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Guiding Question: Justin: How are war strategies from the Art of War during 5th Century B.C similar and different to those used in WWII? Did certain battles employ tactics from the Art of War lead the country to have a better winning chance? 

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Guiding Question: Justin: How are war strategies from the Art of War during 5th Century B.C similar and different to those used in WWII? Did certain battles employ tactics from the Art of War lead the country to have a better winning chance? 

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WWII History Overview: (Documentary - Videos & Speakers in the videos who are explaining and lecturing) 

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WWII History Overview: (Documentary - Videos & Speakers in the videos who are explaining and lecturing) 

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This resource is provided by History.com and it overviews the major factors leading up to the war and many of the keystone events during the war.

Hitler gave inflexible orders whereby whole armies were made to stand their ground in tactically hopeless positions and were forbidden to surrender under any circumstances. Sun Tzu would warn about recklessness or a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame in a general which would cause a loss. This helps me understand how towards the end of WWII Hitler's forces were losing, and how he was fully wiped out and didn't stand a chance to fight another day.

"The initial success of this strategy in preventing a German rout during the Soviet winter counteroffensive of 1941–42 had blinded Hitler to its impracticability in the very different military circumstances on the Eastern Front by 1943, by which time the Germans simply lacked sufficient numbers of troops to defend an extremely long front against much more numerous Soviet forces." Sun Tzu mentioned if your army is larger than the opponents, push forwards. Slightly less, stand your ground, but significantly less, retreat to save your troops for another battle. Hitler's mistake here which allowed the Allies to gain the winning advantage was he failed to change his strategy even though his conditions with his forces changed as the war went on.

I wonder how a military general like Hitler could be bale to cause so much damage yet drown in his own pride so much that he wasn't willing to retreat his troops to fight another day. Thank goodness he had this weakness the Allies exposed.

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history

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World War II: Summary, Combatants & Facts

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World War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. Rising to power in an unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the nation and signed treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world domination. Hitler’s invasion of Poland drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and World War II had begun. The majority of the world’s countries eventually formed two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Axis.

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Source: Norwich University "Cost of U.S Wars than and now. "

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This source is from Norwich University breaking down the costs of WWII compared to the other wars in history adjusted for inflation.

WWII lasted for 6 years, which for a modern war is quite a long time compared to the average 3 to 4 months. Sun Tzu mentions how if a war is too long, a country's resources will be drained. The cost of war is a thousand of of of silver a day for 100k soldiers a day.

This allow me to understand one of the reasons for how America and the Allies had an advantage over the Axis Powers since they entered later into the war where the Axis Powers had already drained vast amounts of resources to fund its armies while the U.S started fresh.

An additional question I had was to fight the COVID pandemic which according to the W.H.O was about 9 trillion globally, which is shocking to me that fighting a disease cost double of WWII.

https://online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/cost-us-wars-then-and-now

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WWII German Foot Soldier (Animated History Documentary)

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WWII German Foot Soldier (Animated History Documentary)

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This video is produced by The Armchair Historian LLC, a group specialized in making educational historically animated videos. In this video, they break down the tactics the German army was using for their effectiveness at the start of the war.

Their weapons used were completely offensive. Since they had a large army but an even larger supply of weapons, the Germans used that to their advantage by centering their squadrons around the heavy firing machinery. Similarly in Sun Tzu, Art of War, it was suggested that when one party significantly overwhelms the other in numbers, it's best to advance. Here, a machine gun strongly outpowers the opposing riflemen more since the machine gun would act as many more soldiers.

In the art of war, a general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace is regarded at the best possible type of general for they have the highest rate of survival and winning the entire war. Hitler started sending suicide missions by the end of the war since his pride refused him to have his soldiers retreat, creating this weakness and a reason for his defeat.

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WW2 German Squad Tactics | Animated History

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Sun Tzu's Art of War Graphic Novel is based on the original  Art of War Novel which was written by Sun Tzu, a 5th century Chinese General who was rumored to have never lost a battle. With his experience, he wrote this book naming his strategies he used and other generals' behavior on the battlefields he observed over his many battles. Today, it's still regarded as one of the keystone texts for the human psychology behind warfare and a strong indicator as to which party may win a war.

Sun mentions that the fundamental rules for war are measurement, estimation, calculation, comparison, and victory. I agree that the proper moderation in all these fields and the meticulous calculations are necessary for a swift and successful victory. If any of these are misbalanced, defeat is eminent. It's key to understand that war is expensive, some comparing the costs vs losses is key. This helps me understand both why at the start of the war, with the help of Joseph Goebbels's propaganda takeover, Hitler was able to rally so many people together and expand his country so swiftly. With proper estimation and calculations for German's citizen's willingness to expand to fight their economic depression compared to the likelihood of them preferring just to stay peaceful, Hitler was easily able to drive German forces abroad and capture new territories from countries who did have citizens with nearly such a strong sense of nationalism.

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Mr. Tzu once also said that "with only 5 musical notes, more combinations of melodies are possible than can ever be heard." This is very beautifully written. A smart tactician must be able to create solutions with limited resources in order to succeed. During WWII, the British had extremely limited resources as they were on the brink of being taken over by the Germans. The British created new strategies for defense such as doing phoney wars instead of direct confrontations which allowed for the safe retreat of soldiers. They were able to fortify their defensive positions while buying time to gather resources for a counteroffensive later on since they were heavily outnumbered.

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The book also mentions that "the right moment to strike has arrived, but also the self-restraint to hold back till that moment." Timing is key. A decision made can be right or wrong depending on when it's made. If America were to join WWII efforts early on, it may have resulted in the Axis powers to have won. Without enough nationalism in the country with an event to unite the citizens like Pearl Harbor, the U.S's government's willingness to involve themselves with overseas affairs may have been divided. Further, if we entered earlier, our own resources may have been drained out at the same time or earlier than the Axis Powers which would have also resulted in a potential loss.

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"The general considers the power of his army as a while, then assesses the talents of his individual soldiers and places them in their most effective positions." The skill of placing people in the right areas for their jobs is critical for execution of the bigger goal. This allows me understand how Hitler was able to find the right people to execute his orders despite how inhumane or morally questionable they were. Others who were better at sciences than handling a rifle he would put to use at a scientific facility to develop war weapons. Most importantly, Hitler understood how to pressure those who weren't comfortable to kill Jews and other people by flooding them with exposure to death and cruelty towards the deaths desensitizing them to the extend they practically didn't think for themselves.

This text didn't raise more additional questions.

Text link: https://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Graphic-Novel/dp/1684124298/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2L9LV7FOB2XFE&keywords=art+of+war+graphic+novel&qid=1684015717&s=books&sprefix=art+of+war+graphic+novel%2Cstripbooks%2C183&sr=1-1

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The Art of War: A Graphic Novel (Graphic Classics)

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The Art of War: A Graphic Novel (Graphic Classics) [Tzu, Sun, Katz, Pete] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The Art of War: A Graphic Novel (Graphic Classics)

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Chinese Warring Alliances (Academic Scholarly Study)

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Chinese Warring Alliances (Academic Scholarly Study)

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The source is a thesis for graduate studies and research at the University of Saskatchewan by Cheng-Tai Hu for his Degree of Master of Arts in the department of Economics.

Having this source allows me to understand the fighting conditions and wars roughly during Sun Tzu's time period to see what factors may have greatly varied from then till now such as technological advancements and other variables that may have possibly rendered some of Sun Tzu's words obsolete.

With the Jin states and other internal waring groups actively trying to take power and control, China as a whole was left as a weak. Zhao was one of the sixteen kingdoms that emerged during the era of the Jin Dynasty's decline and it launched many military campaigns against the Jin Dynasty. If the Jin armies had properly maintained peace and developed an army of worth with Sun Tzu's advice, they wouldn't have likely fell to the Zhao state.

No more further questions.

Link: https://harvest.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/ETD-2015-04-2044/6_HU-THESIS.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y,%20Pg%202

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WWII Military Tactics (Personal Blog from a qualified Source)

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WWII Military Tactics (Personal Blog from a qualified Source)

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The source is from non-profit named the Pacific Atrocities Education dedicated to sharing the untold stories of WWII for the Asian side of WWII that's often left out in Western history classes. In this article, the author describes the substantial differences in tactics employed by all WWII participants and how they greatly differ from WWI trench warfare tactics due to new technological advances.

The Japanese would use a tactic called the Kamikaze which would be suicide missions of planes flying into ships. It would kill the pilot for the Japanese but it would kill and damage far more for the enemy. In order to gain a tactical advantage, Sun Tzu claimed that it was key not for a general to have over-solicitude for their soldiers.

The Japanese also targeted boats for it was the best environment to attack the enemy in. On land, the enemy could hide, but on sea, there was no where to run. Sun Tzu explained that knowing one's environment allows for a great advantage compared to the opposing side.

This text didn't raise me any new questions.

https://www.pacificatrocities.org/blog/the-four-fronts-of-world-war-2-military-tactics

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by Nickii Wantakan Arcado

​By the time of WW2, war strategies were a lot more complicated than the end of World War 1. In World War 1, much of the war was fought using trench warfare. However, during World War 2, soldiers were engaged in different styles of war including land, air, naval, and mathematics.

​Meaning 'lightning war' in German, Blitzkrieg was a military tactic used by the Nazis in World War II. Rooted in the concept of speed and surprise, Blitzkrieg is a coordinated, maneuver-focused military tactic in which the objective was to break enemy lines as quickly as possible through a dense concentration of armored vehicles, air strikes, and then eventually the infiltration of ground troops. The tactic can be broken down to a 3 step process; first armored and motorized vehicles break through the opponent's line of defense via swift, short, yet powerful attacks. Second, relies on the element of surprise via air strike. Finally, ground forces are employed, confusing the enemy and making it more difficult for them to respond to the continuously changing battlefronts. The defeat then ends with the concept of Vernichtungsschlacht (total annihilation), resulting in a unilateral victory.

The doctrine of the Blitzkrieg tactic emerged between the dates of 1918 and 1939, in response to the attrition and trench warfare deadlock of World War I. Attrition warfare relied on the strategy of winning war through wearing down the enemy through personnel and material lost, while trench warfare, as the name implies, were fought in dugouts. Alongside attrition warfare was the technological progression of artillery power. Bolt action, breech loading rifles and machine guns were prominent in the war zone, firing 400 rounds per minute at over 2000 yards (compare this with rifles in 1914 that fired 15 rounds per minute). Fighting out in the open was therefore no longer an option, as attackers would be met with thousands of rounds of artillery fire. This scenario later came to be known as "No Man's Land". Seeking protection, troops moved underground in trenches, bunkers, and tunnels. Since battles were both fought on a defensive front, this eventually caused a stalemate on the Western Front (along Belgium and northern France). In addition, due to its enclosed nature, trenches became infested with pests including rats and lice causing illnesses within the militia. The trenches were also susceptible to flooding, causing drowning or supply damage. In the end, although the death count increased, no progress was made on either side. Poisonous gas and tanks were ultimately used to break the stalemate, ending the war.

Blitzkrieg was first used by the Germans against Poland in 1939. By 1940, Nazi Germany had successfully employed the tactics in various invasions, including those in France, the Netherlands, and Belgium. By 1941, Germany had defeated France, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg as well as 380,000 soldiers in the BEF ( British Expeditionary Force) that were stationed in France. At the time, Blitzkrieg seemed impossible to defeat.

This changed in 1942 when Germany sought to attack the Red Army on the Eastern front. While blitzkrieg was a brilliant military tactic, the Nazi's lost to Russia in the war of economic attrition. Russian production in almost every war item, be it tanks, guns, or combat aircraft, far outweighed that of Germany. While Russian production centers continuously supplied their armies with resources needed on the front lines, German forces experienced supply shortages. The quick tactic of blitzkrieg eventually gave way to a supply and logistics system geared for prolonging the war.

A name that translates to "divine wind", Kamikaze were Japanese aviators who deliberately enacted suicide missions by flying their planes into enemy targets (most commonly, ships). The divine wind was in reference to the Mongol forces who were swept away by a typhoon, thwarting their efforts in invading Japan in 1281. The development of the Kamikaze tactic began with the attack of Pearl Harbor in 1941. Japanese First Lieutenant Fusata Iida's plane had taken substantial damage and began leaking fuel. As a last resort, Iida decided to turn his aircraft and crash into the Naval Air Station in Kaneohe.

The actual deployment and intentional usage of aviators for the purpose of suicidal missions, however, began in 1944, during the Battle of the Leyte Gulf in the island of Leyte in the Philippines. In response to the failure to stop the U.S. offensive via naval engagements in the Pacific, Japanese Naval Captain Motoharu Okamura suggested the usage of crash-dive attacks to swing the war in Japan's favor. Twenty-four pilots from Japan's 201st Navy Air Group volunteered for the expedition, attacking the St. Lo a U.S. escort carrier, killing 100 Americans. The battle became one of the deadliest naval battles in history, with over 5,000 kamikaze pilot casualties and the destruction of 34 ships.

Soon Kamikaze planes were being loaded with extra gasoline tanks and bombs, increasing the deadliness of their crashes. The highest casualty count was in Okinawa, where about 5,000 U.S. Navy men were killed in a single battle. Throughout its course, Kamikaze attacks managed to sink 200 ships and caused over 15,000 casualties during the onslaught of the war.

The U.S. soon developed a strategy to combat Kamikazes: destroyers. These destroyers were stationed around capital ships (either an aircraft carrier or a battleship) and directed their anti-aircraft batteries against oncoming planes when they approached. Another tactic deployed by Allied forces was the usage of pickets. Picket (or radar picket) was a radar quipped-station, ship, or aircraft used in order to increase radar detection range, specifically those from the air. These helped U.S. forces detect Kamikaze planes and quickly shoot them down with destroyers before they were able to crash into U.S. ships.

German U-boats (submarines) dominated the seas, possessing the ability to patrol coastlines or attack via wolf pack hunting tactics. Focusing on the latter, Rudeltaktik (wolf pack tactics) was a tactic designed to strike convoy systems of transportation. Convoy systems were initially used by the British during World War I which called for groups of ships to sail side by side under the protection of escort warships. During the time, it prevented attacks from WWI German U-boats, as they could no longer corner isolated ships and would be met with the fire from the accompanying warships.

The wolf pack tactic was created to destroy this defense mechanism. Developed by Admiral Karl Dönitz, wolf packs consisted of 8-20 submarines. The attack against a convoy was delayed until all U-boats were present to perform an organized attack against the enemy. The 'shadower' was the leader of the pack, and their main responsibility was to remain out of visible range of the enemy through submerging during the night and re-emerging during the night. When there were enough U-boats to converge with the convoy, the 'shadower' would then signal an attack during the night. This tactic was difficult for the Allied forces to respond to, due to the sheer number of submarines, the spontaneous attacks coming from various directions, and the increased technological development of U-boats which made them undetectable and essentially invisible.

More than any time during World War II, British forces were closest to defeat when confronted with U-boats in the Atlantic. Over 2,700 ships were sunk by U-boats, equating to roughly 70 % of all allied shipping losses in all theatres of war. The cracking of Enigma codes, eventually allowed British forces to pinpoint German U-Boat locations, leading to the defeat of German U-boats and victories within the Atlantic.

There is no doubt that cryptography (the art and study of solving and decrypting secret codes) was essential during the end of World War II. Decoding Japanese and German military and diplomatic communications were of vital importance to the Allied in stopping the territorial gains of the Axis powers and gaining an upper hand in the war.

One of the main cryptographic challenges for the Allied forces was the German Enigma. Similar in shape and form to a typewriter, the Enigma was capable of producing highly encrypted messages through the use of wheels that would scramble typed messages. In order to encrypt the code, the receiving operator would then need to set their Enigma with the same wheel in order to unscramble the message. 'Codebooks' were given to Nazi receiving operators, enabling them to enter the correct decryption key when they received a transmission.

As Germany troops were advancing across the Western front swiftly and relentlessly with their Blitzkrieg tactics, it was the mission of the Allied force to intercept and decrypt their intelligence. In 1932, the Cipher Bureau in Poland managed to obtain a German Enigma machine. The Bureau shared this info with both British and French forces in order to come up with code-breaking strategies. One of these strategies included setting up a Code and Cipher School in Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire in the U.K. Various mathematicians and problem-solving experts were brought in to decrypt military codes used by the Germans. While Polish mathematicians had learned how to read Enigma messages, they soon realized that Nazi forces were beginning to change the cipher system daily. By 1942, German codes became unreadable.

One influential figure that managed to change this tide of war was mathematician Alan Turing. Turing had invented and developed various machines and tactics to intercept Axis intelligence. One of his inventions was the Bombe, an electromechanical device which significantly reduced the work required from code-breakers. Another example was the cryptanalytic process of Banburismus. The Banburismus process utilized sequential conditional probability in inferring the likely setting Nazis coded on their machines. Working in Hut 8, a section within the Code and Cipher School that focused on decrypting Kriegsmarine (Naval) messages, Turing managed to direct Allied naval forces away from U-boats, leading to allied victory in the Battle of the Atlantic in 1945. Cryptography tactics were also used in other areas of the war, including the Soviet Union and parts of Southeast Asia.

Frieser, Karl-Heinz (2005). The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West [ Blitzkrieg-legende: der westfeldzug 1940 ]. trans. J. T. Greenwood. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.

Rössler, Eberhard. The U-boat: The evolution and technical history of German submarines . Naval Inst Press, 1981.

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The Four Fronts of World War 2 Military Tactics

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by Nickii Wantakan Arcado ​By the time of WW2, war strategies were a lot more complicated than the end of World War 1. In World War 1, much of the war was fought using trench warfare. However, during World War 2, soldiers were engaged in different styles of war including land, air, naval, and mathematics.

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The Pacific Strategy (Blog from a qualified source)

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The Pacific Strategy (Blog from a qualified source)

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The blog here was by the National WWII Museum in New Orleans. In order to better assess the events that happened in WWII. It's allowed me to hone in on certain position and attributes from people.

They couldn't' defeat the fortified islands, so they went around to the less defended islands and took control there. From that, they blocked all trade and supplied going into the heavily protected islands, essentially staving the enemies to death.
Sun Tzu similarly stated to understand the environment and to use it to your best advantage would lead to victory.

No additional questions

Link: https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/pacific-strategy-1941-1944

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On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. Japan launched a relentless assault that swept through the US territories of Guam, Wake Island, and the Philippines, as well as British-controlled Hong Kong, Malaya, and Burma. Yet, with much of the US fleet destroyed and a nation unprepared for war, America and its allies decided they needed to save Great Britain and defeat Germany first.

The Japanese, meanwhile, sought to complete what they began at Pearl Harbor. They aimed to destroy the US carrier fleet in a victory so decisive that the United States would negotiate for peace. With its battleship fleet crippled in Hawaii, the US Navy turned to two surviving assets. Aircraft carriers and submarines mounted a serious challenge to Japan's triumphant fleet and were critical to protecting mainland America. But as US attacks on Japanese naval forces and merchant ships escalated from isolated raids to full-scale battles, the learning curve proved costly and deadly.

Blunting the Japanese Onslaught
Throughout the winter and spring of 1942 the war news reaching the United States from the Pacific was grim. The Japanese amassed a vast new empire with a defensive perimeter that ranged from western Alaska to the Solomon Islands. In the southwest Pacific, Japan threatened American supply lines to Australia, complicating US plans to use Australia as a staging ground for offensive action.

But within months, the tide of battle started to turn as the United States and its allies in Australia and New Zealand first blunted Japan's advance and then began a long counterattack across the Pacific. The amphibious invasion soon became the hallmark of the Allied counterattack. As they advanced westward toward Japan, Allied forces repeatedly bombed and stormed Japanese-held territory, targeting tiny islands as well as the jungles of New Guinea and the Philippines. The goal was to dislodge the enemy and to secure airfields and supply bases that could serve as the launching points for future attacks.

Turning Points
In early May 1942, US and Japanese carrier forces clashed in the Battle of the Coral Sea. While both sides suffered major losses, the US Navy checked a major Japanese offensive for the first time. Then, in the Battle of Midway the following month, US carrier aircraft dealt a devastating blow to the Japanese navy, destroying four aircraft carriers. The battle marked the first major US victory against Japan and was a turning point in the war.
By shifting the balance of naval power in the Pacific, Midway allowed US forces to take the offensive for the first time. The Allies soon set their sights on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands and on New Guinea.

Amphibious Invasions and Island Hopping
In August 1942, the United States mounted its first major amphibious landing in World War II at Guadalcanal, using innovative landing craft built by Higgins Industries in New Orleans. By seizing a strategic airfield site on the island, the United States halted Japanese efforts to disrupt supply routes to Australia and New Zealand. The invasion ignited a ferocious struggle marked by seven major naval battles, three major land battles, and almost continuous air combat as both sides sought to control Henderson Field, named after Loy Henderson, an aviator killed at the Battle of Midway. For six long months US forces fought to hold the island. In the end they prevailed, and the Allies took the first vital step in driving the Japanese back in the Pacific theater.

With Guadalcanal in American hands, Allied forces continued to close in on Rabaul in New Britain. As forces under the command of Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey moved north through the Solomons, General Douglas MacArthur's troops pushed west along the northern coast of Papua New Guinea, grinding out a hard-fought victory by March 1943. But rather than follow this success with a risky invasion of the heavily defended Rabaul, American military planners hatched an ingenious plan: Allied planes and ships would isolate and neutralize Rabaul from the air and sea while the bulk of MacArthur's forces pushed westward to invade less-well-defended islands. This practice-skipping over heavily fortified islands in order to seize lightly defended locations that could support the next advance-became known as island hopping. As Japanese strongholds were isolated, defenders were left to weaken from starvation and disease. This new strategy turned the vast Pacific distances into an American ally, and the United States used it to leapfrog across the Pacific.

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Advancing on Two Fronts
In addition to hopping from one less-defended island to another, the Allies' Pacific strategy developed another key feature: soldiers, sailors, and US Marines pressed forward on two fronts. As MacArthur's troops leapt from island to island in the southwest Pacific, a central Pacific campaign began with the invasion of Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. By the end of the year, a two-pronged assault on Japan was well underway.

As 1944 began, the southwest Pacific was largely under Allied control. By February, the Allies were also making progress in the central Pacific. Naval and air strikes reduced most of the Japanese bases throughout the area, and after several intense, bloody campaigns, most of the central Pacific was secure. As the islands in the Marshall and Mariana chains fell to US Army and Marines forces by that summer, troops constructed airfields in preparation for air strikes on Japan itself. The Marianas were a particularly valuable asset since they were close enough to Japan for the United States' new, technologically advanced B-29 bombers to reach the mainland.
As the United States geared up for this aerial bombardment of Japan, military leaders lobbied to continue their campaigns in the southwest and central Pacific. In the southwest, General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz pushed for an assault on the Philippines, while in the central Pacific, Admiral Ernest J. King pressed for an attack on Formosa (now Taiwan).

The Attack On Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

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The Pacific Strategy, 1941-1944 | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war.