.

5 ways to develop a stronger vocabulary for reading

1. Word of the day: Create a daily roster for students to share a newly discovered or unusual word with the class. They could explain the word by providing an original definition, acting it out, or compiling a list of synonyms.

2. Creative writing: Compile all the 'words of the day' gathered over the week and then task students with writing a story that uses as many new words as possible. This ensures they learn how to use new vocabulary in context.

3. Class glossary: When reading a text or studying a topic, compile a list of unfamiliar words, and assign them to students. Each student must create a glossary page with a definition, pronunciation guide, sentence example, mnemonic (memory aid), and an image representing the word.

4. Opposites attract: Assign each student a card with a new word and its definition. They then have to find and pair up with a classmate who has a word with the opposite meaning.

5. Vocab bookmarks: Have students design and create a bookmark with a space to write down any new words they discover while they read. Laminate them so students can reuse them with a dry-erase marker.

Fluency

Fluency is the ability to read with speed, understanding, and accuracy. Yet it's more than information extraction - it's the skill that allows us to 'follow' a text, picture its descriptions, and hear the auditory expression of words in our heads even when reading silently.

Why is fluency an important component of reading?

Fluency is what lets students feel the 'flow' of a text. Struggling readers, for example, read aloud in a jerky, clipped fashion as if a new sentence begins with every word. Others might be oblivious to the shifting tone and pace of a text, reading it in a steady monotone with no expression. In both cases, the process of reading becomes painful and awkward - even if students can successfully decode individual words.

Fluency and comprehension are closely tied. A student cannot fully understand the meaning and ideas behind a text without the ability to read it fluently.

5 ways to develop reading fluency

1. Teacher modeling : regularly reading aloud to students serves as a model for reading fluency. Be expressive and vary your pace so that students get a sense of the flow. If possible, have students read along with their own copy of the text, so they can link it to the words they hear aloud.

2. Phrase identification: Take a single sentence and read it aloud while students refer to the written version. Ask them to identify distinct phrases with an underline by listening carefully to the pauses. Can they separate the sentence into groups of words that run together? Model it first to give students a clear idea.

3. Choral reading: Read a short text aloud to your students, and then have them read it aloud in unison. Matching the flow and pace of the group develops fluency.

4. Paired reading: Having children read aloud to one another encourages them to develop the expression and flow needed for fluency. Pair students of different ability levels for more powerful learning, but make sure the disparity is not too great.

5. Use audiobooks: Audiobooks paired with text allow students to link the words on the page with fluent and expressive reading. You can find engaging audio titles in the Reading Eggs and Reading Eggspress Library, which contains over 2500 student eBooks.

Comprehension

Comprehension is a student's understanding of the information being imparted by a text, such as:

Why is comprehension an important component of reading?

Comprehension allows students to draw meaning and information from a text, and it also transforms reading from a purely functional activity into one that inspires thought and feeling.

5 ways to develop comprehension skills for reading

1. Drawing: Ask your students to draw or paint a scene from a written text. This encourages them to imagine the concrete details being represented by the words themselves.

2. Questioning: Follow up reading time with open-ended questions that prompt students to think deeply about the text. For example, if reading a narrative, you might ask students how a character changed over the course of a story, or how a central problem influenced the action.

3. Encourage reflection: Ask students for their opinions on the text in order to encourage deeper reflective thinking about the ideas. For example, you might ask what emotions were evoked by a setting, or whether a character's actions were right or wrong.

4. Make connections: Encourage students to make connections to their own lives and other texts that they have read. Weave this into your discussion or questioning after reading in order to link comprehension with real-world concepts your students can relate to.

5. Make reading a habit: The more students read, the more confident and astute their comprehension skills will become.

Habit is key for all reading skills!

Remember: the best thing you can do to help children become confident, fluent readers is to put them in front of as much written material as possible. Make it a regular and celebrated part of your classroom activity, and you'll set them up to become readers for life.

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The 5 Components of Reading Explained - 3P Learning

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Reading skills are built on five separate components: phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. These components work together to create strong, rich, and reliable reading abilities, but they're often taught separately or in uneven distribution. Here's how you comprehensively teach the 5 components of reading skills and make them a regular feature of your [...]

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Learn more about how to increase higher order thinking, developing comprehension across the content areas, the value of read alouds, effective classroom strategies, and more.

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videos talking about reading comprehension components k-12 - Bing video

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Five (5) Components of Reading :: Read Naturally, Inc.Five (5) Components of Reading :: Read Naturally, Inc. (n.d.). https://www.readnaturally.com/research/5-co

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In accordance with our commitment to deliver reading programs based on research-based instructional strategies, Read Naturally's programs develop and support the five (5) components of reading identified by the National Reading Panel -phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

Phonemic Awareness

Phonemes, the smallest units making up spoken language, combine to form syllables and words. Phonemic awareness refers to the student's ability to focus on and manipulate these phonemes in spoken syllables and words. According to the National Reading Panel, teaching phonemic awareness to children significantly improves their reading more than instruction that lacks any attention to phonemic awareness.
Learn more about phonemic awareness

Phonics

Phonics is the relationship between the letters (or letter combinations) in written language and the individual sounds in spoken language. Phonics instruction teaches students how to use these relationships to read and spell words. The National Reading Panel indicated that systematic phonics instruction enhances children's success in learning to read, and it is significantly more effective than instruction that teaches little or no phonics.
Learn more about phonics

Fluency

Fluent readers are able to read orally with appropriate speed, accuracy, and proper expression. Fluency is the ability to read as well as we speak and to make sense of the text without having to stop and decode each word. The National Reading Panel's research findings concluded that guided oral reading and repeated oral reading had a significant and positive impact on word recognition, reading fluency, and comprehension in students of all ages.
Learn more about fluency

Vocabulary

Vocabulary development is closely connected to comprehension. The larger the reader's vocabulary (either oral or print), the easier it is to make sense of the text. According to the National Reading Panel, vocabulary can be learned incidentally through storybook reading or listening to others, and vocabulary should be taught both directly and indirectly. Students should be actively engaged in instruction that includes learning words before reading, repetition and multiple exposures, learning in rich contexts, incidental learning, and use of computer technology.
Learn more about vocabulary

Comprehension

Comprehension is the complex cognitive process readers use to understand what they have read. Vocabulary development and instruction play a critical role in comprehension. The National Reading Panel determined that young readers develop text comprehension through a variety of techniques, including answering questions (quizzes) and summarization (retelling the story).
Learn more about comprehension

Note: Progress in reading does not necessarily result in progress in spelling. Spelling instruction is needed to develop students' spelling skills.
Learn more about spelling

For more information

Learn more about the National Reading Panel
Intervention programs that address these reading components

Bibliography

Mehta, P. D., Foorman, B. R., Branum-Martin, L., & Taylor, W. P. (2005). Literacy as a unidimensional construct: Validation, sources of influence and implications in a longitudinal study in grades 1-4. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9(2), pp. 85-116.

National Reading Panel. (2000). Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. Washington, DC: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

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Five (5) Components of Reading :: Read Naturally, Inc.

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Our programs develop the National Reading Panel 's five (5) components of reading: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension.

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From the creators of ABCmouse.com, Adventure Academy is the newest educational product from Age of Learning Inc. featuring endless game play. Adventure Academy is an educational product that combines an Elementary School curriculum with an interactive 3D world. Sign up to buy or get the latest news!

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 Reading resources Supporting the Components of Reading

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 Reading resources Supporting the Components of Reading

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Starfall is an educational alternative to other children's entertainment options and is especially effective for special education, homeschooling, and English language development (ELD, ELL, ESL). It is widely used in schools that serve children with special needs and learning difficulties. The program emphasizes exploration, play, and positive reinforcement—encouraging children to become confident and intrinsically motivated (<i>Starfall Education: Kids Games, Movies, & Books K-3</i>, n.d.).

Starfall Education: Kids Games, Movies, & Books K-3. (n.d.). https://www.starfall.com/h/

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Starfall Education: Kids Games, Movies, Books & Music for K-5 and above

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At Starfall, children have fun while they learn - specializing in reading, phonics & math - educational games, movies, books, songs, and more for children K-5 and above.

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Keep up, catch up, or stay ahead with literacy and spelling practice. Encourage responsibility and independent study when learning spelling words (VocabularySpellingCity, 2017).

VocabularySpellingCity. (2017, March 13). VocabularySpellingCity.com | Home. https://www.spellingcity.com/

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Heidi McDonald. (2012, January 25). Yummy Cheeseburger Book Report Projects [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watYummy Cheeseburger Book Report Projects

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This comprehension activity is fun and creative. Students will enjoy the image.

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Tanner, K. (2021). 18 Valuable Vocabulary Activities for Kids - Teaching Expertise. Teaching Expertise. https://www.teachingexpertise.com/classroom-ideas/vocabu

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The objective of this interesting vocabulary activity is for students to correctly use vocabulary words in conversations. Students use a controlled vocabulary list to write the closest matching definition in their own words, draw a picture of the meaning, and use the word in a sentence (Tanner, 2021).

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The objective of this interesting vocabulary activity is for students to correctly use vocabulary words in conversations. Students use a controlled vocabulary list to write the closest matching definition in their own words, draw a picture of the meaning, and use the word in a sentence (Tanner, 2021).

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It is essential to capture your child's attention and read with them daily to get them excited about reading. Reread favorite books. Building fluency requires a lot of practice. Keep a collection of books that your child can read quickly and easily. Please encourage your child to reread their favorite books over and over again. With each reading, give lots of praise and encouragement. Listen every day. Once you've found a collection of books, your child can read, and listen to your child read daily. Be patient — new readers often read slowly. Offer help when your child gets stuck (<i>Fluency: Activities for Your Kindergartener</i>, 2022).

Fluency: Activities for Your Kindergartener. (2022, September 28). Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101-guide-parents/kindergarten/fluency-activities-your-kindergartner#:~:text=Try%20these%20fluency%20activities%20at%20home%201%20Choose,6%20Echo%20game%20. . .%207%20Choral%20reading%20

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Each child's name should be said one syllable at a time with a clap, tap, or stomp; alternatively, you could use the children's hands or feet, rhythm sticks, homemade drums, or shakers. If you get bored with class names, you could substitute characters from books you've read or vocabulary words from a particular unit of study (Barrett, 2023).

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If you work with pre-readers or early readers, you know that phonological awareness activities (and in particular, phonemic awareness activities) are essential for kids' literacy success. We've pulled together a huge list of activities, routines, and resources for you to have at your fingertips.

Why are phonological awareness activities important?

Phonological awareness is the ability to hear and work with word parts and sounds in spoken language. Hearing rhyming words, breaking words into syllables, and comparing the beginning or ending sounds in words are all examples of phonological awareness. Having this flexibility with spoken sounds is essential for kids to learn to read and write. Phonological awareness serves as a foundation for phonics skills-learning how letters represent sounds in written language.

Why are phonemic awareness activities important?

Phonemic awareness is a subcategory of phonological awareness-and it's a biggie! These skills allow kids to hear individual sounds in words to be ready to write them. They also let kids blend spoken sounds together to be ready to read words. Solid phonemic awareness is a key predictor of reading success.

Phonological awareness activities, including phonemic awareness activities, don't involve letters. (That's phonics!) This is important to remember, because a word may have a different number of sounds than letters (e.g., "car" has three letters but two spoken sounds, /c/, /ar/). Words might also have different letters but the same sounds when spoken (e.g., car and kitten start with the same /c/ sound). By playing with sounds using their voices, bodies, objects, toys, and picture cards, kids learn to hear the parts and sounds that make up spoken language. Then they can use those skills to move into reading and writing.

Low-Prep Phonological Awareness Activities

Use these activities to help kids hear and work with words, syllables, and word parts.

(Just a heads up, WeAreTeachers may collect a share of sales from the links on this page. We only recommend items our team loves!)

1. Count My Words

Say a sentence (the sillier the better!) and ask kids to count how many words you said on their fingers.

2. Chop Up a Message

Plan a sentence out loud. Have kids help chop up a sentence strip to create a piece for each word. As kids get good at this, talk about chopping a longer piece for a word that sounds longer. Practice touching each piece and saying the word it represents. (If you model writing or write the message together, that's phonics-but still great!)

3. Count Words With Objects

Give kids blocks, LEGO bricks, interlocking cubes, or other items. Have them set out an item for each word you say in a silly sentence or message.

4. Syllable Puppet Talk

Puppets are awesome for making phonological awareness activities fun! Use a hand puppet to say words (or have kids try). Together, count how many times the puppet's mouth opens as a way to notice syllables.

5. Syllable Clap, Tap, or Stomp

Use any percussion instrument, like rhythm sticks, homemade drums, or shakers, or just kids' hands or feet. Say each child's name one syllable at a time with a clap, tap, or stomp. When you get tired of class names, use characters from books you read, or content words from a curriculum unit.

6. How Many Syllables? Box

Put a collection of unexpected items in a box. Dramatically pull an item out, talk about the word, and clap how many syllables it has.

7. Syllable Food Chop

Show kids pictures of food items or dig through a bin of play food and have them pretend to "chop the food" into syllable pieces. "Eggplant" gets chopped in two parts, "Asparagus" gets chopped in four parts, etc.

8. Stuffy Syllable Sort

Grab a pile of stuffed toys (or any character toy kids like). Lay out number cards 1 through 4 on the floor and have kids clap each word, count the syllables, and put the item in the right pile.

9. Syllable Smash

Give students balls of dough or clay. Have them smash a ball for each syllable in a spoken word.

Learn more: @droppinknowledgewithheidi

10. Fill In the Rhyme

Read aloud rhyming books and pause to have students chime in the rhyming word.

11. Thumbs Up, Thumbs Down Rhymes

Say a pair of words and have students indicate whether or not they rhyme. Expand on this game with Jack Hartmann's Make a Rhyme, Make a Move song.

12. Guess My Rhyming Word

Give a rhyming clue for students to guess your word, such as "I'm thinking of a word that rhymes with goat" for "boat." Or clip picture cards to student headbands, and have them give each other rhyming clues to guess their word. For example, "Your word rhymes with red" for "bed."

13. Sing Rhyming Songs

There are plenty of favorites, but we will always be partial to classics by Raffi like Willoughby Wallaby Woo.

14. Real and Nonsense Rhymes

Start with a real word and brainstorm as many real rhyming words as you can. Then keep going with nonsense words! For instance: goat, coat, moat, throat, boat, zoat, yoat, loat!

15. Which Word Doesn't Belong? Rhymes

Say or show pictures of a set of rhyming words with one non-rhyme. Have students call out the one that doesn't belong.

Low-Prep Phonemic Awareness Activities

Use these activities to help kids work with individual sounds in spoken words.

16. Mirror Sounds

Help kids notice how their lips, tongue, and throat move, look, and feel when they make a specific sound. (Later, they can attach this information to the letter that represents the sound.)

Learn more: Kindermusik.com

17. Tongue Twisters

Practice saying tongue twisters together. Check out this fun list. Talk about the words in each tongue twister that start with the same sound.

18. Robot Talk

Make a simple robot puppet. Use it to say words segmented into individual sounds for kids to blend.

19. Microphone Sounds

Say the sounds in a word into a fun microphone for kids to blend.

Buy it: Wireless microphone on Amazon

20. "I Spy" Beginning Sounds

Spy items around the classroom and give clues based on beginning sound. For instance, for "pencil," say "I spy something that starts with /p/" or "I spy something that starts like pig." When kids get good at this game, adapt it to "I Spy Ending Sounds."

21. Blend and Draw

Say the segmented sounds in a word to kids. Have them blend the sounds and sketch the word on a small dry-erase board.

22. Feed the Monster

Each day, tell kids your classroom tissue box "monster" wants to eat words that have the same beginning, middle, or ending sound as _____. Have kids "feed" picture cards to the monster or just pretend to throw imaginary items its way.

Learn more: Supersimple.com

23. Which Word Doesn't Belong? Sounds

Say a collection of words or show a set of picture cards that have the same beginning, ending, or middle sound, with one extra. Have kids identify the one that doesn't belong.

24. Sound Hunt

Call out a beginning or ending sound. Have kids go to something in the classroom that has that sound (e.g., go to "door" for "starts with the /d/ sound" or go to "sink" for "ends with the /k/ sound").

25. Mystery Object

Put an item in a box or fancy bag. Give kids clues about the item related to its sounds for them to guess the item (e.g., "The mystery object starts like "water" and it has a /ch/ sound at the end" for "watch").

26. Bounce and Roll Segmenting

Give each student a soft ball. Have them bounce or tap the ball for each sound in a word and then roll or slide the ball from left to right as they blend the whole word.

27. Animal Jump Segmenting

Give students any small stuffed animal or toy. Have them make the animal jump for the sounds in words you say and then slide or "run" to blend the whole word.

28. Body Part Segmenting

Have students touch body parts from top to bottom to segment a word. Use head and toes for two-sound words and head, waist, and toes for three-sound words.

29. Body Part Sound Positions

Have students touch a body part to show whether a sound is at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. If they are listening for the /p/ sound, they'd touch their heads for "pickle," their waist for "apple," and their toes for "slurp."

Learn more: @kinderkish

30. Slinky Segmenting

Have kids stretch a Slinky as they say the sounds in a word and then release it to say the whole word.

Buy it: Slinky on Amazon

31. Xylophone Sounds

Say a word and have students tap a xylophone key for each sound, then sweep across the keys to say the whole word.

Buy it: Xylophone for kids on Amazon

32. Phoneme Segmentation Bracelets

Have students move one bead per sound as they segment words.

Learn more: @taryns_unique_learning

33. Elkonin Boxes

Have students place one counter per Elkonin box as they segment the sounds in words on picture cards.

Learn more: @droppinknowledgewithheidi

34. Pop-it Sounds

Have students pop bubbles on a small Pop-it as they say each sound in a word.

Buy it: Mini Pop Fidget set of 30 on Amazon

35. Sound Smash

Give students balls of dough or clay to smash as they say each sound in a word.

36. Jumping Jack Words

Call out words and have students do a jumping jack for each sound. Vary the game with different movements.

37. Guess My Word: Sound Clues

Give students clues about a secret word, like "It starts with /m/ and ends in /k/ and some of you drank it for lunch" for "milk."

38. Headband Pictures: Sound Clues

Clip picture cards to student headbands. Have them give each other clues about the sounds in a word to guess their picture.

39. Nonsense Word Change

Say a nonsense word and ask students how to change it to a real word. (For example, to make "zookie" real, change the /z/ to /c/ to make "cookie.")

40. LEGO Word Change

Use LEGO bricks or interlocking cubes to build a word sound by sound. (For example, link three bricks to represent the sounds in "pat.") Then take off or add bricks to change the sounds into new words. (For example, take off the /p/ to say "at" and put a new brick for /m/ to change the word to "mat.")

What are your go-to phonological awareness and phonemic awareness activities? Let us know in the comments!

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40 Low-Prep Phonological Awareness Activities

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Set kids up for success with this mega-list of fun and easy phonological awareness activities. Syllabication, segmenting, blending, and more!

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Teach Your Monster: Free Phonics, Reading and Mathematics Games

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Help children learn with our free, award-winning reading, mathematics and phonics games.

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Resources for Phonological and Phonemic awareness/ activities for home.

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Resources for Phonological and Phonemic awareness/ activities for home.

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Tongue ticklers Alliteration or "tongue ticklers" — where the sound you're focusing on is repeated over and over again — can be a fun way to provide practice with a speech sound. Try these: For M: Miss Mouse makes marvelous meatballs! For S: Silly Sally sings songs about snakes and snails. For F: Freddy finds fireflies with a flashlight (<i>Phonological and Phonemic Awareness: Activities for Your Kindergartener</i>, 2022).

Phonological and Phonemic Awareness: Activities for Your Kindergartener. (2022, September 28). Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101-guide-parents/kindergarten/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness-activities-your-kindergartner#Silly%20Tongue%20Twisters

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Reading Rockets | Launching Young Readers. (n.d.). Reading Rockets | Launching Young Readers. https://www.readingrockets.org/