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Henry Christophe Jean-Jacques helped lead the revolution. He propelled political and ethical thinking into new channels. His reforms revolutionized taste, first in music, then in the other arts.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Biography, Education, Philosophy, Achievements, Beliefs, Social Contract, & Facts

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist whose treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation. Although he was the least academic of modern philosophers, he was also in many ways the most influential.

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Victor Emmanuel II  and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour helped Italy gain independence. He worked to free Italy from foreign control and became a central figure of the movement for Italian unification.

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Victor Emmanuel II, (born March 14, 1820, Turin, Piedmont, Kingdom of Sardinia-died January 9, 1878, Rome, Italy), king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy.

Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an Austrian archduke. After the Revolution of 1848, when war broke out with Austria, Victor Emmanuel was given command of a division. In the luckless campaign that followed he proved a brave soldier but an indifferent general.

Ascending the throne on his father's abdication, he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left and paying an indemnity to Austria, which brought him considerable opprobrium in Italy. In November 1852 he made the momentous decision to turn the government over to the able, determined Count Cavour, whose skillful manoeuvres over the next few years made him king of Italy. At the decisive battles of Magenta and Solferino, he commanded the Piedmontese corps in person, and following the armistice of Villafranca, he exercised a valuable restraint on Cavour, who wanted to continue the war alone. The following year Victor Emmanuel secretly encouraged Garibaldi in the conquest of Sicily and Naples; he then led his Piedmontese army into papal territory to link up with Garibaldi in the face of an excommunication by Pius IX.

Following Cavour's death in 1861, Victor Emmanuel played a more direct role in government and despite setbacks achieved two notable triumphs: the acquisition of Venetia through war on the side of Bismarck's Prussia in 1866, and of Rome after the withdrawal of the French garrison in 1870. The occupation of Rome as the national capital so antagonized Pius IX that he refused all overtures toward reconciliation, and no meeting ever took place between the two sovereigns; nevertheless, on Victor Emmanuel's death in 1878 Pius permitted his burial in the Pantheon.

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Victor Emmanuel II | Unification of Italy, Risorgimento, Savoy Dynasty

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Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy. Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an

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Impressionism

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Romantic

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Realistic

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1870

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Antonio Jose de Sucre helped Bolivia gain independence. Antonio José de Sucre was one of the most influential leaders in the fight for independence against the Spanish.

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Antonio Jose de Sucre | Biography & Facts

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Antonio José de Sucre, liberator of Ecuador and Peru, and one of the most respected leaders of the Latin American wars for independence from Spain. He served as Simón Bolívar’s chief lieutenant and eventually became the first constitutionally elected leader of Bolivia. At the age of 15 Sucre

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Garibaldi's march to “liberate” the Kingdom of the Two Sicily's in 1860 brought the southern peninsula into the fold, and the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with the royal family of Piedmont-Sardinia as the new ruling monarchs of Italy.

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Ten Minute History - The Unification of Italy (Short Documentary)

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Bolivia declared its independence from Spain on August 6, 1825. The United States recognized the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on March 16, 1837.

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History of the Holidays: Aug 6th, Bolivian Independence Day

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With the aid of the British, the rebels scored a major victory against the French force there, and on November 9, 1803, colonial authorities surrendered.