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The Second Great Awakening was a series of mainly Protestant religious revivals that happened during the first half of the 1800’s. It was characterized by large public meetings.

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A complex, changing body of ideas, values, and assumptions that developed in the United States in the late 1790s and early 1800s around Thomas Jefferson’s and James Madison’s political organizing and their campaigns for the presidency.

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-Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
-Easily separates corion from its seeds, allowing fast production of cotton products
-Created more demand for cotton, which in turn led to an increase in slavery in the Southern states

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A cotton-growing region that was developed in the early 1800’s, stretching from Georgia to Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. It was named for its rich black soil and high concentration of slaves.

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-In 1803, Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for fifteen million dollars
-Doubled the size of the US and opened the door to westward expansion
-Dramatically increased the amount of natural resources available to the US

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The Supreme Court case which established judicial review and the power to deem the acts of the other branches of government ‘unconstitutional’. This act is still relevant today, and is a valid federal act.

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Lewis and Clark go on an expedition between 1804-1806 where the land bought in the Louisiana purchase was explored and studied.

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An act passed by congress in 1807 that prohibited American from leaving for any foreign port.

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- Congress replaced embargo either the Non-Intercourse Act to appease New England merchants.
- This act was placed days before Thomas Jefferson left office.
-This act authorized trade with everyone except Britain and France.

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Members of Congress, were mostly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war with Britain. They were led by Henry Clay and Felix Grundy.

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- On January 8, 1811, a slave revolt swept Destrehan’s Plantation.
- Charles Deslondes led this revolt.
- Slaves attacked Manuel Andry, a plantation owner, and wounded him seizing any weapons they could find.
- This was the largest slave revolt in the U.S. South that erupted on the Coast of Louisiana.
- About 500 slaves rose up in this revolt.
- The slaves were stopped after a rough battle.

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- Tension between the American people and Great Britain rose again
- At the same time, new warfare between the United States and American Indian tribes broke out in the Ohio country. C
-Congregessional war hawks pressured President Madison into asking Congress for a declaration of war.
-The war ended with agreements that officially returned all matters to their prewar status, but Americans came out of the conflict with a new sense of pride and independence.
-The War of 1812 was a disaster for the American Indians.

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-Growth of large scale agriculture brought on by demand for cotton
-increased reliance on slaves
-Increased racial division

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- Signed in 1814 between the US and Britain to end the War of 1812
-Was considered a victory for the US
-News was slow to reach the US and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after the treaty was signed

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Second Bank of the United States (1816-1836)

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Second Bank of the United States (1816-1836)

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- Created in 1816 under Madison to help pay for the costs of the War of 1812
-Strongly opposed by Andrew Jackson
-Chartered was not renewed when it expired in 1836
-Precursor to modern federal reserve

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The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the decline of federalists enabled the Democratic-Republicanism to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.

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- The economic boom that cotton produced was not a steady boom.
- American optimism led to overproduction and financial overextension as more Americans invested in land or slaves to grow cotton.
- The Bank of the United States decided to protect itself by limiting credit and calling in loans.
- State banks followed suit and investors and farmers couldn’t pay their debt.
- Small businesses failed, farms foreclosed, people lost their jobs, and migration came to a halt.
- A widespread depression affected most Americans as they were shocked and frightened.
- The Panic of 1819 tempered optimism of the next generation.

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McCulloch v Maryland was a Supreme Court decision lead to creation of the second national bank by deeming it “necessary and proper”. It also defines the reach of the congresses legislative power and how it relates to the state government.

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A treaty between the United States and Spain that led to the American acquisition of Florida and American rights in the Oregon territory, in return for a $5 million payment to Spain.

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-American economy changes from small-scale independent manufacturers to large-scale production
-Growth of capitalism
-America becomes a major global exporter of cotton and cotton products

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The American romanticism followed the European romantic movement , romanticism was a primarily literary movement which focused on nature, emotion, freedom, and individualism. This movement lasted until the end of the civil war, where it was replaced by the idea of Realism

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- The roots of abolitionism go back to the 1820s and to the efforts led by blacks and whites.
- This was an organized effort to end the practice of slavery in the United States.
-The first leaders of the campaign mimicked some of Britain’s tactics that they used to end slavery in Great Britain.
- Abolitionism was carried to all the free states of the union after the Oberlin abolitionism.

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A compromise made by Congress that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine to the Union as a free state. It also prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory that was above the 36th parallel.

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James Monroe’s annual message to congress stated that European powers will not to attempt colonize any more of the Western Hemisphere and that America will not get involved with European affairs

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John Quincy Adams won the presidential election of 1824, but no candidate revived a majority of votes from the electoral college, so he was elected by the House of Representatives. All candidates of this election were Democratic Republicans because of the fall of the Federalist Party.

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-Comes from a speech Henry Clay gave in 1824
-Three parts of the “American System”
-Tariffs to protect American commerce
-A federal bank
-Government subsidies to infrastructure
-Was never fully implemented, and sectionalism caused it to fail

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The Erie Canal is in upstate New York and lies on the Hudson River. It connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. It was made to transport goods from the Midwest to New York. The Canal is still active today.

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- The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.
- It was mostly built by Martin Van Buren.
- Democrats were forerunners of the Democratic Party throughout the 1800s.
-They argued for the rights of the “common man” to be left alone by centralized government and economic interests.

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-Strengthened the power of the federal government, oftentimes at expense of people such as the Native Americans
-Forced tribes of Georgia on the Trail of Tears
-Expanded America’s foreign presence and advanced America’s standing on the global scale
-Created the Jacksonian Democracy movement which led to expanded voting rights for white men over 21 and extensions of the countries borders

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A way of selecting people for government jobs based on the idea that “to the victor belongs the spoils”.

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President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal act which made the souther Native American tribes to move west of the Mississippi River so white settlers can go on their land. Very few tribes went peacefully.

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A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches.

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- The U.S. Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled that the Cherokees were a “ domestic dependent nation.”
- The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokees could not be forced by the state of Georgia to give up land that the treaty rights agreed to by the U.S. government had given them.
- Jackson ignored the Supreme Court and controlled the army.

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-Dispute between Jackson administration and South Carolina over tariffs
-Opposition led by John C. Calhoun
-Settled in 1833 when Jackson administration agreed to lower tariffs

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- This party advocated for a strong nation government role in the economy.
- They also advocated internal improvements such as roas and canals, and social reform movements in general.
- This group was led by Henry Clay.

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- Thousands of Cherokee men, women, and children marched west int the fall and winter of 1838-1839.
- A quarter to a third of marchers died before they reached Oklahoma.
- The march was over a thousand miles into the unknown and the winter was especially cold.
- The Cherokees did not have enough food, blankets, or warm clothing.
- Moving in large groups meant that disease and exposure took a terrible toll.

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Lowell Mills was a textile mill operated in Massachusetts. It was named after the man who made the system: Francis Lowell. This system made all production aspects occur in one building by young women.

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- Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Lucretia Mott were the organizers of this convention.
- The convention was in Seneca Falls, New York.
- It generated far more attention than the organizers expected.
- This convention advocated women’s rights.
- The Seneca Falls Convention led to attention of other women and subsequent conventions throughout the country.

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The temperance movement began in the early 1800s, this movement was an effort to limit drinking in the US. This was due to health, religious, and social influences about the negatives of drinking. In 1853 the first woman’s temperance movement was lead by women's right leader Susan B Anthony to push for the prohibition of alcohol.

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1. The War of 1812
2. Monroe Doctrine
3. Louisiana Purchase
4. Jackson Presidency
5. Market Revolution

The War of 1812 was the most important event in this period because it gave the new nation a sense of pride and independence and gave America its first victory in war as a sovereign nation. The Monroe Doctrine is the second most important event in this period because it is a precedent that has continued to be a major part of US foreign policy even until today. It also sparked a change in policy from Washington’s isolationism and a move towards being a major global power. Louisiana purchase was important was important because it doubled the size of the US and set the stage for westward expansion. The Jackson Presidency strengthened the power of the federal government and set the model for the office of the president,. Also expanded voting rights and created the modern US democratic system. The Market Revolution was important because the US became a truly capitalist nation and moved towards large scale industry with the growth in production of cotton.

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Period 4 is influenced by the events of the American Revolution, the Washington Presidency, and the Quasi War. The ideals of the American Revolution are still important in this period, and after the War of 1812 a renewed sense of patriotism similar to the revolution occurs. The policies of isolationism influenced by the Washington Presidency and the Quasi War are continued during this Period for the most part, excepting the Mexican-American War and Monroe Doctrine.

Period 4 led to an increase in the system of slavery in the South which would eventually become a major question in the US in future periods, set precedents for US foreign policy and the office of the president, and began to work towards the modern US industrial economy. In future periods, slavery would boil over into the Civil War, eventually resulting in an end to slavery.The new precedents in US foreign policy led to an increase in America’s role on a global scale. The Market Revolution started the path towards the industrial economy of the late 19th century that would propel the US to being a global power.