# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Orapa Diamond Mine: One of the largest diamond mines in the world. Located in central Rwanda.

# data[].attributes.headline
Barabas lies about the use of jewellery to woo Abigail

# data[].attributes.subject
Barabas lies about the use of jewellery to woo Abigail

# data[].attributes.body
"Pardon me though I weep: the governor's son will, whether I will or no, have Abigail; he sends her letters, bracelets, jewels and rings" (Barabas to Mathias, Act 2).

As part of his efforts to engineer a duel between Mathias and Ludowick, Barabas tells Mathias that the Governor's son is sending Abigail jewels- amongst other items- in order to woo her into marriage.

The use of jewels for courtship highlights a strange connection between the human conscience and environmental concerns.

The industry of diamond mining involves activities that can harm the natural world:

Water-intensive processes to extract the diamonds from their host rocks.
Kimberlite ore is crushed which generates lots of dust and can pollute water resources.

Meanwhile, gold mining is also extremely destructive and wasteful; wedding-ring waste.

Mineral resource exploitation causes irreversible environmental damage in terms of air and soil quality, wildlife and climate change considerations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Deforestation in Brazilian Amazon hits tragic record in 2022 

# data[].attributes.body
"These trees shall be by books ,And in their bark my thoughts ill  character ,That every eye which in the forest looks ,shall see thy virtue witnessed everywhere . Run run Orlando ; Carve on every tree."( Orlando ,Act 3 scene 2 )
As You Like it is a pastural comedy where Shakespeare uses satire to show the human perception of natures purpose. There is an evident belief  among many of the characters such as Orlando and Duke senior that Nature exists to serve the human experience. In this scene Orlando vandalises the trees to express his love with no regard for nature itself . He is more concerned with his ego. This Anthropocentric view of the world is what essentially is damaging the planet today. The use of the forest for our own gain and humanity leaving its mark  everywhere  on the planet destroying forests and the natural world .During the time this play was written mass deforestation was taking place and the landscape was changing as civilisation was expanding. as Orlando exploits the forest for his own purpose we do the same today as trees are cut down for timber for building and for paper for reading . The land is then used for agriculture which is destroying the earth.  The most well know example of this is the amazon rainforest.

# data[].attributes.headline
How humanity in the play wishes to control nature. 

# data[].attributes.subject
How humanity in the play wishes to control nature. 

# data[].attributes.body
"Pray you no more of this; 'This; like the howling of irish wolves against the moon." Rosalind (5.3.103-5)
Rosalind compares Orlandos expression of passion to irish wolves howling at the moon. It is a critical remark on what she believes like howling at the moon is an irrational expression that shows uncontrolled wildness .The wolves represent the state of wildness that is Ireland. During the 9 year war where the irish landscape is being taken over by civilised control of colonial power.
Ireland  is a place  of untamed mystery and fear. There is a desire of the human ego to control the wildness of nature and the apects in which they cannot explain. Ireland  is a place that exists outside colonial control fearful and unexplained .The wildness of the animals she compares Orlandos  expression of love to mirrors the fear of lack of control over nature . The wolves are seen like Ireland as an untamed threat to society as is expression at this time under colonial rule .

Wolves  were collateral  of colonial rule . Irish wolves were a respected part of Irish  mythology. The Irish  word for wolf " Mac tire" Means the son of the land . There purpose in nature was acknowledged in native ireland .Predators that had an important role to play in the eco system but as colonial power took over and they became a threat to agriculture . Cromwell  declared that wolves in Ireland  were to be hunted to extinction .

In todays society the destruction and control brought to the natural landscape during the time this play was written continues to have consequences on the eco system. In 2022 there are estimated to be 200,000 to 250,000 wolves left in the wild in many regions they are protected by the law as endangered  species. The European wolf has become especially rare. In Ireland in 2019 Green party leader called for the reintroduction of wolves into Ireland to control deer numbers as they have no natural predator. As a result an imbalance in the eco system. Society has progressed so far today from the time this play was written to the point where it is impossible to reintroduce wolves. As there is not enough wilderness left. This shows how colonial civilisations had a damaging and permanent impact on the the natural world as expressed in the text.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Irish countryside today bears little resemblance to the wilderness it was just a few hundred years ago. Formerly clothed with a thick forest, that created a haven for Wolves, it was only when this forest was cleared that the Wolf became an endangered species in Ireland.

Wolves hold a place in Irish legend, "Conall Cairnech", a contemporary of Cúchullain was hunted by "Three red wolves of the Martini". The Earliest record of wolves in Ireland was by Augustin in 655 AD. Even Shakespeare alludes to the wolf in Ireland in "As you like it" when Rosalind likens lovers plaints to the "Howling of Irish wolves against the moon".

The arrival of Oliver Cromwell in Ireland spelled the end for the Irish wolf. Cromwell made an order on the 27th April 1652 to prevent the export of Wolfhounds from Ireland, as they were getting rare and the Wolves too common. The dogs because of their great size were in high demand in Rome to protect the estates of noble men. A bounty was placed on the head of the Wolf. Cromwell issued a declaration

"for every bitch wolfe, six pounds; for every dogg wolfe, five pounds; for every cubb which prayeth for himself, forty shillings; for every suckling cubb, ten shillings; and no woolfe after the last of September until the 10th of January be accounted a young woolfe, and the commissioners of the revenue shall cause the same equallie assessed within their precincts."

The Last Wolf in Ireland was killed in 1786, it had been hunted down from Mount Leinster in County Carlow where it had allegedly been killing sheep. The last Irish wolf met its end at the edge of a stream. The last of it's kind.

The memory of the wolf lives on in Irish place names. There are several words in the Irish language to describe the Wolf. The old Irish name for Wolf is Fael or Faelcu. It appears in 'Feltrim' (Faeldruim) Hill near Swords in Co. Dublin. A popular Irish name Faolán meaning wolf echos from the past.

Mac-tire meaning 'son of the land' which makes reference to the lonely habitation of the wolf. There is 'Knockaunvicteera' (Little Hill of the Wolf) in Co. Clare and 'Isknamacteera' (Water of the Wolves) a small lake in Co. Kerry. The Word Breach another common name appears in place names such as 'Aughnabrack' (the hill of the wolf) in Belfast bare such a title. Here in County Donegal several Anglicizations of Bréachmhaigh (Breachy) meaning 'Wolf Plain' or 'Wolf Field' can be found in the parishes of Clondahorky, Conwal, Donaghmore and Tullyfern.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Irish countryside today bears little resemblance to the wilderness it was just a few hundred years ago. Formerly clothed with a thick forest, that created a haven for Wolves, it was only when this forest was cleared that the Wolf became an endangered species in Ireland.

# data[].attributes.headline
The power of the natural world vs the age of the Anthropocene . 

# data[].attributes.subject
The power of the natural world vs the age of the Anthropocene . 

# data[].attributes.body
Lear disrupts the natural order which in turn leads to his downfall.
In Act one scene one Lear calls upon natures powerful forces to assist him in his disownment of his daughter. He makes the mistake of thinking nature exists to serve his ego while also acting in a way that goes again nature with his inability to show unconditional paternal love and protection to his offspring.
"Let it be so. Thy truth and then, be thy dower for by the sacred radiance of the sun, The mysteries of Hecate and the night
By all the operation of the orbs from whom we do exist and cease to be
Here i disclaim all by parental care."
Just like Orlando in as you like it Lear is appropriating natures purpose to express his own emotions and serve his ego. Nature is seen to punish lear for not showing love to his child as nature intends. Nature is depicted in the play as a powerful and vengeful presence that fights back as it does today towards humans serving their egos and greed.

On the 7th of November 2022 The world health organisation put out a statement That climate change is already killing us, The region has witnessed its hottest summers on record, causing fires that destroy the landscape for agriculture. In addition to this carbon emissions have gone up polluting the air and killing many including front line respondents. This is how natures forces are fighting back against the human greed and our exploitation of the planet. We our destroying the planet for ourselves as a place of survivable conditions for humanity. We are not destroying nature, nature is considered too powerful a force but it is punishing us by the destruction of our environment. Nature essentially always prevails
Since the age of modern science humans have discovered the extent to which we can extract from the earths resources due to this we have abandoned our natural role in the eco system just as lear has abandoned his role as a loving parent to his child. Like Lear we have disrupted  the natural order due to our egos and therefore nature is taking revenge on humanity today.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
People around the world are already dying from the climate crisis, and yet all too often, official death records do not reflect the impact of these large-scale environmental catastrophes.

According to a team of Australian health experts, heat is the most dominant risk posed by climate change in the country. If the world's emissions remain the same, by 2080 Australian cities could see at least four times the number of deaths from increasing temperatures alone.

"Climate change is a killer, but we don't acknowledge it on death certificates," says physician Arnagretta Hunter from the Australian National University.

That's a potentially serious oversight. In a newly-published correspondence, Hunter and four other public health experts estimate Australia's mortality records have substantially underreported heat-related deaths - at least 50-fold.

While death certificates in Australia do actually have a section for pre-existing conditions and other factors, external climate conditions are rarely taken into account.

Between 2006 and 2017, the analysis found less than 0.1 percent of 1.7 million deaths were attributed directly or indirectly to excessive natural heat. But this new analysis suggests the nation's heat-related mortality is around 2 percent.

"We know the summer bushfires were a consequence of extraordinary heat and drought and people who died during the bushfires were not just those fighting fires - many Australians had early deaths due to smoke exposure," says Hunter.

"If you have an asthma attack and die during heavy smoke exposure from bushfires, the death certificate should include that information," she adds.

Without those data, we'll never truly know the scale of what we are dealing with. But while it's possible to diagnose someone with a heart attack or cancer, it's much harder to draw links between climate events and human mortality.

The authors of the correspondence compare it to a lightning strike, which might cause a branch to fall on a person and kill them. The thing is, the resulting death certificate might not make any reference to the lightning at all, only the branch.

"Climate change is a concern to many people. But if the effect of extreme temperatures is not recorded, its full impact can never be understood," the authors argue.

"Death certification needs to be modernised, indirect causes should be reported, with all death certification prompting for external factors contributing to death, and these death data must be coupled with large-scale environmental datasets so that impact assessments can be done."

Such action, they say, is imperative. Not only for Australia but many other countries in the world. The United Kingdom has documented some problems with accurately filling out death certificates, and cities in several parts of the world are on track for similar heat-related mortality rates as Australia.

But there are some places that will need to do more than just update their current system. In the tropics, there's little valid mortality data on the more than 2 billion people who live in this heat-vulnerable region. And that makes predicting what will happen to these communities in the future much trickier.

"Climate change is the single greatest health threat that we face globally even after we recover from coronavirus," says Hunter.

"We are successfully tracking deaths from coronavirus, but we also need healthcare workers and systems to acknowledge the relationship between our health and our environment."

In an unpredictable world, if we want to know where we're going, we have to know where we've been. Figuring out how many of us have already died from climate change will be key to that process. We can't ignore it any longer.

The correspondence was published in The Lancet Planetary Health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Experts Warn Climate Change Is Already Killing Way More People Than We Record

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
People around the world are already dying from the climate crisis, and yet all too often, official death records do not reflect the impact of these large-scale environmental catastrophes. According to a team of Australian health experts, heat is the most dominant risk posed by climate change in the country.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Octahedron found in sample material at Orapa (www.mining.com)

# data[].attributes.headline
How environmentally destructive practices form part of everyday life 

# data[].attributes.subject
How environmentally destructive practices form part of everyday life 

# data[].attributes.body
“Environmental Impacts of Gold Mining.” Www.earthworks.org, Earthworks, 28 May 2022, https://earthworks.org/issues/environmental-impacts-of-gold-mining/#:~:text=Gold%20mining%20is%20one%20of,health%20of%20people%20and%20ecosystems.

“Jewelry What Material? Gold, Silver, Diamonds and Precious Stones.” Www.pingtipong.com, Pingtipong, 9 Nov. 2020, https://www.pingtipong.com/en/jewelry-what-material-gold-silver-diamonds-and-precious-stones/.

“Kimberlite.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/science/kimberlite.

Marlowe, Christopher. “The Jew of Malta.” The Jew of Malta, by Christopher Marlowe, Project Gutenberg, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/901/901-h/901-h.htm.

Oluleye, Gbemi. “Of Mined Diamonds Environmental Impacts - Imperial Consultants.” Environmental Impacts of Mined Diamonds, Imperial College London, http://www.imperial-consultants.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Final-report-Environmental-Impacts-of-Mined-Diamonds-updated-8-21.pdf.

“Photo of Octahedron Found in Sample Material at Orapa Diamond Mine, Botswana.” Botswana Diamonds Finds Octahedron in Sample Material at Orapa, Www.mining.com, https://www.mining.com/botswana-diamonds-finds-octahedron-in-sample-material-at-orapa/. Accessed 30 Nov. 2022.

“Photo of Orapa Diamond Mine, the World's Largest Open-Pit Diamond Mine by Area. Located in Botswana.” How Do You Responsibly Close a Diamond Mine?, Fashionista, https://fashionista.com/2019/12/orapa-botswana-diamond-mine-closing-ethics-responsibility. Accessed 30 Nov. 2022.