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The Great Gatsby--In Context of History 

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The Great Gatsby--In Context of History 

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The movie/novel takes place within the peak of the
"Roaring 20s" era, but many events before and after explain the significance of such prosperity

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US involvement in the affairs between Cuba and Spain was largely based on imperialistic and territorial acquisitions. US diplomats joined the war in hopes of maintaining democracy, but they quickly minimized Spanish influences and expanded US power. From the defeat of Spain, the US acquired Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. With added territories, America was able to import larger amounts of wealth through the array of natural goods present in the colonial territories. This was only the beginning of US power and expansion of the economy.

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Though the war had begun in 1914, the United States took an isolationist policy. The US was focusing on its territorial acquisitions rather than active involvement in foreign affairs. However, the German Foreign secretary sent a telegram to Mexico requesting a reconquest of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona from the United States. This created pressure upon the US to involve themselves in the war. Once President Wilson received Congressional approval, the US became involved in combat, fighting upon principles of democracy and the maintenance of their foreign territories. The War bolstered the US economy as both France and Britain relied on US products to restore their soldiers and temporarily provide wartime relief. The war finally ended in 1918, leaving the US in a period of economic prosperity.

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With WWI nearing its end, the United States began evaluating its national state. A large focus was to support national unity and create a wholly better society. Southern individuals pushed forth prohibition in hopes for a pure society. By 1920, nearly all states had embraced prohibition, eliminating sales of alcohol. However, this limitation only increased consumption out of rebellion. With urban culture at a rise, people took prohibition as a way to sell alcohol for lower prices and find underground markets of production and sales.

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1919--19th Amendment: Women's Voting Rights

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1919--19th Amendment: Women's Voting Rights

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After many years of activism, women were granted suffrage. This provided women with an expanded political voice and ability to advocate for the continued expansion of rights. Going into the 20th century, women were able to explore roles that defied gender norms through involvement in the working field, participation in sports, etc. In the 20s, women expressed themselves in expansive ways and stepped away from standard household norms and embraced exciting urban cultures (flappers; in Gatsby, Jordan Baker is a great example of this).

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Following WWI, economic opportunities in the US expanded. More specifically, urban centers developed into attractive locations for employment. With greater opportunity, Black Americans were able to move out of rural areas of south and head north. This migration significantly increased the population of many urban centers, and it allowed for African Americans to explore various means of living and economic opportunity. The Great Migration eventually catalyzed artistic movements amongst black communities of city spaces.

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Following the significant increase of the New York Black population from the Great Migration, the city experienced a collective artistic movement that blossomed in the neighborhood of Harlem. African Americans came to this neighborhood to connect and create literary work meant to unify the community as a whole. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes shared artistic stories that connected the community to their African roots. The clearest form of art contributed by the Renaissance was Jazz, as this dominated the "Roaring 20s" party culture. The impact of Black creations such as jazz was adopted across races and largely became the center of American culture. In fact, the author of The Great Gatsby referred to the 1920s as the "Jazz Age".

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1920s--Growth of Postwar Consumer and Urban culture

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1920s--Growth of Postwar Consumer and Urban culture

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Following World War I, the US was in immense financial prosperity. This prosperity promoted mass consumerism and often reckless spending. As money kept increasing, the incomes of US citizens reached higher rates. In combination with an intense advertisement, US citizens were influenced to uniform purchases of new technology such as radios. People took pride in their overzealous means of spending, creating a subculture referenced as "New Money".  New York developed into a highly sought-after city with an expansive Wall Street stock economy.

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By the end of the war, Hollywood culture rose to a new high. With its start in 1910, Hollywood grew to become the world center for the film industry. The city took pride in its glamor, star-studded residents, and its major influence on American culture. The rise of flapper culture was supported through Hollywood, as the space harnessed creativity and self-expression. Jazz culture dominated the region, of which exemplifies its major influence upon American culture. During the decade, Hollywood films captured the American Dream, of which is a major theme analyzed in The Great Gatsby.

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Consumerism brought increased attention to automobiles. Although normally seen as a luxury, individuals began taking out mass amounts of loans from banks to purchase advanced technology. In 1929 alone, Americans spent nearly $2.58 million on vehicles. Cars were viewed as methods of leisure, which lead to the development of autocamps throughout the country. Once again, the purpose of owning a car fit within the continuity of glamor and consumerism established in the 1920s.

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As conflicts in the US economy were already emerging, the 1928 election was highly competitive and tense. Running upon Republican values of economic prosperity and individualism, Hoover hoped that poverty would, in a way, fix itself with proper cooperation. Successfully, Hoover defeated his Democratic opponent Al Smith, a northern democrat who believed in reform and support for the urban working class.

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With the growth of large corporations throughout the 20s, business reorganized to allow for new American economic domination. Lots of businesses took opportunity of consolidating, allowing them to control over half of the country's corporate wealth by 1929. Shifts in business power and economic opportunity allowed for greater interest in speculation through the stock market. Mergers between Wall Street banks boosted the American economy to an even more dominant level and allowed for more Americans to live prosperously.

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1929--Stock Market Crash--Signs of the Great Depression 

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1929--Stock Market Crash--Signs of the Great Depression 

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As industrial production rates decreased substantially, individuals faced major decreases in income and product values. However, most Americans were under the consumerism mindset still, so they continued to speculate mass amounts of money and bargain for large loans without stockbrokers having the means to do so. Eventually, as Wall Street met its limit and individuals were no longer able to be financially secured, the market crashed; this left stocks unpurchased and stagnant. Poverty was at an all-time high as individuals were increasingly being unemployed or receiving minimal amounts on their paychecks

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Now that America was amidst the Great Depression, they sought a leader that would do anything they could to help curb poverty and provide financial recovery. Running against Hoover, FDR's outlook of election was positive, as Hoover was often referenced as a "do-nothing" president during the Great Depression. Roosevelt campaigned himself upon principles of willingness to take risks to save the economy and determination of assisting the American people. Socially and economically, his views were similar to Hoover's. FDR won the election substantially and went into office while the US was at a total, detrimental economic plummet.

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Following the crash of the stock market, individuals attempted to rely on banks for loans and financial support to make up for their lost speculative funds. Mistrust grew amongst banks and other financial institutions, so individuals began to attempt to withdraw their money rather than keeping it within a bank. However, banks often lost this money or could not sustain themselves without it, leading to large plummets in their stability. During March of 1933, most state governors shut down banks in order to prevent a complete crash.

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1933-1939--FDR's Proposals of the New Deal 

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1933-1939--FDR's Proposals of the New Deal 

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In response to the financial crisis stimulated by the Great Depression, FDR worked diligently with Congress for nearly 100 days. His goals were to remedy the financial distress and set up methods that would prevent such crisis from occurring again. Some of the most substantial organizations he set up were the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Industrial Relief Administration, and the Civilian's Corps. Moving past this depression, the United States recovered and returned to financial prosperity with its participation in World War II.