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WAN YUSRI HARRIS BIN WAN YUSOFF F22B0139

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WAN YUSRI HARRIS BIN WAN YUSOFF F22B0139

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Mitochondria are the powerhouse organelles of the cell. Mitochondrial illness is caused by a mutation in the DNA. Millions of people are affected phenotypically (physically) by diseases such as metabolic strokes, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and diabetes. This DNA disorder is inherited by females and can pass on to their kids.

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Sperm cell does not contain mitochondria on its cytoplasm. While egg cell has. As mother will carry the zygote, it is then contain DNA from the cytoplasm containing mitochondria on its zygote.
The affected cytoplasm will be carried by the mother throughout her pregnancy. All the kids are then affected from their mother cytoplasm (DNA). This is called maternal inheritance.

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NUR ALYA MAISARAH BINTI ZALMANUDDIN  (F22A0125)

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NUR ALYA MAISARAH BINTI ZALMANUDDIN  (F22A0125)

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Chloroplasts, among the several organelles of cells residing in this cytoplasm, are responsible in part for the green colour of plants. Furthermore, while transmissions genetics primarily focuses on the inheritance of nuclear chromosomes, it is also genetic material in gametes' cytoplasm that is entirely distinct from the nucleus and travels with the fertilised egg. These genes are found in cellular organelles with unique self-replication patterns, especially chloroplasts and mitochondria. Cytoplasmic inheritance is the term used to describe the phenomenon whereby these nonnuclear traits are passed from one generation to the next. The inheritance pattern of Mirabilis leaf colour reveals that the genes necessary for producing chloroplasts originate from chloroplast DNA, a type of nonnuclear DNA found in chloroplasts (sometimes abbreviated as cpDNA).

In real terms, cells with a faulty gene inside their cpDNA are what cause white leaves as well as any white areas on a leaf. Because Mirabilis grains of pollen, which are the paternal gametes, lack chloroplasts, this cpDNA is not only carried on to offspring in Mirabilis via the cytoplasm, but it also originates exclusively from the maternal gamete.

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This plant are based on the maternal inheritance. This is because the mother DNA is dominant in any situation.
As for the variegated plant, there are 3 conditions that can be made from this plant. The mother which are consisting 3 different color have possibility that the cross-fertilization plant are in one dominant color white or green or the plant are in variegated conditions.

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NUR ALYA MAISARAH BINTI ZALMANUDDIN   (F22A0125)

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NUR ALYA MAISARAH BINTI ZALMANUDDIN   (F22A0125)

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Mitochondrial inheritance is exclusively dependent on the mother since mitochondria are predominantly transmitted via the mother's ovum. The tiny quantity of DNA that makes up a mitochondria is known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The nuclear DNA located in the cell's nuclei is distinct from this DNA. The sperm provides the embryo with its nuclear DNA during fertilisation, whereas the egg provides each its nuclear DNA as well as its mitochondria, involving mtDNA. The features or disorders linked to mtDNA are transferred from mother to kid since almost all of the mitochondria in the embryo's cells originate from the mother's egg. MtDNA can be inherited and transmitted by both sexes, but only females may pass it down to their progeny. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an example of a condition linked to mitochondrial inheritance.

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Zilaalil Mursyida Bt Ismail (F22b0151) Mitochondrial inheritance follows a unique pattern where mitochondrial DNA is exclusively passed from the mother to her offspring. If the mother is affected by a mitochondrial disorder or carries a harmful mitochondrial DNA mutation, all her children are at risk of inheriting the condition. However, if the father is unaffected and does not carry any harmful mitochondrial DNA mutations, the children themselves will not have the disorder.

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NUR YUSMIE NADIYA BINTI YAACOB J22A0004
"Mitochondrial disorder" refers to problems brought on by mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial genes (mtDNA). Mitochondria is a place of energy production and their ability to generate energy for the cell and are found in every cell of the human body except red blood cells. In this case, a child may inherit mitochondrial diseases from one or both parents. The mother is frequently passed down mutations or deletions in mitochondrial DNA-related syndromes. In certain instances, the disorder is not inherited and is instead brought on by a spontaneous gene mutation. An example of mitochondrial disorder is diabetes.

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NUR YUSMIE NADIYA BINTI YAACOB J22A0004
Illustration of cytoplasmic inheritance, which describes the transfer of genetic material through cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), two types of genetic material, are found in this organelle. In this case, hybrids between the phenotypes of white, green, and four-o'clock plants have an effect on the genetic components of various types of chloroplasts. It demonstrates that in sexually reproducing plants, the cytoplasm of the egg mother cell serves as the primary site of inheritance for chloroplast traits like color and pigment synthesis. According to the results, maternal inheritance has an influence on characteristics and produces pigments in chloroplasts.

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The mitochondrial DNA is the circular chromosome that may be found inside the cellular organelles known as mitochondria, which are where the cell produces energy and performs other metabolic tasks.

Based on the figure, mitochondrial genes are only passed down through the mother. A mother's mutation in a mitochondrial gene is passed on to each of her offspring. However, daughters will pass it on to all of their offspring but sons will not.

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ALIAH AISYAH BINTI MOHD YUSRI F21B1377 // Human genetic illnesses such as Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) can result from mitochondrial mutation. However, mothers rather than fathers pass on these mitochondrial mutation-related genetic illnesses to their offspring. This is so because the mother supplies the mitochondria. As a result, mitochondrial mutations indicated maternal inheritance since extranuclear DNA was expressed.For instance, a woman with a condition brought on by a mutation in the mitochondria may be deficient in normal mitochondria. She will therefore pass on mitochondrial mutations to her offspring.

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ALIAH AISYAH BINTI MOHD YUSRI F21B1377 // Plant offspring primarily gain their cytoplasm from their maternal parents. There are numerous cellular organelles in this cytoplasm, including chloroplasts, which are responsible in part for the green color of plants. The inheritance pattern of Mirabilis leaf colour reveals that the genes necessary for producing chloroplasts originate from nonnuclear DNA found in chloroplasts (often abbreviated as "chloroplast DNA" or "cpDNA"). White leaves or any other white areas on a leaf are actually brought on by cells that have an abnormal gene present in their cpDNA

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Explain inheritance pattern in this picture and state the disease related to this.

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Explain the inheritance pattern for this picture

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The passing of genetic features through cellular components like the chloroplast and mitochondria is known as cytoplasmic inheritance. Disorders of the mitochondria are inherited and have their own gene. Different genotypes of the chloroplasts, which in plants are in charge of photosynthesis, can result in leaf varations with various colours or patterns. Cytoplasmic inheritance illuminates the intricacy of genetics and the transmission of features from one generation to the next.

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Mitochondrial illness can be caused by mutations in either the nuclear gene (nDNA) or the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). A person may have a mitochondrial disorder if their body contains both healthy and damaged mitochondria. Random mitochondria with mutations may occasionally enter eggs in this situation. While children with a low percentage of mutant mitochondrial may experience minor or no symptoms, individuals with a large percentage may develop a variety of diseases

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NUR SYAHZANANI AHNA BINTI MOHD ISMAIL J22A0009

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NUR SYAHZANANI AHNA BINTI MOHD ISMAIL J22A0009

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The inheritance pattern illustrated in the picture given are genetic disorder caused by mitochondrial mutations are not transmitted down from dads to offspring since mitochondria are solely given by the mother. Instead, they are passed on from mothers to offspring by a person suffering from a mitochondrial disorder may have no normal mitochondria (only defective, mutation-bearing ones). In this situation, a woman who has been affected will always pass on mutant mitochondria to her offspring. A mitochondrial issue can arise when a person's body contains a mixture of normal and defective mitochondria. In this instance, both normal and mutant mitochondria may be randomly inserted into eggs during meiosis. Children with a high proportion of mutant mitochondria may have severe illness, whereas those with a low proportion of mutant mitochondria may develop moderate or no disease.

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NORZI SYAZWANI NAJWA BINTI AZIZ J22A0282

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NORZI SYAZWANI NAJWA BINTI AZIZ J22A0282

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The illustration depicts cytoplasmic inheritance, a system of heredity in which features are carried through components other than the cell nucleus. Homologous chromosomes and genes that convey information for certain characteristics determine inheritance patterns. The image depicts stem and leaf colour inheritance, where the colour pattern of the mother branch is continually exhibited in the progeny. This shows that the genetic information for colour is predominantly found in the maternal parent's cytoplasmic structures. Cytoplasmic inheritance is widespread in some species and can have a higher impact from one parent than the other.

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NORZI SYAZWANI NAJWA BINTI AZIZ J22A0282

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NORZI SYAZWANI NAJWA BINTI AZIZ J22A0282

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Mitochondrial inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic features or illnesses from mother to child via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Only the mother's sperm provides mtDNA to her children; the father's sperm does not. This inheritance pattern is known as maternal inheritance. MELAS stands for mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like events. Seizures, stroke-like events, and muscular weakness are common neurological symptoms.

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NUR SYAHZANANI AHNA BINTI MOHD ISMAIL (J22A0009)

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NUR SYAHZANANI AHNA BINTI MOHD ISMAIL (J22A0009)

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Pattern of inheritance in this picture is Correns conducted the classic study of maternal inheritance on the four o'clock plant. This plant's leaves might be green, variegated (white and green), or white. Flower structures can form in a variety of places on the plant, and the flower colour matches to the leaf colour. When Correns crossed various coloured flowers from different positions on the female plant with pollen collected from blooms of the three distinct colours, the progeny of the cross always displayed the colour of the female's leaf. That is, regardless of whether the pollen came from a green, variegated, or white leaf. If the female flower originated from a location with green leaves, all of the children were green. When the female originated from an area of the plant where the leaves were either variegated or white, the outcomes were similar. In contrast to features influenced by maternal influences or maternal inheritance, the female phenotype is always displayed in the offspring.

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The pattern inheritance in this figure is mitochondrial inheritance. In this inheritance, only the mother passes down mitochondrial genes. If a mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs, it is handed on from a mother to all of her offspring. Sons will not pass it on, but daughters will pass it on to all of their children, and so on. This means that this inheritance is only influenced by the mother. From the figure we can see that wen the mother are affected , all the children are affected too when the mother are unaffected then all the children are unaffected too. The mitochondria contain DNA that is not segregated in meiosis because it is located outside the nucleus. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in humans is tiny, has been completely sequenced, and comprises genes encoding roughly 13 proteins, several of which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Because sperm lack mitochondria, inheritance is solely maternal via the mtDNA present in the ovum's mitochondria.

The disease related to mitochondrial inheritance are diabetes mellitus and Kearns - Sayre Syndrome (KSS) results from mitochondrial mutation.

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The picture shows that the characteristics of the offspring are mostly determined by the traits of the branch from which the seed comes, rather than the branch from which the pollen is obtained. This can be shown from the picture where the stem and the leaves color inherit characteristics of the parents. This mechanism is known as cytoplasmic inheritance. Cytoplasmic inheritance is the inheritance of organelle DNA from the parent's DNA in the progeny. According to gene inheritance, half of the genes will originate from male and female parents. This inheritance affects stem and leaf color traits which are mainly inherited from the maternal parents.

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The picture shows a cytoplasmic inheritance which works with the parent DNA. They passes on organelle DNA to their offspring through inheritance. The inheritance can be seen when the stems and leaves color inherit traits of the parents. The leaf pattern on the pollen donating branch and the resulting seeds will produce the plants continuously with the color pattern of the maternal branch.

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The inheritance pattern in the picture shown a X-linked dominance example. An affected father will passes the disease on to his daughter and an affected female will passes the disease to her son. It is often to see in a large sample that all children of two individuals that have the same characteristic display the trait as there is a higher incidence in men. The HYP gene which found on the X chromosome regulates the X-linked dominant characteristic.

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NUR SAIDATINA BINTI NOR AZLAN (F22A0004)

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NUR SAIDATINA BINTI NOR AZLAN (F22A0004)

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Based from the pattern in this picture, the transmission of genes that occurs outside the nucleus is referred known as cytoplasmic inheritance. The leaves of the four o'clock plant might be green, variegated (white and green), or white. Flower structures can form in a variety of places on the plant, and the flower colour matches to the leaf colour. When Correns crossed different coloured flowers from different positions on the female plant with pollen collected from blooms of the three distinct colours, the progeny of the cross always displayed the colour of the female's leaf. That is, regardless of whether the pollen came from a green, variegated, or white leaf. The female phenotype is always displayed in comparison to traits regulated by maternal influences and those governed by maternal inheritance.

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NOR ATHIRAH BINTI FADZIL SHAH (F22B0058)

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NOR ATHIRAH BINTI FADZIL SHAH (F22B0058)

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As we know, there are a lot of diseases that caused by human genetics. Most of it will be caused from the genetic illnesses. One of the genetic illnesses that has been detected is Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS). This shows that the illnesses can be produced by the mitochondrial mutation. For your information, this mutation can be detected from the mother than the father. This illneses also was really related with their genetic illneses during their offspring.  The mother was one of the biggest supplier for the mitochondria. So, this shows that the mitochondrial mutations was produced from the maternal inheritance because the extranuclear DNA was produced from the mother during the pregnancy.

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NUR SAIDATINA BINTI NOR AZLAN (F22A0004)

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NUR SAIDATINA BINTI NOR AZLAN (F22A0004)

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The showed inheritance pattern is a visualisation of X-linked dominance. There is a pattern when the disease is passed from an affected father to his daughter and from an affected woman to her son. The trait is typically present in all of the offspring of two persons who share it, with male offspring exhibiting the trait more commonly in a sizable sample. The HYP gene on the X chromosome affects the expression of the X-linked dominant trait. Surprisingly, the trait can still manifest in individuals who only have one copy of the causal allele. Haemophilia is one example of a condition connected to this inheritance pattern.

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NOR ATHIRAH BINTI FADZIL SHAH (F22B0058)

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NOR ATHIRAH BINTI FADZIL SHAH (F22B0058)

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The characteristics can be seen based on the produces of the seed, pollen and also the ways of determining the traits of progeny. One of the characteristics that we can see is the changes of the colour. For the example, we can see the changes of the colour near the plant area. Leaf are commonly can be seen for colour changing. This is because the leaf was impacted by the mechanism that was called cytoplasmic inheritance. This mechanism can be seen based on the ways of the genetic information going through the plant and cell. The information also will be passing through the nuclear DNA.

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RABBIYATUL KHUMMAIRAH BINTI MOHD KHAIRUZAMRI (J22A0018)

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RABBIYATUL KHUMMAIRAH BINTI MOHD KHAIRUZAMRI (J22A0018)

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This inheritance shows the pattern that the children will get affected if the mother is the carrier. It is because the mother is the affected a X chromosome. so, sex chromosomes for male and female is XY and XX. Both of the sex chromosome contains X chromosomes so the children will get affected. because it might be because of both of the X chromosome is affected. if the father is affected, the children is unaffected is because the father only carries one X chromosomes so the children will only be a carrier.

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Mitochondrial inheritance refers to the passing down of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the mother to her offspring. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mtDNA is solely inherited from the mother because sperm cells typically do not contribute mitochondria to the fertilized egg during fertilization.

Mitochondria are vital organelles within cells that are responsible for producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mutations or abnormalities in mtDNA can lead to mitochondrial disorders, which are genetic conditions that primarily affect the energy-producing function of cells.
One example of a mitochondrial disorder is Leigh syndrome, also known as Leigh disease or subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. It is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects infants and children. Leigh syndrome is caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that affect the function of mitochondria.

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Human genetic illnesses such as Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) can result from mitochondrial mutation. Nevertheless, mothers rather than fathers pass on these mitochondrial mutation-related genetic illnesses to their offspring. This is so because the mother supplies the mitochondria. As a result, mitochondrial mutations indicated maternal inheritance since extranuclear DNA was expressed.

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RABBIYATUL KHUMMAIRAH BINTI MOHD KHAIRUZAMRI (J22A0018)

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RABBIYATUL KHUMMAIRAH BINTI MOHD KHAIRUZAMRI (J22A0018)

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this inheritance shows the pattern that lies within cell cytoplasm. Cytoplasm inheritance is the parent DNA that passes the DNA to the organelle's offspring through inheritance. the leaves of this plants might be green variegated which produce green with white spot and white flowers. so, it will show the branches the shows the variety of leaf pattern.

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this phenomenon is cytoplasmic inheritance. the characteristics of progeny is determined by the characteristics of seed originated branches rather than branch that provides the pollen. this phenomenon affects the colour traits of leaves and stem.

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The pattern of inheritance is variegation in the four-o'clock plant and maternal inheritance. The leaves of this plant might be green, variegated (white and green with white spots), or white. Different parts of the plant can produce flower structures, and the colour of the flowers matches the colour of the leaves. When Correns combined pollen from blossoms of the three distinct colours with different coloured blooms from various parts of the female plant, the offspring that came from the cross always displayed the colour of the female plant's leaf. In other words, regardless of whether the pollen came from a green, white, or variegated leaf. All of the offspring were green if the female flower originated in a location with green leaves. When the female originated from a part of the plant where the leaves were either white or variegated, the outcomes were similar. The female phenotype is always displayed in its children in contrast to features determined by maternal influences and those controlled by maternal inheritance.

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Nuclear gene (nDNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations can both result in mitochondrial diseases. When a person's body contains both normal and defective mitochondria, they may experience a mitochondrial disease. In this situation, random mitochondria with mutations may enter eggs during meiosis. Children who have a high percentage of mutant mitochondria may have a severe disease, whereas those who have a low percentage may have a mild or no sickness.

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Plant offspring primarily gain their cytoplasm from their maternal parents. There are numerous cellular organelles in this cytoplasm, including chloroplasts, which are responsible in part for the green color of plants. The inheritance pattern of Mirabilis leaf colour reveals that the genes necessary for producing chloroplasts originate from nonnuclear DNA found in chloroplasts (often abbreviated as "chloroplast DNA" or "cpDNA"). White leaves or any other white areas on a leaf are actually brought on by cells that have an abnormal gene present in their cpDNA.

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Cytoplasmic inheritance is the inheritance of organelle DNA in offspring from parental DNA. Cytoplasmic inheritance differs from nuclear genetics in that it does not follow the laws of gene inheritance. Half of the genes will come from the male and female parents according to genetic inheritance. Cytoplasmic inheritance is controlled by genes found in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

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Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) is a type of diabetes that is often accompanied by hearing loss, especially high-pitched. Diabetes in MIDD is characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to a lack of the hormone insulin, which controls the amount of sugar in the blood. In MIDD, diabetes and hearing loss usually develop in mid-adulthood, although the age at which they occur varies from childhood to late adulthood. Usually, hearing loss occurs before diabetes.

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The pattern of inheritance pictured is mitochondrial inheritance, where organelles that have their own DNA are passed down to the next generation. examples of related diseases are diabetes and cataracts. Mitochondrial inheritance often occurs between mother and child.

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NURUL ANISAH BINTI MOHD SUKOR (J22A0123)

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NURUL ANISAH BINTI MOHD SUKOR (J22A0123)

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The inheritance pattern in this picture occurs due to the mechanism of genetic inheritance. Inheritance of flower color involves genes that control pigment production. For example, when a variegated flower is crossed with a white flower to produce a new flower variety, genes will control the production of pigments. the flowers produced at the initial stage are white followed by green flowers, and then variegated flowers appear with a mixture of white spots.

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The inheritance pattern shown is an example of X-linked dominance. When an affected father distributes the disease to his daughter and when an affected female passes it on to her son, a pattern is seen. All of the offspring of two individuals who share the characteristic normally exhibit the trait, with male offspring showing the trait more frequently in a substantial sample. On the X chromosome, the HYP gene controls the expression of the X-linked dominant characteristic. Surprisingly, the characteristic is expressed even if a person only has one copy of the causative allele. For instance of a condition linked to this inheritance pattern, hemophilia.

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The four o'clock leaf type crossings provide as an example of the cytoplasmic inheritance phenomena. They showed a distinguishing pattern in which one type of four o'clock had leaves and branches that were variegated, with a combination of green and white areas. The variegated strain also featured wholly white and fully green leaves on some branches, and fully green foliage on others. Each branch further produced flowers. Regardless of whether the pollen originated from a green, white, or variegated branch, when blossoms from branches with both green and white variegation were crossed in different combinations, the seeds received from green branches consistently produced green progeny. According to this, blooms from white stems always gave birth to white offspring. In contrast, blooms on variegated branches gave birth to offspring without following a predetermined ratio in green, white, and variegated forms.

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The image's representation of the inheritance pattern illustrates X-linked dominance. When a trait-affected man passes the trait on to his daughter and when a trait-affected female passes the trait on to her son, a pattern is evident. All children of two individuals who share the characteristic typically display the trait, with males showing a greater frequency in large samples. The X-linked dominant characteristic is expressed under the control of the HYP gene, which is found on the X chromosome. The characteristic will manifest even if a person only carries one copy of the causative allele. Hemophilia is a disease that fits within this pattern and serves as an illustration.

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The breeding studies using four o'clocks to examine leaf type crossings proved that cytoplasmic inheritance occurs. These tests showed a distinct pattern where one type of four o'clock plant showed variegated leaves and branches, distinguished by a combination of green and white spots. It's interesting to see that the variegated strain had both fully white and entirely green leaves on some of its branches. Additionally, flowers grew on every branch. It was shown that seeds derived from green branches consistently produced green offspring when blossoms from branches with both green and white variegation were crossed with one another. This was true whether the pollen came from a green, white, or variegated branch. Corresponding to this, blossoms on white stems always gave birth to white children. The offspring produced by blooms on variegated branches, on the other hand, varied in the proportions of green, white, and variegated features.

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The qualities of the offspring are mostly dictated by the properties of the branch from which the seed comes, rather than the branch from which the pollen is obtained. This mechanism, known as cytoplasmic inheritance, has a specific impact on stem and leaf colour features, which are mostly transmitted from the mother. Cytoplasmic inheritance is a non-Mendelian inheritance in which genetic information is transmitted through the cytoplasm of the cell rather than through nuclear DNA.

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The inheritance pattern shown is an example of X-linked dominance. When an affected father distributes the disease to his daughter and when an affected female passes it on to her son, a pattern is seen. All of the offspring of two individuals who share the characteristic normally exhibit the trait, with male offspring showing the trait more frequently in a substantial sample. On the X chromosome, the HYP gene controls the expression of the X-linked dominant characteristic. Surprisingly, the characteristic is expressed even if a person only has one copy of the causative allele. For instance of a condition linked to this inheritance pattern, hemophilia.

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Evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance was revealed by the experimental crossings involving leaf types at the four o'clock position. One type of four o'clock plant with variegated leaves and branches that showed a mix of green and white patches was engaged in the pattern that was noticed. Surprisingly, although some branches of the variegated strain had pure white leaves, others had pure green foliage. Each branch further produced flowers. Regardless of whether the pollen came from a green, white, or variegated branch, it was consistently observed that seeds obtained from green branches produced exclusively green offspring when flowers from branches with both green and white variegation were subjected to different crossbreeding combinations. Similar to this, blossoms on white stems always produced white children. However, flowers on variegated branches produced offspring that had a random mixture of green, white, and variegated traits rather than adhering to a predetermined ratio.

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X-linked dominance is shown by the inheritance pattern in the picture. When an affected father passes the disease on to his daughter and when an affected female passes it on to her son, this pattern may be seen. With a higher incidence in men, it is often seen in a large sample that all children of two individuals who share the characteristic display the trait. The HYP gene, found on the X chromosome, regulates the X-linked dominant characteristic. Notably, the phenotype manifests even if a person only carries one copy of the causative allele. Hemophilia is one condition that fits within this pattern.

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The leaf type crossings carried out at four o'clock revealed intriguing details about cytoplasmic inheritance. The pattern was seen on a specific kind of four o'clock plant with variegated leaves and stems that had white and green spots on them. It is noteworthy that certain branches of the variegated strain had fully green leaves, while other branches had entirely white foliage. Each branch further produced flowers. It was constantly noted that seeds obtained from green branches always produced green offspring, regardless of whether the pollen originated from a green, white, or variegated branch, when blossoms from branches displaying both green and white variegation were crossed in different combinations. Similar to this, blooms on white stems always gave birth to white children. In contrast, blossoms on variegated branches gave birth to offspring that were green, white, and variegated without following a certain ratio.

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Gene transmission that takes place outside of the nucleus is known as cytoplasmic inheritance.Other names for it include non-mendalian inheritance,It was demonstrated that cytoplasmic inheritance takes place by using four o'clocks in breeding trials to investigate leaf type crossovers. These experiments showed that one kind of the four o'clock plant has variegated leaves and branches with spots of green and white on them. The variegated strain had completely white leaves on some branches and completely green foliage on others, which was an interesting observation. Each branch continued to bear blossoms. No matter whether the pollen came from a green, white, or variegated branch, it was demonstrated that seeds formed from green branches consistently produced green progeny.Similar to this, white infants were always born to blooms on white stems. On the other hand, the proportions of green, white, and variegated traits among the offspring produced by blossoms on variegated branches differed.

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First of all, mitochondria is a organelle that known as powerhouse for the cell .Mitochondrial illnesses are hereditary abnormalities that damage our cells' energy producers, which are known as mitochondria. Mitochondria have their own DNA, which carries instructions for the production of proteins that are essential for energy production. When there are issues with this DNA, the body's energy production might suffer.Depending on which cells have fewer or lower-functioning mitochondria, different symptoms may occur. Organs and other parts of the body that require more energy, such as the heart, muscles and brain, are often affected.Mitochondrial disorders are handed down from mother to kid because mitochondria, which have their own DNA, are predominantly inherited from mother. The father's contribution to the embryo's mitochondria is modest, if any. As a result, the flawed mitochondrial DNA is passed down from mother to child, but afflicted dads cannot pass on the mitochondrial illness directly.Mitochondrial disease may be caused by genetic mutations in the body’s nuclear DNA or by genetic mutations or deletions in the body’s mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) the DNA that found in cells’ mitochondria. common mutation syndromes are often inherited from the mother. In details, Only women pass mtDNA mutations on to their children through the oocyte. Men with mtDNA mutations may be affected by the conditions, but do not pass them on to their children.In some cases, mtDNA mutations are spontaneous in the affected individual and are not inherited. The examples of disease are blindness, diabetes, deafness and mutated nerve cells disease.

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Mitochondrial diseases can exhibit mitochondrial inheritance, which occurs when the mitochondria possess their own DNA. In cases where mutations in mitochondrial DNA lead to these conditions, they are exclusively inherited from the individual assigned female at birth. Indeed, mitochondrial mutations demonstrate maternal inheritance as a result of the expression of extranuclear DNA. This explains the source of mitochondria, which is provided by the mother.

All in all, mitochondrial mutations exhibit maternal inheritance because the mitochondria, along with their own DNA, are primarily derived from the mother.This unique mode of inheritance is due to the expression of extranuclear DNA and explains why mitochondrial diseases are predominantly inherited from the mother.

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MUHAMMAD ZULFADHLI BIN ZULKIFLI (J22A0021)

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MUHAMMAD ZULFADHLI BIN ZULKIFLI (J22A0021)

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Our mitochondrial DNA comes from our mother. As a result, our mtDNA is shared by our moms, sisters, brothers, maternal grandmothers, aunts, uncles, and other maternal relatives. Due to the vulnerability of mtDNA to aberrant alterations (also known as mutations), the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of closely related maternal relatives may differ. Given the complexity of mitochondrial DNA and the certainty that every child in the family would inherit the issue, it may be difficult to predict how mtDNA mutations are passed from mother to child. Diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease are a few examples of mitochondrial inherited conditions.

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MUHAMMAD ZULFADHLI BIN ZULKIFLI (J22A0021)

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MUHAMMAD ZULFADHLI BIN ZULKIFLI (J22A0021)

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The effect of fertilisation is that each parent's nuclear chromosomal combination is transferred to the offspring. Although some genes were never a component of a nuclear membrane, research has proven that they are nevertheless transferred from parent to child.

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The nucleus, or center of the cell, is where our body's normal 46 chromosomes are located. In addition to having genes that are distinct from those found in the nucleus, mitochondria are cytoplasmic structures found outside the nucleus of the cell. Mitochondrial genes are only passed down from the mother, as opposed to nuclear genes, which are inherited from both parents. Sons will not pass it on, but daughters will pass it on to all of their children, and so on, if there is a mutation in a mitochondrial gene, it is passed from a mother to all of her children.

This is so that a father cannot pass on mitochondrial diseases or his own mitochondrial DNA to his offspring. However, regardless of the gender of her children, if a mother is affected, she can still carry and pass the mitochondrial DNA to all of them.

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Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles found outside the nucleus of the cell. Contrary to nuclear genes, which are passed down through distinct from the genes found in the nucleus. Mitochondrial genes are only passed down from the mother, as opposed to nuclear genes, which are inherited from both parents. A mitochondrial gene mutation is passed on from parent to child.The mitochondrial DNA (Mt DNA) sequences of closely related maternal relatives may vary because mtDNA is mutated.due to this, our mtDNA. Due to the vulnerability of mtDNA to aberrant alterations  the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of closely related maternal relatives may different .Since mitochondrial DNA is complicated, it may be difficult to anticipate how mtDNA mutations transmit from mother to kid, and there is a 100% chance that the child also inherited the disease

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The many ways that qualities are passed down from one generation to the next are known are inheritance patterns. Homologous chromosomes, which come in pairs one from each parent are what enable inheritance. Genes, which are sections of DNA that contain information for a particular trait, are found on every chromosome.

Maternal inheritance, a type of inheritance in which the features of the offspring are maternal in origin due to the expression of extranuclear DNA present in the ovum during fertilisation, was demonstrated by the cross between flowers from white, green, and variable colour plants. This demonstrated that the coloration was determined by the colour of the seef plant. Only offspring that are white or green, respectively, will be produced by the seed plants. Variegated seed plants can also give rise to all three sorts of progeny in erratic proportions.

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Human mtDNA is transmitted from mother to offspring via
the cytoplasm of the egg. Therefore, the transmission of human mitochondrial diseases follows a strict maternal inheritance pattern. Several human mitochondrial diseases have been discovered. These are typically chronic degenerative disorders affecting the brain, heart, muscles, kidneys and endocrine glands. For example, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) that affects the optic nerve and may lead to progressive loss of vision in one or both eyes. LHON is caused by mutations in several different mitochondrial genes

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cytoplasmic inheritance refer to the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. Four o'clock plant can have either green, variegated (white and green) or white leaves. Flower structures can develop at different locations on the plant and the flower color corresponds to the leaf color. When Correns crossed the different colored flowers from different locations on the female plant with pollen obtained from flowers of the three different colors, the progeny that resulted from the cross always exhibited the color of the leaf of the female. That is, regardless of whether the pollen was from a leaf that was green, variegated or white. If the female flower came from a region where the leaves where green, all the progeny were green. Similar results were seen when the female was from a region on the plant where the leaves were either variegated or white. In comparison to traits controlled by maternal effects, those traits controlled by maternal inheritance, the female phenotype is always expressed in its offspring

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Mitochondrial mutation can lead to human genetic disorders such as Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS). However, these genetic disorders caused by mitochondrial mutations are transmitted from mothers to children, instead of fathers to children. This is because mitochondria are provided by the mother. Therefore, mitochondria mutation showed maternal inheritance due to the expression extranuclear DNA.

For instance, a mother with a disease caused by mitochondrial mutation may lack normal mitochondria. Thus, she will pass on mutation-bearing mitochondria to her children.

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The experiment which cross flowers from white, green, and variegated plants in all combinations is known as Correns and Mirabilis experiment.

The cross between flowers from white, green, and variegated plants showed maternal inheritance, a form of inheritance wherein the traits of the offspring are maternal in origin due to the expression extranuclear DNA present in the ovum during fertilisation. This indicated that the colour of the seed plant determined the colour of the offspring. The seed plants that are white or green will produced only offspring that are white or green, respectively. Furthermore, seed plants that are variegated can produce all three types of offspring in unpredictable ratios.

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Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles that produce the majority of the chemical energy required to fuel the cell's metabolic activities (mitochondrion, singular). The mitochondrial chemical energy is contained in a tiny molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Because mitochondria are maternally inherited, an affected mother will pass the mutation on to all of her offspring if she has a mitochondrial mutation. Paternal mitochondrial mutations, on the other hand, will not be passed on to his offspring.

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As a result of fertilisation, offspring acquire a mix of nuclear chromosomes from both parents. However, it has been shown that certain genes are passed down from parent to child despite never being part of a nuclear chromosome. The leaves and stems of these plants, in particular, would seem variegated, which means that instead of being a consistent green colour, they would periodically display areas of green and white in a swirl-like pattern. Furthermore, branches within the same plant may exhibit a diversity of leaf patterns. For example, although some plant leaves are variegated, others are all green, and still others are all white.

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Mitochondria are structures in the cell located outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm, that also contain genes that are separate from the ones in the nucleus. Unlike nuclear genes, which are inherited from both parents, mitochondrial genes are inherited only from the mother. If there is a mutation in a mitochondrial gene, it is passed from a mother to all of her children; sons will not pass it on, but daughters will pass it on to all of their children. the example is sensorineural deafness and diabetes mellitus.

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Through mtDNA mutations, genetic diseases are passed down through mitochondrial inheritance. Multiple organ systems may be affected by mitochondrial diseases, which also show a variety of symptoms. Accurate diagnosis, effective management, and ongoing research in the field of mitochondrial medicine depend on an understanding of the mechanisms of mitochondrial inheritance and the related diseases.

Disease related to it :
1. Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)
2. Leigh syndrome
3. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

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Cytoplasmic inheritance, also known as extrachromosomal inheritance or non-Mendelian inheritance, refers to the transmission of genetic information through non-nuclear genetic elements located in the cytoplasm of cells. Even though the majority of a cell's genetic information is contained in its DNA, the cytoplasm also contains some genetic material that can have an impact on an organism's traits and characteristics. The majority of cytoplasmic inheritance in plants occurs through organelles called mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, which transmit genetic material. While plastids, such as chloroplasts, are involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes, mitochondria are in charge of producing energy in cells.

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NUR SYAFIQAH IZZATI BINTI MD AZIZAN (J22A0023)

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NUR SYAFIQAH IZZATI BINTI MD AZIZAN (J22A0023)

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Small, circular forms of DNA can be found in eukaryotes in mitochondria or chloroplasts. These two organelles will transmit their genetic material to their offspring due to cytoplasmic inheritance. The illustration below represents the cytoplasmic inheritance pattern. The hereditary phenotype can be recognized in the stem from which the seed originates, not the pollen. If the pollinator uses a variable stem, a solid green stem will not produce offspring. Normal chloroplasts are found only in green stems.

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NUR SYAFIQAH IZZATI BINTI MD AZIZAN (J22A0023)

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NUR SYAFIQAH IZZATI BINTI MD AZIZAN (J22A0023)

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The inheritance pattern exhibited in the picture is mitochondrial inheritance. This is also known as the Mother's Inheritance. Normally, genetic material (DNA) is transmitted from mother to child. According to the illustration, if the mother of the child is unaffected and father is affected, the outcome of the offspring will be unaffected. They will be affected children if they are born to an affected mother and an unaffected father. This is due to the absence of mitochondria in sperm. As an outcome, the father is unable to pass the DNA to his offspring. DNA found in mitochondria can be discovered. Since only the egg cells provide mitochondria to the establishing embryo, only mothers have the ability to pass on DNA to their offspring. Leigh Syndrome and Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease (MERRF) are two more mitochondrially inherited illnesses.

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The picture represents an example of X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance. This pattern is determined when an affected male passes the disease to his children, and an affected female also can passes it to her child. In a large sample, all children of affected individuals typically show the trait, with more affected males than females. X-linked dominant traits are controlled by a gene on the X chromosome and are expressed even with one copy of the responsible allele. Haemophilia is an example of a disease related to this pattern, where individuals with a faulty allele on their X chromosome experience difficulties with blood clotting.

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Cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genetic traits through cellular organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria have their own genes and are inherited exclusively from the mother, potentially causing inherited disorders. Chloroplasts, responsible for photosynthesis in plants, can have different genotypes, leading to leaf variegation with different colors or patterns. Cytoplasmic inheritance reveals the complexity of genetic inheritance and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.

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In the case of the four o'clock plant, the different colours of the leaves are a result of the presence or absence of chlorophyll in the chloroplast, a trait that can be controlled by the chloroplast DNA. Depending upon the location in the plant where the flower comes from, the egg can have chloroplast with chlorophyll, without chlorophyll or a mixture of the two types of chloroplasts. Thus, the crosses for leaf type in four o'clock show cytoplasmic inheritance.

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Different mitochondrial illnesses impact different organ systems; some only affect one organ. They might be around at various ages. Since mitochondrial disorders cannot be cured, the aim of treatment is to treat the symptoms rather than the underlying problem.

The condition can also be passed down to children who are born with parents who already have it. The likelihood that their offspring will develop this illness is very high.

LHON, which results in eyesight loss Congenital lactic acidosis raises the levels of lactic acid in the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Pearson syndrome affects the pancreas and bone marrow, impairing the body's ability to produce red and white blood cells, platelets, and digestive enzymes.

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Cytoplasmic inheritance in four-o'clock leaves and shoots demonstrates a pattern of green and white splotches. Variegated branches have all-green leaves, while others have all-white leaves. Flowers from these branches produce green, white, and variegated progeny in no particular ratio.

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Four o'clock Corren's cross has variable cytoplasmic inheritance. The pollen source alone determines the phenotype of the progeny. The development of each of the three traits is also consistent with cytoplasmic inheritance. These plants exhibit variation as a result of a cpDNA gene deficiency that prevents the production of the green pigment chlorophyll.

Only normal chloroplasts are found in cells from green branches, pathological chloroplasts are found in cells from white branches, and a combination of normal and abnormal chloroplasts are found in cells from multicoloured branches.

The offspring of other egg cells that solely have abnormal DNA are white, while the offspring of other egg cells that have both normal and abnormal DNA are different colours.

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This is The transmission of genetic features or illnesses via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is distinct from nuclear DNA, is referred to as mitochondrial inheritance. In contrast to nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mtDNA is only inherited from the mother.

Both males and females can inherit and pass on mitochondrial features in mitochondrial inheritance, but only females can transmit them to their children. This is due to the fact that mitochondria are largely present in the egg cell, which is passed down from mother to kid during reproduction.
E.g ptosis

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Our mother is the source of our mitochondrial DNA. Our mothers, sisters, brothers, maternal grandmothers, aunts, uncles, and other maternal relatives all share our mtDNA as a result. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of closely related maternal relatives may vary because mtDNA is susceptible to abnormal modifications (called mutations). It may be challenging to predict how mtDNA mutations pass from mother to child since mitochondrial DNA is complex, and there is a 100% possibility that every child in the family will inherit the problem. Examples of mitochondrial inherited disorders include diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.

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Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles that perform cellular respiration and are found in almost all eukaryotic species. Mitochondria are responsible for many metabolic events that occur during cellular respiration. Their work is essential in the production of energy-rich molecules in the cell.

In mitochondrial diseases, the mitochondria cannot efficiently turn sugar and oxygen into energy, so the cells do not work correctly. There are many types of mitochondrial disease, and they can affect different parts of the body: the brain, kidneys, muscles, heart, eyes, ears, and others.

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The DNA molecules found in mitochondria and chloroplasts are small and circular, much like the DNA of a typical bacterium. There are usually many copies of DNA in a single mitochondrion or chloroplasts.
The color of the egg cell-donating branch (female parent) determined the color of the offspring.

Female parent branches that were pure green or pure white produced only pure green or pure white offspring, respectively.

Female parent branches that were variegated could produce all three types of offspring, but not in any predictable ratios

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NUR ARIFAH ADAWIYAH BINTI SHAMSHUL RAHMAT [J22A0017]

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NUR ARIFAH ADAWIYAH BINTI SHAMSHUL RAHMAT [J22A0017]

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Our mitochondrial DNA is inherited from our mother. As a result, our mtDNA is shared by our moms, sisters, brothers, maternal grandmothers, aunts, uncles, and other maternal relatives. Because mitochondrial DNA is prone to aberrant alterations (called mutations), the mtDNA sequences of closely related maternal relatives may differ. Mitochondrial DNA is complicated, it may be difficult to anticipate how mtDNA mutations transmit from mother to kid and there are 100% chance that every child in the family will inherit the condition. Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cancer are all examples of mitochondrial inheritance diseases.

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NUR ARIFAH ADAWIYAH BINTI SHAMSHUL RAHMAT [J22A0017]

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NUR ARIFAH ADAWIYAH BINTI SHAMSHUL RAHMAT [J22A0017]

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If a seed came from a solid green branch, it never generated variegated progeny, according to uniparental modes of inheritance. The seed would always grow leaves that were the same colour as the maternal plant branch. Furthermore, if the mother branch has variegated leaves, the children would have green, white, or variegated leaves, but never in any predicted Mendelian ratio.  the maternal parent determined the phenotype of the offspring leaf color, because the paternal source of pollen never affected the outcome. The colour of the leaves was handed down through a uniparental method of inheritance.
Study discovered that all interspecific crosses (crosses between species) had predominantly paternal chloroplast inheritance, but almost all intraspecific crosses (crosses within the same species) had predominantly maternal inheritance.

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The picture exhibits cytoplasmic inheritance as the phenotype of the offspring is determined by the phenotype of the seed's origin branch, rather than the pollen's origin branch. The variation in leaf colors is caused by the presence or absence of chlorophyll in the chloroplast. Consequently, green shoots possess chlorophyll in their chloroplasts, white shoots lack chlorophyll, and variegated shoots have a combination of chloroplasts with and without chlorophyll. Consequently, depending on the plant's specific location, the egg may contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll, without chlorophyll, or a mixture of both types.

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Cytoplasmic inheritance works when the parent’s DNA passes on organelle DNA to their offspring through inheritance. This can be seen from the picture that stems and leaves color inherit traits of the parents.Regardless of whether the pollen used for fertilization came from a variegated branch, a solid green branch would never yield offspring with variegated traits. Regardless of the leaf pattern on the pollen-donating branch, the resulting seeds would consistently produce plants with the color pattern of the maternal branch. Based on the hypothesis the transmission of leaf color in Mirabilis Jalapa occurs through a uniparental mode of inheritance.

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Mitochondrial diseases are genetic disorders that affect the energy factories called mitochondria in our cells. Mitochondria have their own DNA, which contains instructions for making proteins that are important for producing energy. When there are problems with this DNA, it can lead to problems with energy production in the body.

Mitochondrial diseases are passed on from the affected mother to her children because mitochondria, which have their own DNA, are primarily inherited from the mother. The father's contribution of mitochondria to the embryo is minimal, if any. Therefore, the faulty mitochondrial DNA is transmitted from the mother to the offspring, while affected fathers cannot directly pass on the mitochondrial disease.

Example: Diabetes

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NUR AYUNI ASYIQIN BINTI ROSLI (J22A0129)

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NUR AYUNI ASYIQIN BINTI ROSLI (J22A0129)

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Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles that produce the majority of the chemical energy required in order to power the cell's metabolic activities. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a little molecule used to store the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria. The tiny chromosomes in mitochondria are unique to them. Typically, mitochondria and their associated DNA are only passed on from the mother. This is because a father can not transmit his mitochondrial DNA or pass on mitochondrial disease to his children. However, if a mother is affected, she can still carry and pass the mitochondrial DNA to all of them no matter what gender her children are.

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The characteristics displayed by the offspring are primarily determined by the characteristics of the branch where the seed originates, rather than the branch that provides the pollen. This phenomenon, known as cytoplasmic inheritance, particularly affects stem and leaf colour traits, which are mainly inherited from the maternal parent.

Cytoplasmic inheritance is a non-Mendelian inheritance involving the transmission of genetic information through the cytoplasm of the cell, rather than through the nuclear DNA.

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NUR AYUNI ASYIQIN BINTI ROSLI (J22A0129)

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NUR AYUNI ASYIQIN BINTI ROSLI (J22A0129)

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We can infer from the question that cells from green branches have normal chloroplast whereas those from white branches have aberrant chloroplast. Not the branch on which the pollen originated, but the branch from which the seed originated, determines the phenotype of the progeny. Furthermore, the color of the stem and the leaves reveals the cytoplasm. A nuclear chromosomal combination from each of the parents is transferred to the offspring during the fertilization. Despite never being a part of a nuclear membrane, it has been demonstrated that some genes are transferred from parent to child (the offspring).

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Cytoplasmic inheritance refers to the transmission of traits through the cytoplasmic components of cells, particularly the organelles like chloroplasts or mitochondria. In the case of a variegated plant, the inheritance pattern is seen in the coloration of the stems and leaves. The variegation occurs due to a mutation in the chloroplast gene responsible for plant coloring. As a result, the plant exhibits patches of white on its surface, or a combination of white and green chloroplasts. This phenomenon demonstrates how certain traits can be inherited through the cytoplasmic components of cells, leading to visible variations in the appearance of the plant.

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Mitochondrial diseases can affect both males and females, but they are only passed on by females. These diseases, such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and Kearns-Sayre syndrome, can appear in every generation. Unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited exclusively from the mother. Since the mitochondria within the fertilized egg determine the initial mtDNA makeup of the new individual, the number of affected mtDNA molecules inherited can vary due to factors like the number inherited from the mother cell and environmental influences that can favor mutant or wildtype mtDNA. Chromosomal inheritance of mitochondrial genetic mutations can also occur, and their pattern of transmission can vary based on the specific disease and inheritance type (autosomal dominant/recessive, sex-linked dominant/recessive).

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NUR MALIKAH UZMA BINTI MOHD ZAIN (J22A0236)

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NUR MALIKAH UZMA BINTI MOHD ZAIN (J22A0236)

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Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) is a form of diabetes that is often accompanied by hearing loss, especially of high tones. MIDD is caused by genetic changes in the MT-TL1, MT-TK, or MT-TE gene. These genes are found in mitochondrial DNA, which is part of cellular structures called mitochondria. Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the cell nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA (known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Because the genes involved with MIDD are found in mitochondrial DNA, this condition is inherited in a mitochondrial pattern, which is also known as maternal inheritance. Because egg cells, but not sperm cells, contribute mitochondria to the developing embryo, only females pass mitochondrial conditions to their children. Mitochondrial disorders can appear in every generation of a family and can affect both males and females, but fathers do not pass mitochondrial traits to their children.

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NUR MALIKAH UZMA BINTI MOHD ZAIN (J22A0236)

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NUR MALIKAH UZMA BINTI MOHD ZAIN (J22A0236)

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This inheritance is known as cytoplasmic inheritance. This is because the phenotype of the branch comes from which the seed originated. Both stems and leaves color inherit the traits of this inheritance. This plant is variegated, which means the branches have both white and green splotches. The white splotches resembles mutation in chloroplast gene, which is responsible for the coloring of plant. So, the variegated plant happens to have patches of white on it's surface, or either white, green or a mixture of green and white chloroplasts.

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Pattern inheritance in mitochondria refers to the transmission of genetic🧬 traits from one generation to the next via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Unlike nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother. This is because sperm cells do not usually transfer mitochondria to the fertilised egg during fertilisation.

Mitochondrial diseases are a group of genetic diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations.
These mutations have the potential to affect mitochondrial function and modify ATP production, leading in a range of symptoms and organ system failure. Because mitochondrial ilinesses impact so many different tissues and organs in the body, the intensity and specific symptoms can vary widely.

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is a well-known mitochondrial disease.LHON is classified as a neuropathy. LHON primarily affects the optic nerve, leading in vision loss and blindness.
It is caused by mutations in the mitochondrial genes that are important for energy production in optic nerve cells. LHON is generally handed on from mother to child, however the symptoms may not appear in every generation.

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The phenotype of the progeny is determined by the branch from which the pollen originated, not the branch from which the pollen originated. The colour of the stem and leaves🍃demonstrates cytoplasmic inheritance.

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MUHAMMAD ALI-IMRAN BIN ZAHERUDDIN (J22A0251)

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MUHAMMAD ALI-IMRAN BIN ZAHERUDDIN (J22A0251)

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Mitochonaria are organelles that transform energy generated by cellular respiration. Chloroplasts🍃are organelles that work in plants and algae to make sugar through photosynthesis.
Genes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts are critical for normal cellular function.
Mitochondrial DNA🧬 and other kinds of extranuclear DNA replicate independently of nucleoplasmic DNA, which is often organised into chromosomes that replicate just once before cellular division. The mitochondrial and chloroplast extranuclear genomes, on the other hand, replicate independently of cell division. They multiply in response to the cell's rising energy demands, which adjust during the cell's lifecycle.

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MUHAMMAD ALI-IMRAN BIN ZAHERUDDIN (J22A0251)
As a result of fertilisation, offspring acquire a nuclear chromosomal 🧬combination from each of their parents. However, it has been shown that certain genes are passed on from parent to offspring despite never being part of a nuclear membrane.

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The results can be explained in the following manner. All of the organelle DNA that is found in an embryo is from the female. The egg cell is many times larger than the pollen cells and contain both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Pollen is small and is essentially devoid of organelles and thus organelle DNA. So any trait that is encoded by the organelle DNA will be contributed by the female. Thus, depending upon the location in the plant where the flower comes from the egg can have chloroplast with chlorophyll without chlorophyll or a mixture of the two types of chloroplasts. This is the biological basis of maternal inheritance.

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Mitochondrial inheritance also known as maternal inheritance, applies to genes in mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria which are structures in each cell that convert molecules into energy each contain a small amount of DNA. Because only egg cells contribute mitochondria to the developing embryo only females can pass on mitochondrial variants to their children. Conditions resulting from variants in mitochondrial DNA can appear in every generation of a family and can affect both males and females but fathers do not pass these disorders to their daughters or sons.

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F22B0152 MUHAMMAD HASSAN BASRI BIN MOHAMAD

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F22B0152 MUHAMMAD HASSAN BASRI BIN MOHAMAD

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Based on the genetic mechanisms at work, numerous options for flower colour inheritance patterns including white, green, and variegated plants can emerge. The particular patterns will be determined by the genetic elements that govern blossom colour in the plants under investigation.

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The transmission of genetic features from one generation to the next via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is referred to as pattern inheritance in mitochondria. In contrast to nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mtDNA is only inherited from the mother. This is due to the fact that sperm cells do not generally deliver mitochondria to the fertilised egg during fertilisation.
Mitochondrial illnesses are a set of hereditary disorders caused by mitochondrial DNA abnormalities. These mutations can impair mitochondrial activity and alter ATP generation, resulting in a variety of symptoms and organ system failure. Because mitochondrial illnesses affect many tissues and organs throughout the body, the severity and particular symptoms can vary greatly.

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is a well-known example of a mitochondrial illness.LHON is a kind of neuropathy. The optic nerve is largely affected by LHON, resulting in vision loss and blindness. Mutations in the mitochondrial genes responsible for energy generation in optic nerve cells cause it. LHON is normally passed on from mother to child, however the symptoms may not be present in every generation.

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The inheritance pattern of Mirabilis leaf color demonstrates that the genes responsible for making chloroplasts come from nonnuclear DNA that resides in chloroplasts, known as chloroplast DNA (usually abbreviated cpDNA). In fact, white leaves or any white patches on a leaf are caused by cells that carry a defective gene in their cpDNA. In Mirabilis, not only is this cpDNA passed on to progeny through the cytoplasm, but it also comes only from the maternal gamete; this occurs because Mirabilis pollen grains, which are the paternal gametes, do not contain any chloroplasts. Correns's hypothesis was therefore correct.

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NURUL AINA SYAZWANA NINTI NASERI F22B0029

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NURUL AINA SYAZWANA NINTI NASERI F22B0029

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it is a genetic that starts from the genotype of p that produces the color of the leaf, the green color occurs, it also affects the color of the flower of the leaf,, all genes will affect the growth to f2, this is a gene from p1, not a death gene and is a continuous gene