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INTRODUCTION OF OSHA

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The Industrial Revolution refers to the transitions of manufacturing methods in modern history. The Industrial Revolution which started off in the 18th century, up until now can be segmented into 4 periods of revolutions in manufacturing technology.

Industry 1.0 begins with the use of mechanized factory systems powered by steam and water. Examples of the application of steam power in Industry 1.0 are steam boats, steam locomotives and The Power Loom.
At the start of the 20th century, Industry 1.0 metamorphosized into Industry 2.0 when Henry Ford took inspiration from the idea of mass production from a slaughterhouse in Chicago where pigs were hung from conveyer belts and each butcher would only perform a part of the work, creating an efficient flow. As a result of the faster, low cost method, products such as automobiles, telephones and lightbulbs can be assembled much faster consequently shifting the supply and demand in their respective markets. Hence, Industry 2.0 is recognized by the rise of mass production and the introduction of manufacturing assembly lines and conveyer belts powered with electricity.
The 3rd Industrial Revolution which began in the 70s sees the reliance of partial automation in the manufacturing industry using memory programmable controls and computers. This automated process can be executed without human assistance or intervention. However in Industry 3.0, the automated production systems still operates on local networks and local databases, meaning it relies on human input to perform an action.
Industry 4.0, the present iteration is characterized by the application of information and communication technology (ICT). This new automated production system is dubbed "The Smart Factory" with its use of machine learning algorithms to further reduce human interference in the production process. The machine learning algorithms analyses Big Data to perform self-organized actions and some machines can even predict failures and trigger its own maintainance process. In addition, the application of cloud technology also enables humans to monitor and alter the production system from anywhere in real time.

The early Industrial Revolution triggered a boom in job opportunities as more and more factories are built for mass production. This, in tandem with the economic recession caused the people to become desperate earn money. Without any regulations on occupational safety and health in action, workers become subservient to bad working conditions. These exploitative factory environments are called sweatshops, which provides very low wages, no workers compensation, long work hours and no regulations on dangerous working conditions.

-Maliha

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) first appeared in Malaysia when Mr. William Givan became a Machinery Inspector in 1978 to ensure the safety of the steam boilers. In 1892, Selangor Boiler Enactment 1892, the Malaysia's first steam boiler law legislated in Selangor. In 1908, Allied Malays State had unified steam boiler legislation that enforced by inspectors of boiler.
Nowadays, there is the Department of Occupational Safety   and Health (DOSH) under the Ministry of Human Resources. The main activities of DOSH are setting standards, enforce law and promotion. There are a lot of laws enforced by DOSH which include factories and Machinery Act 1967(FMA), Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994(OSHA) and Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984.

- Lau Jian Fong

Introduction of OSHA
1st Industrial Revolution
The First Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century through the use of steam power and mechanisation of production. What before produced threads on simple spinning wheels, the mechanised version achieved eight times the volume in the same time. Steam power was already known. The use of it for industrial purposes was the greatest breakthrough for increasing human productivity.
2nd Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution began in the 19th century through the discovery of electricity and assembly line production. Henry Ford (1863-1947) took the idea of mass production from a slaughterhouse in Chicago: The pigs hung from conveyor belts and each butcher performed only a part of the task of butchering the animal. Henry Ford carried over these principles into automobile production and drastically altered it in the process.
3rd Industrial Revolution
The Third Industrial Revolution began in the ’70s in the 20th century through partial automation using memory-programmable controls and computers. Since the introduction of these technologies, we are now able to automate an entire production process - without human assistance. Known examples of this are robots that perform programmed sequences without human intervention.
4th Industrial Revolution
Now is 4.0 Industrial Revolution. This is characterised by the application of information and communication technologies to industry. It builds on the developments of the Third Industrial Revolution. Production systems that already have computer technology are expanded by a network connection and have a digital twin on the Internet so to speak. These allow communication with other facilities and the output of information about themselves. This is the next step in production automation. The networking of all systems leads to "cyber-physical production systems" and therefore smart factories, in which production systems, components and people communicate via a network and production is nearly autonomous.

Industrialization
• First Industrial Revolution- 1750s-1850s
• Second Industrial Revolution- 1850s-1900s

- Kavineshwaran

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INDUSTRY 1.0
-Industrial Revolution begins.
-Mechanization of manufacturing(steam and water power)
INDUSTRY 2.0
-Manufacturing assembly line(electricity,gas,water,telegraph,nods)
Industry 3.0(local network)
-Lean manufacturing(electronic,telephones,PCs,NC machines,CAM,CIM)
INDUSTRY 4.0(automated,advanced)
-Mass customization,mobile,cloud,smart connected devices,cyber physical systems,robots)

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OSHA is Occupational Safety and Health Administration

History of OSHA

In the United States, occupational health and safety truly began in 1970, with the passing of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act.

Objective of OSHA

to improve safety and guarantee safer working conditions for all workers, regardless of their job or industry.

Details about OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is gazette in February 1994

The law is enforced by the Department Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH).

DOSH is located in every state in Malaysia to ensure the safety and health of workers.

Conclusion

OSHA plays a vital role in maintaining the safety and health of workers.

It uphold human rights and develop the real knowledge in field of occupational safety and health.

OSHA has successfully reduce the rate of death and injury of Malaysian workers.

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OSHA is Occupation Safety and Health.OSHA is for assure safety and healthfull condition for working by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education and compliance assistance.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TECHNOLOGY
Industrial 1.0
-use of steam power and mechanisation of production
Industrial 2.0
-the discovery of electricity and assembly line production (significantly faster and at lower cost)
Industrial 3.0 (local network)
-can automated an entire production process
Industrial 4.0
-Autonomous decision making of cyber physical system using machine learning

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a large regulatory agency of the United States of Department and Labor begins in 1970 that originally had federal visitorial powers to inspect and examine workplaces . Its mission is to "assure safe and healthy working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance"

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1st Industrial Evolution
-began in 18th century
-the introduction of steam engine
-use steam and mechanization of production

2nd Industrial Evolution
-began in the 19th century
-discovery of electricity and assembly line production
-Henry Ford took idea of mass production from a slaughterhouse in Chicago

3rd Industrial Evolution
-began in '70s in the 20th century
-partial automation using memory-programmable controls and computers
-able to automate an entire production process

4th Industrial Evolution
-began in 2016 until now
-application of information and communication technologies to production
-fully automated using IoT and cloud technologies

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Occupational Safety and Health in Malaysia

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Occupational Safety and Health in Malaysia

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First introduced in 1878
-law enforced by Department of Occupational Safety and Health  (DOSH)
-under Ministry of Human Resources
-Laws enforced by DOSH:
•FACTORIES & MACHINERY ACT 1967(FMA 1967)
-provide control of factories related to safety, health and welfare of person and inspection of machines

•OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH  ACT 1994
(OSHA 1994)
-cover almost all sectors except board ships and armed forces

•PETROLEUM (SAFETY MEASURES)  ACT 1984

NIOSH
-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health or NIOSH is registered in June 1992

-Its jobs is to promote Safe and Healthy Workplace and Workforce in Malaysia

-NIOSH provide safety training program for workforce in Malaysia

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[W2] (G3) Subpart P: Welding, Cutting, Brazing

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[W2] (G3) Subpart P: Welding, Cutting, Brazing

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Welding joins pieces of metal by use of heat, pressure or both. Cutting involves heating the metal with a frame and directing a stream of oxygen along the line to be cut. Brazing involved joining piece s of metal together by use of a metal or alloy which has a lower melting point than the metal pieces being joined.

Welding, cutting and brazing are hazardous activities that pose safety and health risks to millions of workers. According to OSHA the risk of fatal injuries is more than 4 deaths per 1000 workers over a working lifetime. OSHA developed a standard in order to protect workers during these operations. This standard is based on the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and Secretary of Labor's Orders Nos.

1910.253 - Oxygen-fuel gas welding and cutting.
The standard has the required to the use of the flammable mixture, the maximum pressure, apparatus and personnel. The cylinders and containers that use must be approval and marking. It also has storage and operating procedures that to ensure safety of the operator. On the other hand, this standard also required to the piping system and other facilities like acetylene generators in order to avoid the accident at work.

Arc Welding and Cutting
Arc welding is a type of welding process which uses an electric arc to create heat to melt and join metals. A power supply combined with 240 volt transformer types creates an electric arc between a an electrode and the base material using either DC or AC currents. Arc welders that are properly installed and used are very safe, however if used improperly the operator can be exposed to a number of hazards including toxic fumes, dusts, burns, fires, explosions, electric shock, radiation, noise, and heat stress.

A safe design for an arc welder must comply with National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards and adhere to the safety standards for arc welders determined by the Underwriters Laboratories (UL).
Installation of an arc welder must be in compliance with State of Arizona, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (AOSHA) regulations and the National Electric Code (NEC), installed by a qualified electrician.

Resistance welding
Resistance welding is the joining of metals by applying pressure and passing current for a length of time through the metal area which is to be joined. The key advantage of resistance welding is that no other materials are needed to create the bond, which makes this process extremely cost effective.

There are several different forms of resistance welding (e.g. spot and seam, projection,  flash, and upset welding) which differ primarily by the types and shapes of weld electrodes that are used to apply the pressure and conduct the current. The electrodes, typically manufactured from copper based alloys due to superior conductive properties, are cooled by water flowing through cavities inside the electrode and the other conductive tooling of the resistance welding machine.

Resistance welding machines are designed and built for a wide range of automotive, aerospace and industrial applications. Through automation, the action of these machines is highly controlled and repeatable allowing manufacturers to staff production readily.

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OSHA is Occupational Safety and Health Administration .

OSHA officially started in 1970 in the United States (US) after seeing the industrial revolution they realized that some factories were still using children and women as their workers. Additionally, they work more than 12-14 hours a day.

What is their purpose?

their purpose is to ensure safe and healthful working condition for workers.

What is the goal of The Occupational Safety and Health Act?

To improve safety and guarantee safer working conditions for all workers regardless of their job.

What is Safety definition in OSHA?

a situation where the worker feels protected from physical, emotional or social threats

meanwhile, definition of health in OSHA is

A condition where the worker is in good condition without any illness, pain or injury.

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The goal of the Occupational Safety and Health Act(OSHA) is to improve safety and guarantee safer working conditions for all workers, regardless of their job or industry.Meanwhile,Occupational Safety and Health in Malaysia was enforced by Department of Occupational Safety and Health(DOSH). However, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) play an important role to promote a Safe and Health workplace, assist employers and employees to manage OSH in their organisation and provide quality solution for OSH issues.DOSH was also enforced some laws besides OSHA 1994 which is Factories&Machinery Act(FMA) 1967 and Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984.There are also some promotion activities likes exhibition and road show. In other side, the limitation of resources for OSH implementation in SME is allocation of budget and time but the compliance support or sharing best practices which are the programmes to improve OSH implementation in SME. In conclusion, under the OSHA law, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace for their workers.

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OSHA is Occupational Safety and Health.Objective of OSHA is to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance.

1st Industrial Revolution:
The First Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century through the use of steam power and mechanisation of production.

2nd Industrial Revolution:
The Second Industrial Revolution began in the 19th century through the discovery of electricity and assembly line production.

3rd Industrial Revolution:
The Third Industrial Revolution began in the ’70s in the 20th century through partial automation using memory-programmable controls and computers.

4th Industrial Revolution:
The application of information and communication technologies to industry.

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This is summarize of what we learn on our first class of Safety Health and Engineering .The full form of OSHA is Occupational Safety and Health.OSHA is for guarantee safer working conditions for all workers.First of all , we get to know about Industrial revolution chronology.In 1800 the first industrial revolutions begin with the use of steam and water power.In 1900 Industry 2.0 started with mass production assembly lines using electical power.Next is Industry 3.0. It is about automated production using electronics.Lastly in 2000 the Industry 4.0 begin which call as smart factory.Mean autonomous desicion making of cyber physical system using machine learning.

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1. W1 (13/10/2022): summarize about introduction of OSHA
2.W2 (20/10/2022): Discuss OSHA’s General Industry Standards
3. W3 (27/10/2022): Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession, discuss about it.
4. W4(3/11/2022) Explain and discuss OSH legislations in Malaysia
5.W5(10/11/22) Discuss what is ethics (for Professional and personal), how important ethic in engineering.

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W1 (13/10/2022): summarize about introduction of OSHA

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W1 (13/10/2022): summarize about introduction of OSHA

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OSHA

OSHA is Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

The Goals is to improve safety and guarantee safer working conditions for all workers, regardless of their job or industry.

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health :
1. Entrusted to promote a safe and healthy workplace and workforce in Malaysia
2.Committed to assist employers and employees to manage occupational safety and health in their organization
3.Dedicated to providing quality solutions for OSH issues a professional manner with a pragmatic approach is reasonable and practicable

DOSH Key Activities :
1.Standard Setting
2.Enforment
3.Promotional Activities

Safety of Equipment and Facilities
1.Statutory Inspections
2.Design Approval
3.Regulate Competent Persons and Competent Firms

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- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
- The goal is to improve safety and guarantee safer working conditions for workers.
- OSHA has been established their branch in every state in Malaysia.
- Number of accidents and injuries are significantly reduced by this implementation.

Industrial Revolution

Industry 1.0 (1800s)
- Industrial Revolution begins
- Most of this industrialisation was by hand assembly
- Steam / Water

Industry 2.0 (1900s)
- Introduced by Henry Ford
- Mass production essembly lines
- Started using Electricity as the main power source

Industry 3.0
- Automated productions
- Production using PCI
- Manufacturing Industries were controlled locally through LAN
- Electronics

Industry 4.0 (2000s)
- Autonomous decision making of cyber physical system using machine learning.
- Technologies

Problems due to the Industrial revolution
- Child Slavery
- Health Issues
- Unsafe Work Environment
- Insufficient Work Salary for Work Load

Occupational Safety and Health in  Malaysia
- NIOSH (promotes safe and healthy workplace and workforce in Malaysia)
- DOSH (ensuring the safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising from the work activities)
- FMA (A law which controls factories with respect to matters relating to safety, health and wellfare of the workers)

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This is my summarisation of what i learnt and understood about OSHA

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This is my summarisation of what i learnt and understood about OSHA

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SUBPART T: Commercial Diving Operations

This subpart only applies to commercial diving enterprises such as diving companies.
The standards contained in Subpart T are divided into six categories:
(1) general
(2) personnel requirements
(3) general operations and procedures
(4) specific operations and procedures
(5) equipment procedures and           requirements
(6) record keeping

1910.410 Qualifications of Dive Team

Each dive team member shall have the experience or training necessary to perform assigned tasks in a safe and healthful manner.

i)A dive team member that exposed or control the exposure of hyperbaric conditions shall be trained in diving related physics and physiology.
ii)Each dive team member shall be assigned tasks in accordance with employee's experience or training.
iii)The employer shall not require a dive team member to be exposed to hyperbaric conditions against their will except when necessary for decompression or treatment procedures.
iv)The employer shall not permit a dive team member to dive or exposed to hyperbaric conditions that likely to affect the safety or health of a dive team member.
v)The employer or an employee designated need to have experience and training and shall be at dive location in charge of all aspect affecting safety and health of dive team members.

1910.422 Procedures during dive

The employer shall comply with the following requirements which are applicable to each diving operation unless otherwise specified.

Water exit and entry
- A means of exiting and entering the water
Ways of communications
- Working two way voice communication system
Decompression tables
- Decompression tables shall be at diving location
Dive profiles
- A depth-time profile shall be maintained for each diver
Hand held power tools
-De-energized before going into the water
Welding and burning
-Grounded welding machines and current stop switch
Explosives
-Transport, store and use in accordance to respiratory protection standard and the applicable provisions of 1910.109 and 1926.912 of Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Termination of dives
- Diver request termination or communications are lost

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1st industrial revolution:
- began in the 18th century
- used steam and water power
- mechanisation of production
- human labor
- produce smoke and shoot
- unenvironmental friendly

2nd industrial revolution:
- began in the 19th century
- used of electricity
- assembly line production and mass production
- faster and lower cost
- less human labor

3rd industrial revolution:
- began in the 20th century
- partial automated
- memory-programmable controls and computers
- non-heavy work

4th industrial revolution:
- application of information and communication technology
- cyber physical production system
- control using network connection
- nearly autonomous

Conclusion:
- revolution of the industry has improved workers working environment
- more environmental friendly
- less health issues

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IR 1.0
-The Industrial Revolution begins.
-Mechanization of manufacturing with the introduction of steam and water power.
IR 2.0
-Mass production assembly lines using electrical power.
IR 3.0
-Automated production using electronics, programmable logic controllers (PLC), IT systems and robotics
IR 4.0
-"Smart Factory"
-Autonomous decision making of cyber physical systems using machine learning and Big Data analysis.
-Interoperability through IoT and cloud technology.

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Scope, application, and definitions applicable

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Scope, application, and definitions applicable

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Scope：This subpart contains requirements for fire brigades, and all portable and fixed fire suppression equipment, fire detection systems, and fire or employee alarm systems installed to meet the fire protection requirements of 29 CFR part 1910.

Application：This subpart applies to all employments except for maritime, construction, and agriculture.

Definitions applicable ：
After-flame means the time a test specimen continues to flame after the flame source has been removed.

Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) means a fluorinated surfactant with a foam stabilizer which is diluted with water to act as a temporary barrier to exclude air from mixing with the fuel vapor by developing an aqueous film on the fuel surface of some hydrocarbons which is capable of suppressing the generation of fuel vapors.

Approved means acceptable to the Assistant Secretary.

Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health or designee.

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-Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994

-Cover nearly all sectors except person working on board ships & armed forces.
-Cover nearly 90% of workforce

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I learned that Occupational Safety and Health [OSH] plays a big role in our human society. Without safety and health together, it is not possible for Industrialization to co-exist optimally in our world. So how is OSH that important? Occupational health and safety is concerned with ensuring and providing a safe environment for all employees at a workplace. No work environment can be completely devoid of injuries and hazards because there is always a possibility that someone might suffer an accident. Both Health and Safety has a definition. Health meaning functioning of an individual body while Safety means a state of being safe. Occupational Safety and Health Act [OSHA] was introduced back in the 1900s to assure safe and healthful conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education and compliance assistance. Under the OSHA law, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace for their workers. In summarization, without OSH, Untrained workers, faulty equipment and hazardous working conditions can result in multiple workplace accidents.
[ Arman ]

From the lecture of W1, I learned about the phases in the Industrial Revolution which began from the 18th Century starting with IR 1.0 till the current time with IR 4.0.

Industrial Revolution 1.0

The discovery of the ability of steam to move mechanical parts for industrial purposes in the 1800s has led to the industrialization of production and a skyrocketing in human productivity. For example, looms no longer use 100% human labour but rather helped by a steam engine.

Industrial Revolution 2.0

Beginning in the 19th Century, the usage of electricity and production lines in the industry has brought a sharp increase in available supply which then makes the parts affordable. A prime example for this is when Henry Ford introduced the production line to his car manufacturing company, Ford.

Industrial Revolution 3.0

In the 70s, the industry adopted automation via memory-programmable controls in production lines with no human assistance. A notable example of this is the usage of robots in factories.

Industrial Revolution 4.0

Now, IR 4.0 is currently being implemeted into the industry. The main objective of this revolution is to produce smart factories where it becomes completely autonomous. In addition to that, another goal is to have robots that are able to predict a fault while also being able to maintain it autonomously. Other than that, it is also envisioned that the robots are able to manage logistics on their own.

All advancements above increase productivity while reducing human labour which may introduce errors while also eliminating fatigue experienced by humans. (Arif)

(Amirul)

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- Act (OSHA 1994)
- 9 Regulations
- 2 orders
- 7 code of practices
- 54 guidelines

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Subpart I: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
General requirements
-General requirements says that all PPE has to meet these  minimum requirements provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which they are designed. Be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed. Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated conditions.
Eye and face protection
-Chemical Splash Goggles (eye)
Tight fitting eye protection that completely covers the eyes, eye sockets and facial area surrounding the eyes.  Provides protection from impact, dust and splashes.  Must comply with ANSI standard Z87.1
-Face Shields (face)
These shields extend from the eyebrows to below the chin and across the width of the employee’s head.  Face shields protect against potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids.  When worn for protection against UV, must be specifically designed to protect the face and eyes from hazardous radiation.
When used for chemical protection or UV protection, must comply with ANSI standard Z87.1
Respiratory protection
Respirators protect workers against insufficient oxygen environments, harmful dusts, fogs, smokes, mists, gases, vapors, and sprays. These hazards may cause cancer, lung impairment, diseases, or death. Compliance with the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard could avert hundreds of deaths and thousands of illnesses annually.

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OSHA Standards
Subpart F : Powered Platforms

[Arif Zikry] :

This subpart of the standard involves safety with Powered Platforms, Manlifts and vehicle mounted work platforms.

[Arman] : Manlifts
A manlift is a specialized aerial work platform (AWP) that is designed to safely lift a worker and their equipment on indoor and outdoor worksites. Indoor manlifts models can operate using an electrical socket. Outdoor lifts can run on batteries, but also use gas and diesel fuel. Manlift is a very risky job which without OSHA, we could put lives in risks. So, these safety rules for manlift should be followed.
1]Verify That Employees Are Trained & Certified.
2]Check the Manlift Inspection Record.
3] Use the Proper Safety Gear and always inspect your surroundings.
4]Never Exceed the Weight Limit.
5]Follow Correct Shutdown Procedures.
These rules should always be used by Manlift workers to protect their safety in workplace surroundings

[Amirul Harris] :

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W2 (20/10/2022): Discuss OSHA’s General Industry Standards 

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W2 (20/10/2022): Discuss OSHA’s General Industry Standards 

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OSHA's General Industry Standards

SUBPART M: Compressed Gas/Air

1910.169          Air Receivers

This section applies to compressed air receivers, and other equipment used in providing and utilizing compressed air for performing operations such as cleaning, drilling, hoisting, and chipping. On the other hand, however, this section does not deal with the special problems created by using compressed air to convey materials nor the problems created when men work in compressed air as in tunnels and caissons. This section is not intended to apply to compressed air machinery and equipment used on transportation vehicles such as steam railroad cars, electric railway cars, and automotive equipment.

Safety appliances, such as safety valves, indicating devices and controlling devices, shall be constructed, located, and installed so that they cannot be readily rendered inoperative by any means, including the elements. Air receivers shall be so installed that all drains, handholes, and manholes therein are easily accessible. Under no circumstances shall an air receiver be buried underground or located in an inaccessible place.

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Week 2: OSHA’s General Industry Standards (Subpart G)

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Week 2: OSHA’s General Industry Standards (Subpart G)

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1910.95 - Occupational noise exposure

Overview

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that 22 million workers are exposed to potentially damaging noise at work each year. Whether you work at a sports venue, on a tarmac, or operate a jackhammer—hearing loss is preventable.

Standards

Noise hazards are addressed in OSHA standards for recordkeeping and general industry. This section highlights OSHA standards and documents related to noise. For information on construction employment, see the construction requirements section.

OSHA requires employers to implement a hearing conservation program when noise exposure is at or above 85 decibels averaged over 8 working hours, or an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). Hearing conservation programs strive to prevent initial occupational hearing loss, preserve and protect remaining hearing, and equip workers with the knowledge and hearing protection devices necessary to safeguard themselves.

Hearing Conservation Program

Under OSHA’s Noise Standard, the employer must reduce noise exposure through engineering controls, administrative controls, or Hearing Protection Devices (HPDs) to attenuate the occupational noise received by the employee’s ears to within levels specified in Table G-16 and Table G-16A of 29 CFR 1910.95(b)(1).

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Provision of safe and healthy work environment is a very important aspect in engineering profession. In my opinion, it is to prevent accidents and illnesses from being occurred. For example, if a factory does not fulfill the standard safety requirements as stated in OSHA, it might end up causing accident and death. Other than that, if a person works at a noisy workplace for a long term, it will cause the person to have hearing problem.

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Subpart Z:Toxic and Hazardous Substances

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Subpart Z:Toxic and Hazardous Substances

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.Subpart Z covers the regulations for toxic and hazardous substances in the workplace.

.Major sections of Subpart Z include:
1.1910.1000 Air Contaminants-This section includes OSHA's Z tables,which set limits on worker exposure to specific listed substances

2.1910.1001-1096 Specific regulations for a number of listed substances including lead and bloodborne pathogens.

3.1910.1200 Hazard communication

1910.1450 : Occupational exposure to hazardous

chemicals in laboratories

: A. General Principles
- Every laboratory should develop facility-specific policies and procedures for the highest-risk materials and procedures used in their laboratory
a) identify chemicals to be used, amounts rquired and circumstances of use in the experiment
b) i) Evaluate the hazards posed by the chemicals and the experimental conditions.
ii )cover toxic, physical, reactive, flammable, explosive, radiation, and biological hazards, as well as any other potential hazards posed by the chemicals.
iii) Select appropriate controls to minimize risk, including use of engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect workers from hazards.

- Avoid Underestimation of Risk Even for substances of no known significant hazard, exposure should be minimized; when working with substances that present special hazards, special precautions should be taken.

- the best way to control a hazard is to systematically remove it from the workplace, rather than relying on employees to reduce their exposure.

- Provide Laboratory Ventilation The best way to prevent exposure to airborne substances is to prevent their escape into the working atmosphere by the use of hoods and other ventilation devices.

: B. Responsibilities
1. Chemical Hygiene Officer
2. Department Chairperson or Director
3. Departmental Safety Committee
4. Laboratory Supervisor or Principal Investigator
5. Laboratory Personnel

: C. The Laboratory Facility
1. Laboratory Layout and Furnishing
2. Safety Equipment and Utilities

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Subpart L : Fire Protection

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Scope, application, and definitions applicable

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Scope, application, and definitions applicable

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Scope：This subpart contains requirements for fire brigades, and all portable and fixed fire suppression equipment, fire detection systems, and fire or employee alarm systems installed to meet the fire protection requirements of 29 CFR part 1910.

Application：This subpart applies to all employments except for maritime, construction, and agriculture.

Definitions applicable ：
After-flame means the time a test specimen continues to flame after the flame source has been removed.

Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) means a fluorinated surfactant with a foam stabilizer which is diluted with water to act as a temporary barrier to exclude air from mixing with the fuel vapor by developing an aqueous film on the fuel surface of some hydrocarbons which is capable of suppressing the generation of fuel vapors.

Approved means acceptable to the Assistant Secretary.

Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health or designee.

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A portable fire extinguisher by definition is an item of equipment for the purpose of extinguishing a fire.  The reality is however that a portable fire extinguisher is effective only for the type and size of a fire that it is rated for.

Portable fire extinguishers are generally provided as "first attack" units in fire fighting and should be used only in early stages of fire before the fire grows to a stage that is beyond the capacity of the extinguisher. There are broadly six types of fire extinguisher:

1. Air-Water

2. Air-Foam

3. Wet Chemical

4. Dry Chemical Powder

5. Carbon dioxide

6. Vaporizing Liquid

Most portable fire extinguisher selection charts will also show the Vaporizing Liquid type fire extinguisher (red with a yellow band). This type of fire extinguisher ie rarely used. There are some circumstances such as aviation or marine where the use of these extinguishers may be permitted however these applications are limited.

The selection of an extinguisher must be made with the class of fire in mind.

The first record of a fire extinguisher was patent lodged in 1723 by English scientist Ambrose Godfrey. In the following 300 years there have been literally hundreds of iterations and variations on the basic design for a fire extinguisher.

If you distil all of the variations down you will find five components common to almost every type of extinguisher manufactured throughout history;

a storage vessel

an extinguishing agent

a propellant (or expellant)

a valve

and a directional nozzle

According to OSHA's General Industry Standards regarding fire protection, employers must provide portable fire extinguishers that meets certain safety requirements to employees to ensure their safety in a fire emergency. These fire extinguishers should be put in a place that is easily reached and it must be checked and maintained according to the time intervals given for every type of fire extinguisher. The employer shall assure that hydrostatic testing is performed by trained persons with suitable testing equipment and facilities. The employer shall provide employees who have been designated to use fire fighting equipment as part of an emergency action plan with training in the use of the appropriate equipment.

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Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession, discuss about it.

Safe and healthy working environment is a must in engineering profession. This is because the risk on of hazard can be minimised and morale of the workers can be increased with the confidence of safe and healthy working environment.

Employer should prefer to the OSHA regulation to conduct a safety report of their own working places and make a improvement for the workers safety.

A proper working environment should

1) Motivate the workers to work harder
2) Lower the cases percentage on accidents and illness that can be prevented.
3) Less worker turnaround and higher result quality from worker
4) Worker health improvement

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WEEK 2 : OSHA'S GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS                                                                                                                                   (SUBPART S : ELECTRICAL)

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WEEK 2 : OSHA'S GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS                                                                                                                                   (SUBPART S : ELECTRICAL)

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1910.302 Electric ultilization systems

Sections 1910.302 through Special System contain design safety standards for electric utilization systems.
The provisions of §§ 1910.302 through Special System cover electrical installations and utilization equipment installed or used within or on buildings, structures, and other premises, including:

1.Yard
2.Parking other lots
3.Mobile Homes
4.Recreational Vehichle
5.Industrial Substations
6.Other outside conductors on the premises
7.Carnivals

1910.305 Wiring Methods,Components,and equipment For general use

Wiring methods.

The provisions of this section do not apply to conductors that are an integral part of factory-assembled equipment. Where necessary for the reduction of electrical noise (electromagnetic interference) of the grounding circuit, an equipment enclosure supplied by a branch circuit may be isolated from a raceway containing circuits supplying only that equipment by one or more listed nonmetallic raceway fittings located at the point of attachment of the raceway to the equipment enclosure. The metal raceway shall be supplemented by an internal insulated equipment grounding conductor installed to ground the equipment enclosure.

Components

1.Cabinet
2.Boxes
3.Fittings
Conductors entering cutout boxes, cabinets, or fittings shall be protected from abrasion, and openings through which conductors enter shall be effectively closed.

Equipment for general use
Examples:
1.Single-throw knife switches. Single-throw knife switches shall be so placed that gravity will not tend to close them. Single-throw knife switches approved for use in the inverted position shall be provided with a locking device that will ensure that the blades remain in the open position when so set.

2.Faceplates for flush-mounted snap switches. Snap switches mounted in boxes shall have faceplates installed so as to completely cover the opening and seat against the finished surface.

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Week 2 : OSHA's General Industry Standards 

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Week 2 : OSHA's General Industry Standards 

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Subpart K : Medical and First Aid

It has been said that this subpart is the most important of all subparts. Its been stated that:

1. Emergency care must be in a near proximity to the workplace (4-5 minutes from the workplace).
2. A medical professional who knows how to conduct CPR must also be in a near proximity (4-5 minutes from the workplace).
3. Quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body (exposed to injurious corrosive materials).

Medical Seminars and First Aid Training
OSHA's standard for first aid training in general industry, 29 CFR 1910.151(b), provides:

In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be adequately trained to render first aid. Adequate first aid supplies shall be readily available.

In the construction industry, 29 CFR 1926.50(c) provides:

In the absence of an infirmary clinic, hospital, or physician, that is reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite, which is available for the treatment of injured employees, a person who has a valid certificate in first-aid training from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the American Red Cross, or equivalent training that can be verified by documentary evidence, shall be available at the worksite to render first aid.

Eyewash Station
Installed and portable emergency eyewash units must be capable of delivering not less then 0.4 gallons (1.5L) of clean water per minute. Portable eyewash units must be capable of delivering water continuously for at least 15 minutes. The water must be readily available to wash both eyes simultaneously.

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Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession. Discuss about it.

- Managing safety and health is an integral part of managing a business. Businesses need to do a risk assessment to find out about the hazards and risks in their workplace(s) and put measures in place to effectively control them to ensure these hazards and risks cannot cause harm to workers.

- A well-designed accident prevention program will reduce employee injury, illness and death rate, improve employee performance, strengthen workforce morale, motivation and lower absentee rates.

In engineering, injuries and cases of ill health involving machinery each year. With different pieces of machinery for different engineering processes, keeping on top of managing the health and safety measures associated with each can be time-consuming. Here are some elements to consider:

1. Maintenance – keeping machinery in good condition and working order is vital. Malfunctioning or poorly maintained machinery can cause a serious health and safety risk, so ensure your machines are in good working order by conducting daily inspections, and ensuring they receive regular servicing.

2. Safeguards and safety equipment – many machines will have safety mechanisms installed. It’s important to ensure these are installed correctly and are in good working order, so it’s important to include these elements in your regular inspections of machinery.

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OSHA’S GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS
SUBPART H: Hazardous Materials

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1910.106 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

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1910.106 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

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INTRODUCTION
-The primary basis of this standard is the National Fire Protection Association's publication NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. 29 CFR 1910.106 applies to the handling, storage, and use of flammable and combustible liquids with a flash point below 200o F. There are two primary hazards associated with flammable and combustible liquids:
a)explosion
b)fire
- In order to prevent these hazards, this standard addresses the primary concerns of:
a) design and construction
b) ventilation
c) ignition sources
d) storage.

DEFINITIONS
-There are a number of definitions included in 29 CFR 1910.106. These definitions were derived from consensus standards, and were not uniquely developed for OSHA standards.
1)Aerosol
2)Fire area
3)Flash point

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID
-Any liquid having a flash point at or above 100o F (37.8o C). Combustible liquids shall be divided into two classes as follows:
1)Class II liquids
2)Class III liquids

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
-Any liquid having a flash point below 100o F (37.8o C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100o F (37.8o C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids. Class I liquids are divided into three classes as follows:
1)Class IA
2)Class IB
3)Class IC

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1910.107 Spray finishing using flammable and combustible materials

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1910.107 Spray finishing using flammable and combustible materials

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Spraying with flammable and combustible liquids and powder coating operations present unique hazards.  Fires, explosions, deflagrations, and hazardous and toxic atmospheres are a concern.  The OSHA spray finishing standard has requirements for spraying operations, however, the standard does not provide the most current requirements for these operations.  The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 33: “Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Materials” provides arguably the most authoritative guidance on these types of operations, and especially, powder coating operations.

Many employers who spray paints containing flammable solvents, such as toluene, are aware of the fire hazards associated with this operation and have implemented appropriate controls, such as conducting spraying within a booth.  However, some confusion exists where latex or water-based paints are sprayed.  Although the liquid spray may not ignite, the dried spray or residue may be capable of being ignited.  If the dried residue can be ignited, the OSHA standard applies to the spraying of latex or water-based paints.

Aerated solid powders. Aerated powders shall mean any powdered material used as a coating material which shall be fluidized within a container by passing air uniformly from below. It is common practice to fluidize such materials to form a fluidized powder bed and then dip the part to be coated into the bed in a manner similar to that used in liquid dipping. Such beds are also used as sources for powder spray operations.

Spraying area. Any area in which dangerous quantities of flammable vapors or mists, or combustible residues, dusts, or deposits are present due to the operation of spraying processes.

Spray booth. A power-ventilated structure provided to enclose or accommodate a spraying operation to confine and limit the escape of spray, vapor, and residue, and to safely conduct or direct them to an exhaust system.

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1910.119 Process safety management of highly hazardous chemical

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1910.119 Process safety management of highly hazardous chemical

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Process safety management of highly hazardous chemical
This is a process which involves a Category 1 flammable gas or a flammable liquid or more except for hydrocarbon fuels and flammable liquids .The employer shall complete a compilation of written process safety information before conducting any process hazard analysis required by the standard. This process safety information shall include information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals used or produced by the process, information pertaining to the technology of the process, and information pertaining to the equipment in the process.
Information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals in the process. This information shall consist of at least the following such as toxicity information, permissible exposure limits, physical data and so on.
Information concerning the technology of the process shall include at least the following such as process chemistry ,maximum intended inventory, safe upper and lower limits for such items as temperatures, pressures, flows or compositions and so on.
The employer shall document that equipment complies with recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices.

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1910.120 Hazardous waste operations and emergency response

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1910.120 Hazardous waste operations and emergency response

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This section covers the following operations, unless the employer can demonstrate that the operation does not involve employee exposure or the reasonable possibility for employee exposure to safety or health hazards. Operations involving hazardous wastes that are conducted at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities regulated by 40 CFR parts 264 and 265 pursuant to RCRA; or by agencies under agreement with U.S.E.P.A. to implement RCRA regulations. All requirements of part 1910 and part 1926 of title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations apply pursuant to their terms to hazardous waste and emergency response operations whether covered by this section or not. If there is a conflict or overlap, the provision more protective of employee safety and health shall apply without regard to 29 CFR 1910.5. Some employers are not required to have a permit or interim status because they are conditionally exempt small quantity generators under 40 CFR 261.5 or are generators who qualify under 40 CFR 262.34 for exemptions from regulation under 40 CFR parts 264, 265 and 270.Buddy system means a system of organizing employees into work groups in such a manner that each employee of the work group is designated to be observed by at least one other employee in the work group. The purpose of the buddy system is to provide rapid assistance to employees in the event of an emergency.Clean-up operation means an operation where hazardous substances are removed, contained, incinerated, neutralized, stabilized, cleared-up, or in any other manner processed or handled with the ultimate goal of making the site safer for people or the environment.Decontamination means the removal of hazardous substances from employees and their equipment to the extent necessary to preclude the occurrence of foreseeable adverse health affects.

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Occupational Safety and Health Act purpose

1. to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against hazards and risks arising out of the activities of a person at work

OSH laws enforcer
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)

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The provision of safe and healthy workspace is without a doubt an important entity in preventing accidents and illnesses for employees working in the engineering profession. The benefits are :

i) Ensuring that employees do not experience life threatening or lifelong disability causing accidents.
[ Arif ]

ii)In engineering, injuries and cases of ill health involving machinery measure in the thousands each year. With different pieces of machinery for different engineering processes, keeping on top of managing the health and safety measures associated with each can be time-consuming. Here are some elements to consider. A well-designed accident prevention program will reduce employee injury, illness and death rates. Next, it can improve employee performance, strengthen workforce morale and motivation, and lower absentee rates.
[ Arman ]

iii) [ Amirul ] :

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Provition of safety and healthy work environment that accidents and illiness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession,discuss about it.

Proviton of safety and healthy work environment is a very important aspect in engineering professional not only can  reduce employee injury, illness and death rates also can improve employee performance, strengthen workforce morale and motivation; and lower absentee rates.Most of safety issues aroused due to their lack of knowledge and skills regarding to Safety and Health procedures.So that knowledge and skills regarding to safety and healthy procedures for employees also very important.
Here is some importance of Safety and Health in the Workplace such as:

Prevent Illness and Injury

Increase Productivity

Increase Public Perception

Avoid from Huge Loss in Business

Minimize Legal Liabilities

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Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession, discuss about it.

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Explain and discuss OSH legislations in Malaysia

OSH legislations was introduced in Malaysia to protect the workers and prevent hazards and risks while working

There are 3 OSH legislations which are
Factories and Machinery ACT 1967
Occupational Safety and Health ACT 1994
Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984

OSH legislations are enforced by Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)

Factory and Machinery ACT 1967 was enforced to replace Machinery Ordinance 1953 to improve and add provisions related to workers health and welfare.

Factory are defined as business where more than 5 people are working and in manual labour

Dosh inspectors are able to enter, inspect, examine and stop a factory if there's a violation of the Act

Offence to the Act will result in max RM200,000 fine, 5 years prison or both

PPE such as goggles, gloves, leggings, caps and footwear
Requirements for PPE when any workers are exposed to wet, noise, heat, dusty, poisonous, corrosive or any injurious substance
First aid box should be accessible

Employed person shall be instructed and trained  to work at any machine or any process and under adequate supervision by person who is experienced

Certain machinery should be only operated by certificated workers

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W3 (27/10/2022): Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession, discuss about it.

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W3 (27/10/2022): Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession, discuss about it.

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Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession, discuss about it.

Safety and Healthy work environment are crucial for workers in order to establish an efficient working system for the organization. Organization must provide and gives all the necessary needs for workers to affectively stabilize risk and hazard that may affect workers. In addition, this system will reduce and ensure these accident, risk and hazard will not harm or deadly to workers and employee.

An efficient, stable and working safety and health program will make the workplace secure. Furthermore, it will make the flow of the workplace more linear. Moreover, minimize illness, injury and death rate for the workers. Lastly, improve overall work efficiency, performance and mood for the workers.

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When one is working in a working environment, they can be exposed to all types of dangers. Such as being exposed to harmful chemicals, getting accidentally injured from using a machine at work, not being aware enough of how dangerous their current situation is and much more. All of these incidents which seems minor can actually end up being a deadly tragedy if unlucky. Therefore it is better to be safe than sorry by taking the right precautions and making sure the working environment is always safe and healthy.

If the working is maintained at its safe and healthy condition, then the workers will always feel at ease when working. This indirectly causes the productivity from the workers to increase, at the same time the working company can also reduce the costs spent on the injuries or deaths of their workers. At the same time the image of that very company can also be maintained as they are very highly rated for looking after the safety of their workers. If thats so then the company may also potentially be able to lure more people to work for them. Since being worried about their wellbeing and safety is the last thing these people need to be focusing about.

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WEEK 3:PROVISION OF SAFE AND HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENT THAT ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESS CAN BE PREVENTED IS A VERY IMPORTANT ASPECT IN ENGINEERING PROFESSION.DISCUSS ABOUT IT

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WEEK 3:PROVISION OF SAFE AND HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENT THAT ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESS CAN BE PREVENTED IS A VERY IMPORTANT ASPECT IN ENGINEERING PROFESSION.DISCUSS ABOUT IT

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PHYSICAL WORK ENVIRONMENT
The physical work environment is well designed and laid out.
-well-designed floor surfaces, for example non-slip surfaces
-walkways being laid out so cables and wires aren’t run across them
-work being performed at a comfortable height so workers don’t have to bend, twist, reach or squat a lot

EQUIPMENT AND PPE
-Having the right tools for the job is essential for working safely and efficiently. The best way to ensure equipment is safe is to assess risks new equipment will create and control those risks before buying or hiring it.

Equipment you already have needs to be managed as well. This includes:

guarding moving parts that people could come in contact with

connecting electrical equipment to a safety switch

protecting workers from the noise equipment makes

ensuring the controls of the equipment are easy to understand

regular maintenance

training workers to use any equipment they need to operate.

Harmful chemicals
-Remote work

there are ways to communicate with remote or isolated workers or people who are working from home

there is suitable accommodation for workers who are travelling or staying away from home

your workers are supported to maintain a safe work environment when they’re working from home or on the road.

EMERGENCY PLANS
-A safe work environment is prepared for emergencies with everyone aware of their roles and responsibilities. Think about the different types of emergencies that could occur and plan your response for each. An emergency could be:

a fire

an explosion

a gas leak

a chemical spill

a medical emergency

a natural disaster

a bomb threat or violence.

First aid

-You must give workers access to first aid equipment and facilities. Keep first aid kits close to areas where there is a higher risk of injury or illness, such as the kitchen, warehouse and inside all work vehicles.

Additional first aid requirements vary depending on the nature of the work, type of hazards, workplace size and location, as well as the number of workers.

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Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession . Discuss about it.

Safety and Health working environment are very important for the workers to increase their productivity in working system for the organization . Therefore , organization must provide the workers with right tools and equipment to do their work safely and comfortably. Besides , by providing right tools to the workers can reduce risk and hazard that may affect workers progress. Furthermore , organization must do regular maintenance of their working place to ensure there are no any harms or hazard which can lead to accident that may cause dead of workers or employees.

In conclusion , Safety and Health in the workplace are crucial because it can increase productivity of the organization and prevent ilness or injury to the workers .

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SUBPART Q: Hand Tools/Portable Power Tools

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SUBPART Q: Hand Tools/Portable Power Tools

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In Subpart Q it covered about how to handle tools and portable power tools.

Major secion of Subpart Q:

-1910.241 Definitions
in this part it tell us about how to handle different types of tools in differents situation such as explosive-actuated fastening tool terms, abrasive wheel term and Jack terms.

-1910.242 Hand and portable powered tools and equipment, general.
(a) General requirements. Each employer shall be responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees, including tools and equipment which may be furnished by employees.
(b) Compressed air used for cleaning. Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning purposes except where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. and then only with effective chip guarding and personal protective equipment.

-1910.243 Guarding of portable powered tools.
in this part we will learn how to handle tools or portable power tools carefully and with safety. For example,to use portable powered tool such as portable circular saws. All portable, powerdriven circular saws having a blade diameter greater than 2 in. shall be equipped with guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The upper guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The lower guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work. When the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to covering position.

To prevent hazards associated with the use of power tools, OSHA also recommends that workers should observe the following general precautions:

-Never carry a tool by the cord or hose.
-Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle.
-Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.
-Disconnect tools when not using them, before servicing and cleaning them, and when changing accessories such as blades, bits, and cutters.
-Keep all people not involved with the work at a safe distance from the work area.
-Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool.
-Avoid accidental starting. Do not hold fingers on the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool.
-Maintain tools with care; keep them sharp and clean for best performance.
-Follow instructions in the user's manual for lubricating and changing accessories.
-Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance when operating power tools.
-Wear proper apparel for the task. Loose clothing, ties, or jewelry can become caught in moving parts.
-Remove all damaged portable electric tools from use and tag them: "Do Not Use."

-Bryan

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Safety is an essential ethical requirement in engineering design. Strategies for safe design are used not only to reduce estimated probabilities of injuries but also to cope with hazards and eventualities that cannot be assigned meaningful probabilities.

Preventing job accidents call for various strategies. The organization should have a comprehensive education of the workers, proper risk management, introducing safety alerts in the establishments, security leaders, and ensuring that the workers are in a stable psychological and mental state.

The safer the work environment, the more productive it is. Productive employees are an asset to all companies. For instance, productive employees can produce more output in less time, reducing operational costs.

Workplace safety promotes the wellness of employees and employers alike. Better safety equates to better health. Healthier employees do tasks more efficiently, and they are happier in general.

There are very few accidents in a safe working environment. This results in less downtime for safety investigations and reduces costs for worker’s compensation. This also reduces the time needed for employees to heal from injuries.

If employers are concerned about the safety of their employees, the employees are more confident and comfortable in general. Also, absenteeism rates drop, and employees are more focused on doing their tasks.

Accidents are unplanned occurrences that result in injuries, illness, death, and loss of property and/or production.  While there is no way to completely eliminate accidents, there are certain plans, preparations, and actions that can be taken to reduce them.

Know the Hazards

Be aware of surroundings.  Look around and identify workplace hazards that could cause harm.

Look for ways to reduce or eliminate hazards, and implement them.

Report unsafe areas or practices.

Dress for the weather.

Use the EHS Job Hazard Analysis tools to identify hazards associated with job types.

Create a Safe Work Area

Keep an orderly workplace.  Poor housekeeping can cause serious health and safety hazards. The layout of the workplace should have adequate egress routes and be free of debris.

Inspect vehicles before and after use. DRIVE SAFELY.

Continually cultivate a safety standard.

Take breaks and move around regularly throughout the day. Small breaks (standing up and moving around) can make a big difference in combating the dangers of staying in a static position all day long.

Pay attention to workstation ergonomics.

Use Safe Lifting Technique

Follow the following safe lifting practices:

1. Lift from a position of power

2. Keep the load close

3. Use a staggered stance

4. Don’t twist while lifting

Training in body mechanics can reduce strain injuries and keep employees safe during lifting and moving.

Personal Protective Equipment

The proper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can dramatically reduce the risk of injury. Examples of PPE include gear such as earplugs, hard hats, safety goggles, gloves, air-purifying respirators and safety shoes.

Regular Communication

Notify supervisors about safety hazards.

Speak up and be involved in safety planning.

Continually cultivate a safety standard.

Education and Training

Ensure everyone has the proper safety training relating to the hazards of the job.

Take advantage of Environmental Health and Safety onlime training programs.

It is each employee's responsibility to take an active role in maintaining safety.

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Importance of accident prevention in the workplace is it will reduce employee injury, illness and death ratesSecondly,it will improve employee performanceand strengthen workforce morale .

Personal Protective Equipment:
1.safety googles
2.gloves
3.safety shoes

Know the Hazards:
1.Be aware of workplace
2.Report any accidents

Otherways, there are some health and safety risks in the engineering workplace and how to manage them effectively.

1. MACHINERY RISKS
In engineering, injuries and cases of ill health involving machinery measure in the thousands each year. With different pieces of machinery for different engineering processes, keeping on top of managing the health and safety measures associated with each can be time-consuming.

- i) Maintenance - keeping your machinery in good condition and good working order is vital. Malfunctioning or poorly maintained machinery can pose a serious health and safety risk
- ii)Safeguards and safety equipment – many machines will have safety mechanisms installed including emergency stops and guards. It’s important to ensure these are installed correctly and are in good working order, so there will no accident can occur.

2. VEHICLE RISKS
Many of the vehicle related injuries in the engineering industry are caused by delivery lorries or fork-lifts. While some incidents are unavoidable, the large majority of health and safety incidents can be prevented with some simple measures

- i)Site Rules – drivers who are unfamiliar with your premises or the site you’re working on will need clear signage to indicate your site’s traffic rules. Often, incidents occur whilst lorries are reversing or due to unclear traffic rules leading to a collision with other vehicles or pedestrians.
- ii)Forklifts – forklifts need to be kept in good working order and included in your health and safety audits and inspections. Only drivers who are trained and authorised to use the vehicle should be driving them, as untrained drivers are likely to cause accidents.

3. ELECTRICITY AND SWITCHGEAR
Switchgear and electrical equipment, when maintained properly and used correctly, is generally very safe. The reason it’s one of the most common health and safety risks in Engineering is that when things go wrong, it can go catastrophically wrong, leading to fatalities, life-long illness or serious injury.

- i) The age of the Equipment – while it’s not a legal requirement to replace old equipment such as oil circuit-breakers, many businesses are upgrading to more modern alternatives, such as vacuum breakers. There are many reasons for this, but one important one is that newer equipment is easier to maintain.
- ii) Overstressed equipment – ensure your equipment is rated to deal with present-day current loads and fault levels. Older equipment may not have been designed for the amount of power modern work practices use, so testing the voltage both upstream and downstream of your switchgear, and how your equipment is coping, can prevent serious incidents occurring.

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[W3]Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession, discuss about it.

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[W3]Provision of safe and healthy work environment that accidents and illness can be prevented is a very important aspect in engineering profession, discuss about it.

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Provision of safe and healthy work environment is very important to the engineering profession because the work in engineering industry always close to the hazards and dangers. For example, workers in manufacturing will operate some machines. If the machine ages and fails, its may lead to accidents and worker can be injured. In engineering profession also use some dangerous chemicals such as flammable and poison chemicals. Without policies and standard operate procedures, these will impact worker safety and health. On the other hand, harsh work environments like cluttered, dusty and noisy will effect on the worker health. The worker may have pneumoconiosis, hearing loss and other physical and mental problems.

One of the most frequent reoccurring cases of accidents in engineering involves machinery. These accidents may be caused by improper handling, improper installation, untrained workers, poor attention to maintenance or lack of safety equipment. The maintenance of machinery must also be conducted according to schedule and workers should be informed about the maintenance in order to prevent accidents for the maintenance workers.

Therefore, it is necessary to provide a safe and healthy work environment. Employers must purchase qualified and approved equipment to ensure the safety of operating workers. Employers also employ machine inspectors to inspect malfunctioning machines and guarantee that they are safe to operate. Employers also can form the Safety and Health Committee in order to review the hazards at the workplace as well as release policies and standard operate procedures.

In conclusion, safe and healthy work environment is important to avoid accidents, illness and dangerous happened in the workplace especially engineering profession. Because of this, the employers must provide a safe and healthy workplace to ensure safety, health and welfare of the worker. In other words, employers must comply to the safety and health standards while maintaining the wellbeing of their employees at all times. Workers must also be alert and informed before performing their job to ensure their own safety as well as the safety of their colleagues.

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IN THE BEGINNING

Safety is an essential ethical requirement in engineering design. Strategies for safe design are used not only to reduce estimated probabilities of injuries but also to cope with hazards and eventualities that cannot be assigned meaningful probabilities. The notion of safe design has important ethical dimensions, such as that of determining the responsibility that a designer has for future uses of the designed object.

SAFETY ENGINEERING

There is a professional in safety and health field, which is safety engineering.A professional safety engineer is trained in studies that include industrial hygiene, engineering hazard controls, system and process safety,ergonomics,

system safety and fire control, safety and health management, product safety and construction safety. It also encompasses environmental safety and health, and safety, health and environmental laws, regulations and standards as well as accident investigation and analysis. Safety engineers look for ways to prevent accidents in the workplace. Sometimes, it’s their job to take into consideration the design and material of buildings and what a building would be used for, as well as emergency exits and installation of fire fighting equipment.

Safety engineering aims to manage risk in the workplace by eliminating or reducing it to acceptable levels. According to Wikipedia, “Risk is the combination of the probability of a failure event, and the severity resulting from

the failure. For instance, the severity of a particular failure

may result in fatalities, injuries, property damage, or nothing

more than annoyance. It may be a frequent, occasional or a

rare occurrence. As its name implies, safety engineering is about

reducing failure or, should failure occur, minimising it so that

the consequences will not be life-threatening.

IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN ENGINEERING

With safety ensured, companies actually save money as they spend less on insurance and medical costs. Secondly, when workers know workplace safety is being taken care of professionally, they will feel better about their jobs and become more productive in turn. They are also less likely to quit, which eliminates the need for companies to hire new staff whom they will have to train. Even if an accident should occur, the workers know there are personnel on hand who can act quickly to take care of the problem.

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In the workplace, safety and health regulations are essential to the well-being of the employees and the employer. Employers must understand that a safe workplace with healthy environment is the key point to develop a positive business culture among employees. It is the employers’ responsibility to ensure their employees are safe from current hazards that could occurred in their work environment.

Prevent Illness and Injury

Safety and Health procedures in the workplace can reduce the employee illnesses and injuries which leads to minimizing potential death to be happened. These procedures can help the employer and employees to understand the potential hazards in their work environment.

Increase Public Perception

Not having safety and health procedures in a workplace can have negative impacts to the business activities. A company that does not meet safety and health standards, it will face of losing their business, money, respect and clients. Customers will not put their trust to the unsafe company work style. Employers must understand that safety goes well beyond their employees. A positive team morale increases positive customer interactions, which leads to customer retention and loyalty

.

Minimize Legal Liabilities

The Government oversees the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 that stated people have a right to feel and be safe at work. It sets forth minimum standards for various industries and work environments. Therefore, safety and health training must be carried out in every company to create the awareness about the importance of safety and health in a workplace. Employers who disobey or violate against the laws may face the penalties that will affect their reputations.

equipment and ppe
1.Gloves
2.Surgical Face Masks
3.body protection
4.head protection

In conclusion,Safety and Health are very important for engineering professions to make sure their safe from hazards.Safety and Health procedures in the workplace can reduce the employee illnesses and injuries which leads to minimizing potential death to be happened. These procedures can help the employer and employees to understand the potential hazards in their work environment

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Explain and discuss OSH legislations in Malaysia
[Arif]:
This legislation is an effort in maintaining the safety and health of employees all around the world by introducing measures and guidelines to employers.

[Arman]:
What are the main health and safety regulations?
1. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. ...
2. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992. ...
3. The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992. ...
4. The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992.

Then, what is the purpose of OSH legislation?
OSH legislation is essential as a first step for the implementation of improved measures for safety and health as well as the prevention of accidents and diseases in the world of work. OSH law tackles issues at the national level as well as at the enterprise level.

[Amirul]:.
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The legislative structure of occupational safety and health in Malaysia is governed by the Constitution. The main legislations the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994), the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA 1967) and the Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984.

a) The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 provides the legislative framework for the safety, health and welfare among all Malaysian workforces.

It requires all companies to establish and document:
1. Safety and health policy.
2. Duties of the employer, employees and the safety and health officers.
3. The safety and health committee of companies.
4. Occupational safety and health inspections and officers.

Implementation
1. All employers with more than 5 employees are required by the legislation to arrange a written Safety and Health Policy.
2. Safety and Health Policy must be taken into account when making decisions or performing work activities of the organization.
3. This law also specifies the general duties of :
(a) Employers
(b) Self-employed persons.
(c) Manufacturers, designers and suppliers.
(d) Employees
(e) The establishment of the safety and health committee.
(f) The appointment of a safety and health officer.
(g) The enforcement, investigation and offenses.

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W4(3/11/2022) Explain and discuss OSH legislations in Malaysia

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W4(3/11/2022) Explain and discuss OSH legislations in Malaysia

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OSH legislation in Malaysia laws is enforced by DOSH which contains FATORIES & MACHINERY ACT 1967, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994, AND PETROLEUM (SAFETY MEASURES) ACT 1984.

FATORIES & MACHINERY ACT 1967:
• Substitutes the Machinery Ordinance 1953 which was enforced till 1967.
• Because did not address provisions related to health issues in the workplace.
• Improvises the weaknesses of the Machinery Ordinance 1953 by including provisions related to health and welfare of workers.

This Act contains 59 sections:
2. Interpretation of "factory"

If the workplace has more than 5 people working and in manual labor, then that workplace can be defined as a factory which required legislation to arrange a Safety and Health Policy. When a worker is making decisions and performing a job or work, Safety and Health Policy must be applied.

7. Powers of an Inspector:

Insepector have the power to enter, inspect and examine the factory. He/She also have the power to require any person in the factory to extract information and take samples of any material whether solid, liquid, gaseous or vaporous. Lastly, inspector have the ability to render or stop the factory if there are any regulation violated.

24. Personal protective clothing and appliances

PPE Requirement:
1. Wet
2. Dusty process
3. Noise
4. Heat
5. Poisonous
6. Corrosive
7. Other injurious substance

Adequate Personal Protective Protections:
1. Goggles
2. Gloves
3. Leggings
4. Caps
5. Footwear
6. Protective ointment

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The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 or Act 514 provides the legislative
framework for the safety, health and welfare among all Malaysian workforces. The
principle is to prevent and protect the workers against hazards and its risks in
connection with their activities at work. It requires all companies to establish and
document:
1. Safety and health policy,
2. Duties of the employer, employees and the safety and health officers,
3. The safety and health committee of companies, and
4. Occupational safety and health inspections and officers.

Personal protective clothing and appliances

In factory, person who running the work exposed to a wet
or dusty process, to noise, to heat or to any
poisonous, corrosive or other injurious substance which is cause bodily injury to those
persons.

Such as protective clothing and
appliances including where necessary goggles,
gloves, leggings, caps, foot-wear and protective
ointment or lotion.

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OSHA IN MALAYSIA

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OHS legislation

The purpose of  OSH legislation is the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work. It contains general principles concerning the prevention of occupational risks, i.e. prevention of unsafe working conditions.
The main OSH national policy in Malaysia is the enactment of Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 and Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994. Other legislation was also formulated to address specific issues and concerns. This paper reviews their implementation and various impacts on OSH in Malaysia

OSH legislation in Malaysia

The legislative structure of occupational safety and health in Malaysia is governed by the Constitution. OSH Laws enforced by Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH).The main legislations the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (“OSHA 1994”), the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (“FMA 1967”) and the Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984. The legislations in relation to safety and health at work and initiatives taken by the Government to reduce the occupational accidents in Malaysia.
Factories and Machinery 1967 vs Department of Occupational Safety and Health 1994

Hierarchy of OSH legislation

Act
-General rules
-endorsed byparliament
Regulation
-Details of act
-endorsed by minister
Industry Code of Practice
-Any code, standard, rule
-Specification related to OSH
-approved by minister
Guidelines
-technical advisory document by
National commission
-Detailed information
-No legal standing

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Factories and Machinery (FMA) 1967 VS Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) 1994. 

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Factories and Machinery (FMA) 1967 VS Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) 1994. 

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Approval of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is one of the needs and requirements of the Factories and Machinery Act 1967, Occupational Health and Safety Act 1994 and Regulations there under. These legislations can be referred to as Legislation on PPE.

The Regulations prescribe 7 types of PPE that require the approval from the Chief Inspector of Factories and Machinery and the Director General of Department of Occupational Safety and Health which includes: -

1. head protection

- Safety helmet

2. foot protection

- Lab shoe

3. hearing protection

- Headphone

4. eye protection (chemical hazard)

- Goggle

5. hands protection (chemical hazard)

- Protective glove (Fully coated)

6.body protection (safety harness, life lines and all devices for the attachment of life lines)

- Glow jacket

body protection (chemical hazard)

- Lab coat (Fabric construction)

7.respiratory protection(chemical hazard)

- Face mask(N95/KN95)

It is applicable for all PPE products used in the workplaces, including both imported and locally made PPE products. To obtain approval, all PPE must have a full type test report and product certification license from the Independent Inspecting/ Certification Body appointed by DOSH which is SIRIM Qas International Sdn Bhd.

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-OSH laws enforcer is DOSH.

-Hierarchy of legislations
1.Acts
2.Regulations
3.Orders
4.Codes of practices
5.Guidelines

-Promulgation
1.Substitutes the Machinery Ordinance 1953 which was enforced till 1967
2.Because did not address provisions related to health issues in the workplace

-6 Parts
1.Part i-Premilinary
2.Part ii-Safety,Health and Welfare
3.Part iii-Person in charge and certificates of competency
4.Part iv-Notification of accident,Dangerous occurance and dangerous diseases
5.Part v-Notice of occupation of factory and registration and use of machinery
6.Part vi-General

-3 Schedules
1.Dangerous occurance
2.Serious bodily injury
3.Notifiable occupational diseases

-Factory
1.Way of trade
2.Person are employed in manual labor
3.Business related
4.More than 5 persons

-Powers of inspectors
.To enter, inspect and examine

-Adequate personal protective protections
1.goggles
2.gloves
3.leggings
4.caps
5.foot-wear
6.protective ointment

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[W4] Explain and discuss OSH legislations in Malaysia

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[W4] Explain and discuss OSH legislations in Malaysia

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Occupational Safety and Health 1994
The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 or in Malay, Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994, is a piece of legislation in Malaysia. The Act was gazetted by the Malaysian Parliament on 24 February 1994. The principle of the Act is "To make further provision for securing the safety, health and welfare of persons at work, for protecting others against risks to safety or health in connection with the activities of persons at work, to establish the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health and for matters connected therewith."

The Act applies throughout Malaysia to work the industries and cover nearly 90% workforce in Malaysia except the person who work aboard ships and armed forces. This according the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952 [Ord. No. 70 of 1952], the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1960 of Sabah [Sabah Ord. No. 11 of 1960] or Sarawak [Sarawak Ord. No. 2 of 1960]. The industries which applicable specified in the First Schedule of the Act.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, in its current form (22/12/2018),  consists of 15 Parts containing 67 sections and 3 schedules which include the appointment of officers, responsibility of employer and employees, notification of accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning and occupational diseases, and inquiry as well as prohibition substances.

For example, Part VI of the Act which is General Duties of Employees states that employee should take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself at work. Employees should also wear personal protective equipment provided by employer at the workplace all time to prevent risks to his safety and health.

On the other hand, Part VIII of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 also states that employer shall notify the nearest occupational safety and health office of any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or is likely to occur at the place of work with the fast-available way.

I think Occupational Safety and Health Act is important because it can ensure safety, health and welfare of the worker at workplace. This Act can also reduce the risks of injury, accident and illness occur at the workplace. Therefore, government officers should enforce this Act to avoid some irresponsibility employer ignore safety, health and welfare employees in order to protect rights and interests of the worker. Government should also updates the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 from time to time to adapt the modern time because the rise of technology brings new industries to the fore.

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OSH Legislations

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The purpose of this Directive is the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work. It contains general principles concerning the prevention of occupational risks, i.e. prevention of unsafe working conditions.

Companies have the ethical and legal responsibility to ensure that their workers, the workers from subcontractors that are doing work in their facility or any other person, for instance a person visiting their facilities, remain safe at all times.

Hierarchy of legislations:

Acts

General law

Approved by the highest coucil

Regulations

Details of acts

Imposition of rules by government

To achieve quality control

Orders

Instructions based on regulations

Made by a certain authority

Code of Practice

Documents or detailed practical guidelines

Shows how a person should behave in a certain profession

Guidelines

Rules and principle thatcshould be obeyed inside a department

Ensure employers' or employees' safety by following them

Detailed and specific rules based on a certain workplace

Laws enforced by DOSH :-

1. Factories and Machinery Act 1967

2. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

3. Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984

Malaysian's OSH legislation history
-The Selangor Boiler Enactment 1892
-The Perak Boiler Enactment 1903
-The Perak Boiler Enactment 1908
-The Negeri Sembilan Boiler Enactment 1908
-Federal Machinery Enactment 1953
-Machinery Ordinance 1953
-Factories and Machinery Act 1967
-Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

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OSH legislation

The initial Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) legislation in Malaysia was constructed by the British administration. Malaysia continued to improve the legislation's scope to ensure that it continues to support the nation's growth. Workers in the warehousing and storage industry or third party logistic providers in some cases suffer high rate of occupational accidents as reflected in considerable share of occupational fatalities and lost-time injuries. OSH of workers should be integrated into the management plans so as to yield the benefits of high efficiency workforce. The main OSH national policy in Malaysia is the enactment of Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 and Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994. Other legislation was also formulated to address specific issues and concerns. This paper reviews their implementation and various impacts on OSH in Malaysia. Data were obtained from official sources. This paper discusses the current OSH status of warehousing and storage industry. The OSH problems are tied largely to the companies' organization and how the work is performed. Occupational accidents happened which resulted from many factors including poor OSH management system, inadequacies in access to information, inadequate training of personnel, machinery was not provided with appropriate tools and improper adoption of personal protective equipment, while the employees lacked awareness and knowledge of OSH and emergency response. Recommendations to improve OSH level are discussed in the paper. Potential solutions are such as enhancement in labor-management OSH planning and management, training of employees, adoption of new technologies, up-to-date regulation, and continuous health monitoring.

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Among the acts of the OSH legislations in Malaysia and its uses includes:
-Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA): An Act to provide for the control of factories with respect to matters relating to the safety, health and welfare of the person, plus also the registration and inspection of machinery and for matters connected
-Pesticide Act 1974: An act to regulate the management of pesticides in Malaysia. This act covers the management of all pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture.
-Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984z: An Act to provide for the regulation and control of atomic energy, for the establishment of standards on liability for nuclear damage and for matters connected or related to it
- Petroleum Development Act 1974: An act which vests the National Oil Company, Petroleum Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS), with the ownership and exclusive rights of exploring petroleum in Malaysia, both onshore and offshore.
- Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994:
An act created to:
a) secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work;
b) to protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against risks to safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work;
c) to promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs;
d) to provide the means whereby the associated occupational safety and health legislations may be progressively replaced by a system of regulations and approved industry codes of practice operating in combination with the provisions of this Act designed to maintain or improve the standards of safety and health.

Thus in short all the acts under the OSH legalisations functions to constantly remind every employer and self employed person to respect the personal safety and health of their employees and workers. That way every employees are able to work in a comfortable enviroment stress free without needing to worry much. With that said this can affect the employees to be more productive if the OSHA act is constantly respected and followed by their employees. At the same time the acts is also important to preserve and protect the condtion of our country's enviroment and economy too

-Bryan

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OSH legislation in malaysia are devided by three laws enforced that are created by DOSH. First factories & machinery act 1967, second, occupational safety and health act 1994 and third, patroleum (safety measures act 1984. There are also have a five steps in the hierarchy of legislations from acts to guidelines. This legislation are build to make sure that safety and health of the employees are guaranteed.

Machinery ordinance 1953 are contains 59 sections of act. Next, meaning of factory are way of trade, person are employed in manual labour, business are related and more than 5 persons carry the work. Because of the manual labour it can make any accident during the employment process. Beside that all factories have a different regulation.

Every process during the process need the inspection by an inspector. They will enter , inspect and examine. They also can require any person whom finds to give some information about that factories. And they also can take any sample of any material from that factory.  They alse can render inoperative the process

There are two type of obstruction an offence the first one not exceeding two hundred thousand ringgit or imprisonment not exceeding five years or both.

Workers need to wear PPE if they require wet, dusty process, noise, heat, poisonous, corrosive during the process.

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Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles(Oxford Advanced American Dictionary). I think integrity in engineering is the engineer's responsibility to ensure the safety of the product, system or process in order to guarantee users safe. Other than that, engineering integrity also the discipline of the engineers during the production process which tie with the law. Application of these disciplines can minimizes the cost, schedule, technical, and legal risks of a program and improves the overall life cycle cost.

Personal Ethics
Personal ethics refers to the ethics that a person identifies with in respect to people and situations that they deal with in everyday life. Personal ethics are influenced by factors such as background, age, education, religion, experience and other. Personal ethics focus on what are held to be intrinsic or universal values truth, honesty, or other measure of goodness.

Professional Ethics

Ethics in Engineering

Engineering ethics are the standards and responsibilities an engineer must uphold in the execution of their work in regards to morality and the code of professional conduct. Engineering ethics encompasses the entire engineering process including the designing process as well as the consequences of their design towards their environment. As such, ethics are an integral aspect on an engineer's decision-making process.

In terms of integrity, engineers are also obligated to follow the acts and laws placed by authorities. They are personally obligated to follow the laws on their own accord even without supervision or strong enforcements of laws in their workplace. In relation to integrity, engineers work in cooperation with the public. This means they have a tremendous responsibility to provide for their clients, individuals and society as a whole.

In Malaysia, a practicing engineer is required to carry a certificate and be registered under the Board of Engineers Malaysia(BEM). A registered engineer must not falsify his/her qualifications nor exaggerate their past achievements. In addition, registered engineers are allowed to only undertake assignments of which they have education and experience in.

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Integrity, said author C.S. Lewis, “is doing the right thing, even when no one is looking.”  Integrity is a foundational moral virtue, and the bedrock upon which good character is built.

Acting with integrity means understanding, accepting, and choosing to live in accordance with one’s principles, which will include honesty, fairness, and decency. A person of integrity will consistently demonstrate good character by being free of corruption. Integrity is revealed when people act virtuously regardless of circumstance or consequences. This often requires moral courage. Indeed, integrity is the critical connection between ethics and moral action.

Integrity exists in a positive realm devoid of normative content. Integrity is thus not about good or bad, or right or wrong, or what should or should not be. Morality, ethics and legality exist in a normative realm of virtues (that is, they are about good and bad, right and wrong, or what should or should not be).
[ Arman ]

[ Arif ] :

[ Amirul ] :

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Meaning of engineering:
-Is a branch of science and technology

Engineering encompasses :
1.science and art
2.mathematics and creativity
3.models and approximations

Meaning of engineering in 'ABET':
-Identifies engineering as “the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice .

Integrity:
-Provides access to the opportunity for superior performance and competitive advantage at both the individual, group and organizational level .

-A quality of excellence that is manifested in a holistic and integral manner in individuals and organizations .

-Integrity is based on ethics and noble values .

Ethics:
-A set of moral values and principles .
-Deals with what we believe to be good or bad .
-Personal ethics  is individual morality usually implies a set of internally held values .
-Professional Ethics  is usually connected to a shared understanding of proper conduct guidelines among a group of people .
-Engineering Ethics means professional ethics for engineers .
-Codes of ethics are written by specific groups of people for specific groups of people, each group having its own purpose for existence and its own means of accomplishing its purpose .

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Ethics as a discipline is concerned with what is morally good and bad, and right or wrong, while morality deals with standards and rules of good conduct in society, and law, as a cognitive process, regulates social life through the promulgated rules crafted by a legitimate authority. But how are the differences or similarities between these interrelated concepts expressed? First, the main difference between law and morality appears in the mode of expression. Morality is expressed through the conduct of the individual and his relationship with others, whereas the law applies to the external behavior of individuals in their relation to one another as citizens. Morality is in some way an integral part of law, and every legal system, and to that extent is inseparable from it. Second, although ethics and morality are often used interchangeably, the difference between them, as we will examine further, is more than a matter of terminology, as the terms clarify the relationship of individual values to those within the social and legal order. Finally, regarding legal ethics, the importance of this discipline lies in shaping lawyers’ behavior and professional conduct that are principles they should conform to as members of both the social and legal communities.

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Discuss about integrity and element in integrity such as moral ethics and legality.

Integrity is a foundational moral and the good character that is built in someone. This includes :
(a) Understanding,
(b) Accepting and
(c) Choosing to live in accordance with one’s principles which include honesty, fairness and decency.

A person of integrity will consistently demonstrate good character by being free of corruption and hypocrisy.

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Discuss about integrity and element in integrity such as moral ethics and legality.

Integrity is a foundational moral and the good character that is built in someone. This includes :
(a) Understanding,
(b) Accepting and
(c) Choosing to live in accordance with one’s principles which include honesty, fairness and decency.

A person of integrity will consistently demonstrate good character by being free of corruption and hypocrisy.

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Sustainability can be defined as “meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

There are three main points of sustainability :
1) Economic
2) Environmental
3) Social

Economic involves creating economic value out of any project or decision you are taking. Economic sustainability means that decisions are made in the most equitable and fiscally sound way possible while considering the other aspects of sustainability.

Environmental includes proper management of our natural resources. Using the Z-squared approach to sustainability, we can minimize our impacts on the environment. In some cases, we can even promote habitat restoration and preservation as means to negotiate a successful solution to a problem.

Social encompasses many things such as human rights, environmental law, and public involvement & participation. Failing to put emphasis on the social part of decisions or actions can result in the slow collapse of the spheres of sustainability (and society as well).

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Sustainability defined as:
-The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.
-Sustainability consists of fulfilling the needs of current generations without compromising the needs of future generations, while ensuring a balance between economic growth, environmental care and social well-being.

The three spheres of sustainability:
1)Economic
2)Environmental
3)Social

Economic:
-Refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.
-Examples of economic sustainability:
1)Recycling
2) Reducing pollution

Environmental:
- The responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems to support health and wellbeing in future.
-Importance of environmental sustainability:
1)Have healthy communities
2)Avoid excess pollution
3)Protect ecosystem

Social:
- Is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative, on people.
-Social sustainability is a proactive way of managing and identifying business impacts on employees, workers in the value chain, customers, and local communities.

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Ethics is the principles of good and bad behaviour governing what is right and wrong conduct.The importance of moral ethics:

Make society better. When we help make society better, we are rewarded with also making better own lives and the lives of our families and friends. Without moral conduct, society would be a miserable place.

Treat everyone equally. Equality is a cornerstone of most Western democracies, where all individuals are afforded the same rights. This is not possible without the majority of citizens behaving in a moral manner.

Secure meaningful employment. Often employers will look at a person’ past behaviour as a predictor of future behaviour. Someone who has a history of immoral behaviour will have difficulty securing employment in a meaningful job, as that person may not be trusted.

Succeed at business. If you are employed in an occupation in which there you must rely on others, your moral conduct will determine the degree of goodwill that you receive from others. Businesses that have a checkered moral history are typically viewed with caution and are unlikely to attract new customers through word of mouth, and therefore are unlikely to prosper. This is especially the case where social media makes customer reviews readily accessible.

Lessen stress. When we make immoral decisions, we tend to feel  uncomfortable and concerned about our decision making. Making the right moral decision, or taking a principled perspective on an issue, reduces stress.

The objective of the legality principle is mainly to protect individuals’ freedom and security, negate and prevent abuse of power, and thus avoid giving wide discretionary power to the authority.

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Integrity and element in integrity such as moral ethics and legality

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Integrity is the foundation for leadership. Your teammates, your colleagues, your peers, your clients, and your loved ones need to be able to count on you. Integrity means “all together” or “whole cloth”.The importance of moral ethics are:
*Respect to all. When they respect to all, they will believe you. They accept your word as truth until it is disproven. That being said, they do not take lying well. And once you lie to them, it is unlikely that they will ever take your word again.

*Kind to those who need it. They are always kind to those who need it. Giving kindness can go a long way. When someone looks like they need a little pick me up these people deliver. They can brighten up almost anyone’s day.

*Moral Courage. Moral courage helps avoid this slippery slope. Moral courage takes several forms, including speaking the truth to others especially those who are peers or above you in the organizational structure. It could mean speaking the truth to your bosses, especially when it is unpopular.

*Do What You Say . This means that a person and in some cases an entire organization has a point of view about what matters. They declare something of value and they stick to that endorsement. They do what they say. They stand for something, even if, and especially if, they stand to lose something in the process.

*Honesty. They are always honest. They are honest people that feel no need to lie as it is important for them to get to where they need to get in life honestly.

In general, ethics can be defined as a branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles that shape an individual’s behavior or decisions. Although one could use morality and ethics as interchangeable concepts, they are different by their origin. Morals are about referring to individual principles, while ethics is based on rules set by external sources. In the same manner, the law is a set of rules imposed by the legislative authority that prohibits or requires particular behavior. In contrast, ethics is a more broaden concept that lays on general opinions and principles of society. In other words, ethics encompasses law prescriptions and social values to judge what is wrong and what is right.

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Discuss about integrity and element in integrity such as moral ethics and legality.

Integrity is a quality of a person to hold a strong moral principles and being honest.Integrity is based on ethics and values in their daily lives.

A person with high integrity is consistent and honest in doing their work.
Integrity is based on ethics principles and values.
Element in integrity such as
respectful- being respectful to each other is important because respect can only be earned, using polite words and giving opportunity to other people can lead to people being respectful to you.
Responsibility- being responsible to our responsibility is important because we can earn other people trust if we being responsible.
Helping others- As a human that lives in a society, we need to help each other in our daily lives. Helping each other is a sign of high integrity.

There are many type of ethics such as
personal ethics
-individual morality that can guide personal beliefs and actions
professional ethics
-the understanding of proper conduct among a group of people
engineering ethics
-professional ethics for engineers

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Discuss figure 1 above in SDG context

Sustainability is the ability to exist and develop without depleting natural resources
3 type of sustainability are
Social
Environment
Economic

Social
-Social sustainability means aspect of sustainability for people. Social issues currently we facing are poverty, hunger, health and wellbeing, education, gender equality, decent work and dignity, inequality, and peace and justice.
A good social sustainability means all social issues are solved.

Environment
-Environment sustainability is defined as interaction with the environment without depleting or degradation of natural resources.Current issues for environment are global warming, extinction of species below water and on land and destroyed animals habitat.

Economic
-Economic sustainability is evaluating the environmental impact of economic activity and devising sustainability goals to create a more livable future. A sustained economic can maintain global economy for a long term, preservation of human and animals life and new discoveries for sustainability

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Background about three fundamental pillars
The concept of sustainable development is named after the Brundtland report, which reported sustainable consumption in developed countries. Sustainable development is based on three fundamental pillars: social, economic and environmental.

The Brundtland report, which sustainable development is gets its name from – delineated the development of human resources in the form of reducing extreme poverty, global gender equity, and wealth redistribution.

The Brundtland report was imperative to implement strategies to prevent environmental degradation, and how environmental limits impact energy efficiency, the global economy, economic resources, and overall sustainable industrialization and development.

Social pillar 🤝

The social pillar of a company's sustainable development refers to values that promote equality and respect for individual rights. The social consequences of the company's social activity are then assessed in accordance to these issues, such as gender equality.

The principles upon which this pillar is founded are as follows:

Combat social exclusion and discrimination: helping with reintegration, supporting gender equality, reducing the gender pay gap, promoting training, encouraging dialogue, and applying global social rights. In other words, the goal is to seek to aid the global population.

Promote solidarity: helping to reduce social inequalities by collaborating with local and international associations and projects, and prioritizing fair trade products which guarantee an appropriate income for farmers and help to promote sustainable agriculture.

Contribute to the well-being of stakeholders: developing social dialogue, encouraging the exchange of information and transparency, adapting working hours according to employee profile, and making premises accessible to people with reduced mobility.

Economic pillar 💵

This pillar is based on companies’ ability to contribute to economic development and growth. In other words, they must encourage and promote the protection of the environment by limiting the risks posed by their production. The recycling of products and the use of renewable energy are therefore fundamental aspects of the development of the economic pillar.

Furthermore, the ISO 50001 standard which is focused on energy efficiency, aims to improve energy performance, while reducing energy consumption and therefore contributing to economic growth. Effectively implementing of this standard leads to a certification, serving as a guarantee of optimal, affordable and clean energy use.

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Environmental pillar 🌱

The environmental pillar is founded on a commitment to protect the environment by reducing risks and measuring the environmental impacts of companies' activities. The challenges for companies in this area are as follows:

Saving and preserving natural energy or agricultural resources

Assessing their carbon footprint and reducing total greenhouse gas emissions and further achieve sustainable development goals.

Prevent water scarcity and reduce overall waste for current and future generations.

Companies must set targets toimprove their performance on environmental issues. These goals are an integral part of Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility (CSER).

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SGD context

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The primary objective of workplace safety and health programs is to avoid workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths, as well as the pain and financial burden that these occurrences may create for workers, their families, and employers.

Based on these statement, you need to conduct a critical review report related to safety and health issue.