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All trees lose their leaves though some leaves live for two or three years before they fall because of dryness.The colours of the leaves depend on their species of the tree there are red leaves,orange leaves,yellow leaves and gold leaves. They look green due to chlorophyll in them.

A leaf that has only one blade is called a simple leaf.

A compound leaf has 2 or more blades attached to the petiole.

Veins from inside a plant's leaves work much like blood vessels inside our body. They carry water and food to and from the leaves.

A leaf is also considered as a plant organ.

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•Dandelion seeds can fly up to 100km from the starting spot.

•Orchid seed pods can hold up to 3 million seeds.Each seed is the size of a speck of dust.

•A 2000 year old Judean date palm seed was germinated in 2005.

•A samara fruit seed can spin like a helicopter when flying. You can throw them and watch them spin.

Sources

https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/orchid-seeds-natures-tiny-treasures#:~:text=To%20give%20an%20impression%20of,odorata%20contains%203.4%20million%20seeds.

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/dandelion-seeds-can-fly-100-km-and-now-we-know-how-1.4868619#:~:text=The%20dandelion%20seed%20holds%20the,flying%20up%20to%20100%20kilometres.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_viable_seed

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_(fruit)

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The rarest flower in the world is no doubt the prettiest! The rarest flower in the world is widely considered to be the Middlemist's Red Camellia, with only two known specimens existing: one in the United Kingdom and the other in New Zealand. This vibrant, rose-like pink flower was brought from China to England by botanist John Middlemist in 1804, after which it became extinct in its native land. 

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The biggest seed in the world weighs 15 to 30 kg

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Some flowers can generate their own heat to attract pollinators.

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Botanical Classification: A strawberry is not a true berry, which is a fruit formed from a single ovary. Instead, it's an aggregate accessory fruit because the fleshy part comes from the receptacle of the flower, not the ovary.

Culinary Use: Strawberries are popular for their sweet flavor and are commonly eaten fresh or used in various desserts, pastries, jams, and preserves.

Nutritional Value: Strawberries are a good source of vitamin C, manganese, and antioxidants.

Plant Characteristics: Strawberry plants are relatively low-growing, with leaves having three hairy parts with jagged edges.They produce white flowers, and the "fruit" develops from the flower's receptacle.

Varieties: There are many different strawberry varieties cultivated around the world, including Albion, Alpine, and Seascape.

Storage: Strawberries should be stored in a cool, dry place to maintain freshness.

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🌱 1. Stems Aren’t Always Above Ground

Not all stems grow upright or even above the ground. Some, like rhizomes (e.g. ginger), tubers (e.g. potatoes), and corms (e.g. taro), grow underground and store nutrients.

🌵 2. Cacti Use Stems as Leaves

In cacti, the green, thick, fleshy part is actually the stem, not the leaves. Cacti have evolved to perform photosynthesis in the stem and have spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss.

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The jackfruit is generally considered the biggest fruit in the world. It can grow to be quite large, with some specimens weighing over 100 pounds, according to the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. While other fruits like giant pumpkins can also be very large, the jackfruit is the largest fruit that grows on a tree.

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The oldest seed known to have been germinated is a 2000 years old plan seed

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the smallest seed on earth is the mustard seed

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Seeds can sleep and wake up! It’s called dormancy. They normally go to “sleep” for about 1-5 yrs if it’s stored properly. They normally sleep because the seeds are in harsh conditions. An example is a date palm seed from Israel that’s almost 2,000 yrs old!(picture is up there)👆

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Leaves have different colours.

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Sunflower seeds are a good source of protein, healthy fats, and fiber, and are particularly rich in vitamin E and selenium

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Leaves have veins and have tiny holes called stomata.

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· Instead of just green, yellow or dead coloured leaves. There are even leaves that are purple, orange or even both green and orange! And because Singapore does not have the season Autumn, in Autumn there’s usually red leaves.

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The devil’s trumpet flower grows at night but faces down during the day.

Bamboo has flowers. However, the bamboo just gets cut before the flowers grow.

Lily plants are toxic to cats as cats get ill and dizzy when they go near to a lily flower.

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The firefly petunia is a type of petunia that has been genetically modified to glow in the dark.

It is a relatively new variety that gets it’s bioluminescence from genes spliced from bioluminescent mushrooms.

According to gardeners, even the leaves and roots give off a soft,greenish-white light in low-light conditions.

They were available in the market from early 2025.

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There are different types of leaves like the autumn leave shown in the picture over here.

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Cherries help calm the nervous system

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· The reason leaves change colours is because of chlorophyll. During autumn, the production of chlorophyll in leaves slow down, changing the colour.

· leaves are good for things other than photosynthesis, as they can actually protect young seeds and even contribute to soil as they decompose.

· the patterns on leaves such as veins and the shape in general usually exhibit fractals in geometry, which are repeating patterns at different scales.

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Leaves can play a very crucial role in a tree’s winter survival.They create a barrier between the branch and the stem, preventing water from freezing the tree's internal structures.

Leaves have. distinct upper and lower ( surfaces that differ in hairiness, the number of stomata and the amount and structure of epicuticular wax.

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Strawberries are not berries but bananas are.

Grapes explode in the microwave.

Apples, peaches, and raspberries are all members of the rose family.

Bananas are slightly radioactive.☢️

Coffee beans are actually fruit pits.

Not all oranges are orange.

Watermelons are also berries.

Cranberries can bounce.

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Fire can trigger seed growth

Many seeds from fire-prone ecosystems actually need fire to germinate. The heat or smoke breaks dormancy.

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🌵 1. Cactus (Succulent Stems)

Their stems are thick, fleshy, and store water, allowing them to survive in deserts.

The spines you see are actually modified leaves; the stem does the photosynthesis.

🎍 2. Bamboo

Bamboo stems are hollow, jointed, and super strong.

It’s one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth — some species grow up to 35 inches (91 cm) per day!

🍠 3. Potato (Tuberous Stems)

The “potatoes” you eat are swollen underground stems (tubers) that store starch.

The “eyes” on a potato are actually buds from which new stems and leaves grow.

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Interesting facts about stems by Ean(with photographs)

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Interesting facts about stems by Ean(with photographs)

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Stems can be soft or woody.

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Interesting facts about stems by Ean(with photographs)

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Interesting facts about stems by Ean(with photographs)

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• Stems can have thorns.

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In 17th-century Holland, tulip bulbs were more valuable than gold during the "tulip mania".

Flowers first appeared on Earth about 140 million years ago.

What we eat as broccoli is actually the flower bud of the broccoli plant.

Certain flowers exhibit thigmotropism, meaning they can move in response to touch.

The color of some hydrangea flowers can change depending on the acidity of the soil.

Bamboo has flowers,but it only flowers when it is about to die

The funniest flower is subjective, but many find the Monkey Orchid Dracula simia to be quite comical due to its striking resemblance to a monkey's face. This is a case of pareidolia, where the human brain perceives familiar patterns in random stimuli.

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Kiwi fruit was originally called the Chinese gooseberry.

A pomegranate can contain up to 1000 seeds.

Fruits can still respond to their environment after being harvested.

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•They are not just passive anchors, but rather dynamic structures that sense their environment

•roots pulsate ,creating invisible marks that guide the roots development

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Bananas are radioactive because they contain potassium-40,a type of potassium but eating bananas will not kill you.

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. Some stems can grow very fast, like bamboo, it can grow inches in a single day!!!

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1. Bananas are berries, but strawberries are not.

2. Apples float in water, which is why you can bob for them.

3. Citrus peels, often discarded, are edible and nutritious.

3. (the outer layer of citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and grapefruits)

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Seeds can be male or females!

Most seeds are female though.

Feminized seeds have been genetically modified to yield only female plants.

Female seeds are always bigger than male seeds!

It usually takes at least 8 weeks for a plant grown from seeds to reach sexual maturity and begin to demonstrate distinct signs for male or female

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An average strawberry has around 200 seeds

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🌱 Cool & Curious Facts About Stems

1. Not Just Sticks!
Stems aren't just there to hold leaves up—they transport water, nutrients, and sugars between roots and leaves through xylem and phloem.

2. Cacti Are Mostly Stem
In cacti, the thick, fleshy "body" is actually a stem, not a leaf! The stem stores water, and the leaves have evolved into spines.

3. Some Stems Grow Underground
Not all stems grow above ground. Potatoes are underground stems called tubers. Other examples: ginger (a rhizome) and onions (a bulb).

4. Climbing Stems Help Plants Reach the Sun
Some plants have stems called tendrils that twist around objects to climb toward the light. Think grapes or peas.

5. Stems Can Store Food
Besides water, some stems store food. Sugarcane is a great example—its stem is full of sugary sap.

6. Woody vs. Herbaceous Stems
Trees have woody stems (like trunks), which grow thicker over time. Flowers and grasses usually have herbaceous stems, which stay soft and green.

7. Tree Rings = Stem Time Capsules
Each ring in a tree trunk shows one year of growth. By counting them, you can tell a tree's age and learn about past climate conditions!

8. Some Plants Walk!
The walking palm tree (Socratea exorrhiza) can slowly “move” by growing new roots toward light, giving the illusion of a stem walking.

9. Stem Cells (Not the Human Kind!)
In plants, the growing tips of stems have meristematic cells that can divide and help the plant grow taller or grow new leaves.

10. Bamboo = Fastest Growing Stem
Bamboo is a giant grass with a stem that can grow up to 35 inches (91 cm) in a single day under ideal conditions!

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The sandbox tree's seed pods can explode, flinging seeds up to 100 feet away.

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•Apart from taking in mineral salts,roots can also communicate.Roots communicate through a type of fungi called’mycorrhizae’.These fungi intertwine with plant roots,forming a vast underground network.

Through these,plants can exchange food and water,as well as the transmission of chemical signals!Also,if a plant is being attacked or eaten by bugs(this is a bit unrelated to roots, but its good to know),it can transmit signals to other plants to be careful and defend themselves using chemicals released from their body, to make them less appetising for bugs to eat.

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Stem supports fruits and flowers. That stay strong and rigid enough to support these plant parts through processes at the cellular level.

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Key Characteristics:

Botanical Name: Citrus × sinensis.

Shape and Color: Round, typically orange or yellow.

Taste: Sweet and juicy pulp.

Nutritional Value: Rich in vitamin C, other vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals.

Origin: Believed to have originated in ancient Asia, particularly southern China and northeastern India.

Popular Varieties: Navel and Valencia are common sweet orange types.

Uses: Eaten fresh, juiced, or used in culinary applications.

Health Benefits:

Vitamin C Source: A single small orange provides a significant portion of the recommended daily intake of vitamin C, according to HealthHub.

Antioxidants: Contains flavonoids and other antioxidants that may help combat free radicals and reduce inflammation.

Low in Calories and Sodium: A good option for a healthy, low-calorie snack, says HealthHub.

Fiber: Provides fiber, which is beneficial for digestion.

Fun Facts:

Oranges were once considered a luxury item, particularly in Europe, according to Kusmi Tea.

They are a good source of potassium, which can help lower blood pressure.

Oranges are a versatile fruit, used in juices, marmalades, and as a flavoring for various dishes.

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· Leaves turn red in Autumn because the green chlorophyll breaks down when summer nears its end and days get shorter. Leaves will not be able to continue photosynthesizing during Winter due to the dry air and lack of sunlight so it stops producing chlorophyll. Revealing yellow and orange pigments called Anthocyanins

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Roots of a specific South African tree can actually exceed 110 metres, but it is not the plant with the longest roots.

The plant with the longest roots has a root length of 623 kilometres!(type of rye)

according to AI, aloe vera, basil, lettuce and snake plants have one of the shortest root lengths

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Inga edulis

The inga edulis isis a fruit. Inside the fruit, there is a bean.

If you eat the bean, it will taste like vanilla ice cream 🍨.

You can find this in South America (e.g. Brazil 🇧🇷 etc.)

If I were you, I would go to Brazil ASAP and get my free ice cream 👍.

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Diphylleia grayi, the skeleton flower, has petals that turn transparent when they come in contact with water.

When the flower dry, the petals appear white because air pockets within the cells scatter light.

When water enters these air pockets, it displaces the air, causing the petals to look like the water.

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Most of our food starts as seeds:
About 80% of the human diet is made up of plants grown from seeds—grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.

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Strawberries can support healthy blood pressure.

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• A seed consists of a plant embryo, stored food endosperm , and a protective outer layer called the testa.(structure)

• Seeds are the primary way plants reproduce, allowing for dispersal and the continuation of the plant species. (Function)

•Many seeds, like flaxseeds, chai seed, pumkin seed, sesame seed,sunflower seeds, and hemp seeds, are excellent sources of protein, healthy fats, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. (Nutrients rich)

•They can aid in weight management, regulate blood sugar, and offer protective effects against heart disease and diabetes. (health benefits)

•Some seeds like flaxseeds, pumpkin seeds, and chia seeds are believed to help with reducing belly fat according to NDTV.

• did you know that an orchid seed is the smallest

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A wild fig tree in Echo Caves, South Africa, reached a depth of about 400 feet (122 meters).

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Grapes are the fruit of the Vitis vine, which is a woody, deciduous plant.

They are botanically classified as berries, meaning they develop from a single flower with multiple ovaries and have internal seeds and pulp.

The vines climb using tendrils and can grow quite long if left untrimmed.

Leaves are large, rounded, and toothed.

Flowers are small, green, and appear in clusters.

Varieties and Uses:

There are numerous varieties of grapes, with over 8,000 known.

They can be seedless or have seeds.

Grapes are consumed fresh, dried into raisins, or used to make wine, juice, and other products.

The leaves of the grape vine are also edible and can be used in dishes like dolmades.

Nutritional Value:

Grapes are a source of vitamins A and C, as well as minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

They contain antioxidants like polyphenols and anthocyanins, which are beneficial for health.

Grapes also contain fiber and small amounts of other minerals like copper, manganese, and magnesium.

Potential Health Benefits:

Grapes are associated with potential benefits for heart health, eye health, and cancer prevention due to their antioxidant content.

They may also help with circulation, reduce inflammation, and have antimicrobial properties

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Leaves give off light indirectly through the process of photosynthesis, where they absorb light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy although this light is not visible to the human eye it is crucial for its survival .

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A typical adult contains around 140g of potassium, of which about 16mg is potassium-40 – making you 280 times more radioactive than a banana.To be dead, we will need to eat 50,000,000 bananas

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Strawberries have seeds on the outside and are related to roses.

Mangoes are xonsidered the "King of Fruit" in many parts of the world.

Pumpkins are often considered vegetables, they are botanically fruits.

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Lincoln (G1) Roots are two-way street: Plants send about 40% of their energy down into their roots, releasing it as sugary compounds. 

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Lincoln (G1) Roots are two-way street: Plants send about 40% of their energy down into their roots, releasing it as sugary compounds. 

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Interesting facts about stems

Do you know?

1. Bamboo holds the world record 35 inches (≈89-90cm)

2. Some stems (eg. cactus or rose) develop thorns or spines as a defence mechanism so animals will not consume them.

3. Aloe Vera stems can be used for skin healing.

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In the 17th century, a single tulip bulb was more valuable than gold.

The titan arum (Rafflesia) is the world's largest flower, growing up to 10 feet high and smelling like rotting flesh.

The world's earliest flowers was Archaefructus, a unique aquatic plant discovered in China's Yixian Formation. With its ancient lineage dating back 125 million years, this specimen provided crucial clues about the rudimentary structures of early flowers.

The Gerbera daisy is renowned for its vivid hues and cheerful disposition, a delightful addition to any space. Beyond their aesthetic allure, these blooms are potent for indoor air quality.

The rainforests of Malaysia and Indonesia are home to the Rafflesia arnoldi, the largest single bloom in the world. Dubbed the "monster flower", it can span up to 0.9 metre and tip the scales at 6.80 kilograms, earning its place as one of Indonesia's three national flowers.

Lilies, with their elegant form and entrancing scent, are a favourite in many gardens and homes. Yet, lurking behind their beauty is a peril particularly menacing for cats.

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Did you know that plant roots can communicate with each other? (°ロ°)☝️ When a plant is under attack by bugs 🐛 or experiencing stress — which means things like not enough water 💧, too much salt in the soil 🧂, disease 🦠, or even physical damage ✂️ — it releases special chemicals into the soil.

Nearby plants "hear" these signals and get ready by boosting their own defenses! 💥🌿 It’s like an underground warning system — a secret root-to-root network! (　＾∇＾)ﾉ💬🌱

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1. This tree’s stem is rainbow.

2. It is called the rainbow eucalyptus

3. It is 60 to 75 meters tall

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Did you know some plants have roots in the air? Plants like the Banyan tree have special roots that don’t grow underground , instead they grow in the air.

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Leaves that appear red, blue, or pink almost always still contain chlorophyll, the green pigment responsible for photosynthesis, though its color is often masked by other pigments such as anthocyanins or carotenoids. These pigments act like natural filters, shielding the leaf from excess light, UV radiation, temperature extremes, pests, or even nutrient stress, while still allowing enough light to pass through for the hidden chlorophyll to power food production. However, a small number of plants completely lack chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize at all. These species, such as Rafflesia, dodder (Cuscuta), broomrapes (Orobanche spp.), and ghostly monotropes like Indian pipe, survive by parasitizing other plants or tapping into fungal networks to steal nutrients. In their case, the bright or unusual coloration is not camouflage for a green engine beneath, but a signal of a wholly different survival strategy.

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-some seeds need fire to germinate eg.lodgepole pine