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StudyJams! Interactive Math and Science Activities | Scholastic.com

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Introduce and reinforce more than 200 math and science topics with videos, slideshows, step-by-step tutorials, and other activities.

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People benefit from the work of meteorologists on a daily basis. Weather forecasts enable you to plan everything from what you’ll wear to whether weekend activities should be indoors or outdoors. But when severe weather approaches, meteorologists serve what is perhaps their most important function i…

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Scientists use a range of different methods to learn more about volcanoes. A volcanologist may start by conducting fieldwork, collecting rocks and samples, and then move into the lab to undertake detailed analysis. The combination of data from all this research will be combined to form a detailed picture of the volcano being studied.

Fieldwork methods can include:

surveying

collecting rock samples

drilling core samples

seismic monitoring

gas monitoring

ground deformation monitoring.

Laboratory techniques can include:

electron microprobe

radiocarbon dating

potassium-argon dating.

Surveying

A volcanologist's first job is to stop and look around. Nothing is collected or touched until they have made a full survey, which could include drawing the area. This provides a record of rock layers, the general landscape and where samples were collected. Volcanologists often use a notebook to make sketches and record data when they are in the field, and they also use laptop computers and digital cameras.

Collecting rock samples

The volcanologist's standard tool is a rock hammer, which is used to chip off and collect samples from rocky outcrops. Volcanologists are looking for igneous rocks so that they can learn more about where these rocks have come from and whether they were formed during a volcanic eruption. These samples are analysed visually in the field and back in the laboratory to determine exactly what they are, what they are made of and how they may have been formed.

Drilling core samples

As different events happen - volcanic eruptions, rain or sediments settling - layers of different rock can accumulate. Geologists can use this to tell more about when things happened and to date different events. Sometimes the rock the volcanologist is interested isn't exposed, so they may need to drill deeper for samples. Hollow steel pipes, 2 metres long, are driven into the ground using large weights. The pipe fills with earth and rocks - this is called a 'core sample'. Each section of the core sample is recorded and numbered so scientists can reconstruct the layers in the right order back in the laboratory. A sample might be made up of different layers of ash (tephra), igneous rock and sedimentary rock, and there might be fossils or other material buried in the layers that offer further clues.

Seismic monitoring

As magma rises through the crust towards the Earth's surface, it can cause the crust to move and bulge. This movement or deformation can be detected by using seismographs, which measure the Earth's movement, so they are an important tool for studying whether a volcano might erupt in the near future.

Gas monitoring

If volcanologists suspect that a volcano is active or may be about to erupt, they can monitor the gases that are being released from the vent. These gases include water vapourcarbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. As the magma rises to the surface, the composition of the gases being emitted can change, and volcanologists can use this information to predict how soon the volcano may erupt.

Ground deformation monitoring

Scientists use satellites and GPS technology to see whether the ground is moving or deforming. This can be really important in a volcanic field such as Auckland where no two volcanoes occur in the same place. As magma rises from the field under the city, scientists may be able to see the bulges that are created in the Earth's surface.

Electron microprobe

Back in the laboratory, an electron microprobe allows scientists to measure the composition of small rock fragments that have been collected in the field - what minerals and crystals are present and how old they are. These measurements provide clues about the chemical composition of the volcanic material and allow scientists to identify the type of volcanic material and some information about the processes that helped to form them.

Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating in volcanology is an indirect method of analysis as it cannot be used to date the rocks itself. Instead, it is commonly used to date fossils that are located in the rocks. Radiocarbon dating relies on the predictable decay of carbon atoms (from something that was once living) over time. Rocks contain no carbon, but volcanic explosions often trap material such as trees and leaves in the falling ash layer. These can look like chunks of charcoal in amongst the rock so it takes a trained eye to spot them. Radiocarbon dating can also be used to date the layers either side of the volcanic rock, such as sedimentary material that contains organic deposits.

Potassium-argon dating

Potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating is based on the same principle as carbon decay and can be used to date rocks directly. Volcanologists can measure the decay of potassium (K) to argon (Ar) that occurs over very long periods of time. One problem is that basalt rocks (the type commonly found in Auckland) are generally very low in potassium, so this technique is not always reliable.

Putting the story together

With the combined information, volcanologists can start to develop an explanation. The clues give information about when a volcano erupted, what type of eruption it was and how much material was produced. Sometimes, this information is not complete and some of the clues may be missing, but over time, as more information is added, the explanation slowly becomes more convincing.

Nature of science

Useful links

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Scientists use a range of different methods to learn more about volcanoes. A volcanologist may start by conducting fieldwork, collecting rocks and samples, and then move into the lab to undertake detailed analysis. The combination of data from all this research will be combined to form a detailed picture of the volcano being studied.

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https://savvycal.com/jeremiah-dones-4664873b/fcf7e7b0

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https://youtu.be/-NpA7aBd8eE?t=2

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Egg Drop Project Ideas Science Experiments for Kids

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https://youtu.be/nsnyl8llfH4?t=2

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1st place Egg Drop project ideas- using SCIENCE

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https://easyscienceforkids.com/best-egg-drop-project-ideas-for-kids-video-2/

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Easy Science for Kids Best Egg Drop Project Ideas for Kids Video - learn fun facts about animals, the human body, our planet and much more. Fun free Best Egg Drop Project Ideas for Kids Video activities!

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Volcanology is the scientific study of volcanoes. A person who studies volcanoes is called a volcanologist. These scientists study active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes. They split their time between working in the field visiting volcanoes and working in a laboratory.

The interest in volcanology is becoming more popular as more people are concerned about the earth and the environment. The study of volcanoes is investigative work, and there is always more and more to be discovered.

The job of a volcanologist can be exciting and physically strenuous. In order to do research, they need to collect samples. They most likely will travel and hike in difficult terrain and confront challenging weather conditions.

The word volcanology comes from the Latin root word “Vulcan” which is the name for the Roman god of fire.

Volcanologists collect samples of material that comes out of volcanoes like ash, magma, broken rock pieces, and other tephra. They then study these materials to learn about what’s going on far below the surface of the earth.

When volcanoes are difficult to get to, volcanologists can study them remotely. They use satellite images, fly over the volcanoes with planes, and may even use robots.

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Questions and Answers Question: Is the work of a volcanologist 

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Questions and Answers Question: Is the work of a volcanologist 

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Questions and Answers

Question: Is the work of a volcanologist dangerous?

Answer: Since volcanoes can be dangerous places, scientists take safety very seriously. They are highly trained to understand the potential hazards of each particular volcano and take every safety precaution necessary, including wearing protective clothing and gas masks.Questions and Answers

Question: Is the work of a volcanologist dangerous?

Answer: Since volcanoes can be dangerous places, scientists take safety very seriously. They are highly trained to understand the potential hazards of each particular volcano and take every safety precaution necessary, including wearing protective clothing and gas masks.

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Meteorology is the scientific study of the day-to-day state of the Earth’s atmosphere, especially for forecasting the weather. A meteorologist is a scientist who studies and forecasts weather.

Meteorologists use tools to understand and record things like air pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction, temperature, rainfall, etc.

We all count on meteorologists to predict the weather for us. We want to know what to wear each day and what activities to plan. They are able to use tools to make excellent predictions but aren’t always 100% accurate.

Meteorology is a major branch of earth science. Scientists get information from the land, sea, and upper atmosphere to learn the causes of particular weather conditions.

People have always been interested in weather and trying to predict weather patterns. Before tools were developed, the weather was predicted by observation. Barometers and weather vanes were some of the earliest tools used.

The study of high and low-pressure systems is important for weather forecasts. A high-pressure system attracts cool and dry air, usually meaning good weather. A low-pressure system attracts warm moist air, which usually means cloudy or rainy weather.

The men and women forecasting the weather on TV news are usually not true meteorologists. They more likely have studied communications and public speaking. The proper term for these television personalities is “weathercaster.”

The study of meteorology is very complex and requires a lot of math, physics, chemistry, atmospheric science, and even engineering. Meteorologists have studied in college and obtained at least a bachelor’s degree.

A lot of technology is used for forecasting the weather. Some of the tools used are; satellites, doppler radar, rain gauge, anemometers, and computer models.

Think of all the activities in our world that benefit from the weather forecast; farming, air travel, shipping, fishing, government research on climate change, public services, insurance, etc.

Meteorologists provide a huge service in saving lives as they study and predict extreme weather such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, even strong winds, and freezing rain.

Vocabulary

Doppler radar: instruments that use radar to tell the movement and intensity of the precipitation. They can predict how severe a storm will be.

Anemometer: An instrument used for measuring the speed of the wind.

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Most volcanologists have strong backgrounds in one or more of the natural sciences including geology, chemistry, and physics, as well as computer science and mathematics. If you are still in high school, you can prepare by taking as many math, chemistry and physics courses as your school offers. It is also a good idea to become acquainted with computers, software and computer programming languages.

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Many universities provide educational opportunities that could put you on track to becoming a volcanologist. The choice of undergraduate and graduate level study depends upon your individual interest. Undergraduate education requirements emphasize natural sciences (calculus, physics, chemistry, and geology). Once you start your undergraduate studies, look for internships and volunteer opportunities. They are good ways to obtain valuable training and experience for the future.

Almost all volcanologists have some level of graduate education, whether it be an MS or PhD. Generally the choice of specialization (volcanic gas geochemistry, ground deformation, seismology, physical volcanology, etc.) is made during pursuit of a graduate degree. Conduct some research about university programs before you apply. In many cases you can email or write individual professors to get more information on the types of research they conduct. It is important to choose a graduate advisor who participates in research that interests you. This early stage of inquiry into graduate programs is also a good way to make contacts for the future.

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Many careers support the goals of volcano science.

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Many careers support the goals of volcano science.

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Put your interest in volcanoes to good use by choosing a career that augments the work of volcanologists. While volcanologists are carefully trained to monitor volcanoes and conduct scientific studies, they rely on other professionals to make communities resilient to eruptions. These careers include emergency managers, land-use managers, planners who maintain and exercise community safety plans, and classroom and community educators who work professionally and as volunteers to educate and prepare communities. Park rangers and interpreters manage and interpret volcano landscapes for visitors. Authors, journalists, storytellers, artists, and recreationists can all choose to incorporate volcanoes into their career work.

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Abstract

The main volcanological concept is shown and expressed so that any volcano can be understood easily. Volcanic products are listed and explained in plain language from lava flow to various pyroclastic products. The volcanic products have been explained schematically and their textural, field relationships characteristics are highlighted. The origin of magma within the interior of the Earth is also explained and the link between mantle and crust has been shown. The relationship among crust, mantle, and core has been highlighted embracing the source-to-surface model. An updated explanation of the Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDC) has been done to perceive their danger. Some of the most successful Volcanology books have been used. This will help the students, with a passion for Volcanology, to understand the principles of Volcanology.

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The chapter summarizes the main concept in Volcanology with an overview that will help to understand other chapters presented in this Volcanology Book. This chapter has been chosen, in particular, for under-graduate people who want to deepen their knowledge in Volcanology, producing several avenues that can help them to develop their own research interests—from volcanic geology to forecast volcanic eruption [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Some concepts about the constitution of the Earth must be described to better understand the volcanology base. We know that the Earth, broadly speaking, is stratified with a temperature around 6000°C at its center, as at the surface of the sun. The stratification gives some cloud on the production and genesis of the magma. The issue is very much complex but worth to investigate for the sake of clarity about magma generation. The Earth is stratified not only for temperature but also for density, minerals, and physics state as liquid versus solid. In fact, it is the fluid zone of the Earth (asthenosphere versus outer core), the areas much advocated for partial melting: The asthenosphere is the denser, weaker layer beneath the lithospheric mantle. It lies between about 100 and 410 km beneath the earth’s surface. The temperature and pressure of the asthenosphere are so high that rocks soften and partly melt, becoming semi-molten. Earth’s outer core is a liquid layer about 2400 km thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above the earth’s solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2890 km beneath Earth’s surface. Unlike the inner (or solid) core, the outer core is liquid (Figure 1). Hence, the Earth is made of several layers—(a) crust, mantle, inner and outer core. (b) Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere to core (Figure 2). The asthenosphere must be the most productive melt layer within the mantle structure.

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Plot of the P and S wave velocity, and density versus depth from the surface to the core. Upper mantle with a profile of S wave velocity (Vs) and the seismic discontinuity (redrawn after Schmincke [14]).

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