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Q11. Dill cried because he couldn’t stand Mr. Glimer talking so hateful to Tom.

Q12. The bag contains a bottle of Coca-Cola.

Q13. Atticus unbutton and takes off his clothes in order to help people see him as a common man and not a figure of authority.

Q14. Atticus wants to deliver that they should set aside racial prejudice and just consider what occured between Tom and Mayella.

Q15. Calpurnia passes a note that the children are missing.

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acquit v. 무죄를 선고하다

tacit a. 조용한

demur v. 이의를 제기하다

vengeance n. 복수

remorse n. 회한

scurry v. 종종걸음치다

indignant a. 분개한

stab n. 자상

steer v. 조종하다

jerk v. 홱 움직이다

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In this part of "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, Mr. Raymond offers Dill a drink to settle his stomach, which surprises Scout because she believes Mr. Raymond to be an evil person. Dill reveals that it's just Coca-Cola in the bottle, and Mr. Raymond swears them to secrecy. Scout questions why Mr. Raymond pretends to be drunk all the time, and he explains that it's because some people in Maycomb disapprove of his lifestyle, and pretending to be a drunk gives them a reason to dislike him. In reality, he doesn't drink much. Scout asks why he trusted them, and he says that children can understand his situation, and Dill is still young enough to be affected by the racial injustice he witnesses.

Then, they return to the courthouse where Atticus is in the midst of his closing argument in Tom Robinson's trial. He argues that Tom is not guilty and suggests that Mayella Ewell is guilty of tempting a black man, which goes against societal norms. Atticus implies that Bob Ewell beat Mayella when he discovered what had happened. He emphasizes that not all black people are immoral, and people of all colors can be good or bad. Atticus talks about the importance of equality in the courtroom and implores the jury to believe Tom's innocence.

Dill notices Calpurnia heading toward Atticus as the trial continues.

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corrupt adj. 부패한
perpetrate v. 저지르다
corroborative adj. 입증하는
temerity n. 무모함
aridity n. 건조

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chifforobe : a closet-like piece of furniture that combines a long space for hanging clothes with a chest of drawers. Typically the wardrobe section runs down one side of the piece, while the drawers occupy the other side. It may have two enclosing doors or have the drawer fronts exposed and a separate door for the hanging space.
Cotton farm slavery in U.S. : Cotton offered potential wealth; black slavery solved the labor problem. In the first half of the nineteenth century, cotton was primarily responsible for the enslavement of four million African Americans.Cotton planting took place in March and April, when slaves planted seeds in rows around three to five feet apart. Over the next several months, from April to August, they carefully tended the plants and weeded the cotton rows. Beginning in August, all the plantation's slaves worked together to pick the crop.

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lavation(n): 씻기, 세정

strenuous(a): 힘이 많이 드는, 몹시 힘든, 격렬한

mollified(a): 화가 누그러진, 감정이 진정된

recital(n): 발표회, 연주회

stealthy(a): 살며시[몰래] 하는, 잠행하는

contorted(a): 뒤틀린

resentfully(adv): 분개하여

railing(n): 철책

pilgrimage(n): 순례, 성지 참배

wrathfully(adv): 격노하여

browbeating(n): 위협, 협박

articulate(v): 분명히 표현하다

spittoon(n): 타구

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The federal court system in the United States consists of three main levels: district courts (where trials take place), circuit courts (the first level of appeal), and the Supreme Court of the United States (the final appellate level). There are 94 district courts, 13 circuit courts, and one Supreme Court located across the country.

Federal courts operate differently from state courts in several ways, particularly in civil cases (as opposed to criminal cases). The most significant distinction is the types of cases they can handle. Federal courts have limited jurisdiction, which means they can only adjudicate cases that are authorized by the United States Constitution or federal laws. Federal district courts serve as the initial venues for cases involving federal statutes, the Constitution, or treaties, and this is known as "original jurisdiction." At times, the jurisdiction of state courts may overlap with that of federal courts, allowing some cases to be filed in both systems. In such situations, the plaintiff typically has the initial choice of filing the case in either state or federal court. However, if the plaintiff chooses state court, the defendant may, under certain circumstances, opt to "remove" the case to federal court.

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Tom recounted how Mayella asked for his help, but her advances led to her father's threats, prompting Tom to flee. His employer defended his character but was expelled. Tom's empathy for Mayella challenged racial norms, causing unease in the courtroom. Outside, Dill and Scout discussed the trial, saddened by Tom's unfair treatment during questioning.

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irony : 'As Mr. Dolphus Raymond was an evil man I accepted his invitation reluctantly,...'
simile : "this case is as simple as black and white"

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6. How does Tom explain his relationship with Mayella before the alleged crime?
Mayella would occasionally call on Tom to do certain tasks for her, free of charge, multiple times, only when he was called on. She obviously was interested in him as as she testified there were alot of other black people around.

7. Why does Scout think Mayella is so sad?
Scout thinks Mayella Ewell “must have been the loneliest person in the world.” She doesn’t have any friends, and because she is of mixed race and not from a “fine old family” people don’t want to be associated with her

8. Why did Tom do chores for Mayella for nothing?
He tried to help for because he felt sorry for her.
“I felt right sorry for her, she seemed to try more’n the rest of ‘em—“

9. What can you infer about Tom’s integrity or personality based on his attitude on the stand?
He is honest and empathetic, hardworking despite his disability.

10. How does Mr. Gilmer question Tom Robinson and what is his intention?
He is using racism to his advantage, and making it look like Tom indeed lusted after poor Mayella

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“Mayella Ewell must have been the lonliest person in the world.” - hyperbole
“She was as sad as what Jem called a mixed child.” - similie
“She couldn’t live like Mr.Dolphus Raymond.” - similie
“Tom was soft black velvet.” - metaphor

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p.242 : there was something stealthy about hers, like a steady-eyed cat with a twitchy tail. (Simile)
p.248 : His left arm was fully twelve inches shorter than his right, and hung dead at his side. (Dramatic irony)
p.253 : the cigar suffered a vicious bite. (Personification)

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envelope n)봉투

peeved adj) 짜증이 난

oughta = ought to

paralysis n)마비

exhilarate v)아주 기쁘게 만들다

men/women folk n) 여성/남성들

fret v)조바심치다

carpenter n)목수

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Q1) She is afraid of, wary of Atticus.
Q2) Ewell’s home life - insufficient relief check / Ewell is always drunk. / child abuse
Q3) read her father’s face
Q4) She saw Tom passing her house every day but never let him in.
Q5) To show everyone Tom has short left arm. To arouse her guilt.

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Calpurnia passes Atticus a note from his sister that says his children have gone missing. Mr. Underwood points out that the kids have been ''right up yonder in the colored balcony'' since early afternoon. Calpurnia is livid and remains so for the rest of the chapter. Atticus tells them to go home ''and stay home,'' but the children plead with him to allow them to return after dinner to hear the verdict. Atticus concedes, and Jem can't hide his excitement. He is confident that Tom will be acquitted.
When they arrive back in court after eating, nothing has changed. The jury is still out, and Judge Taylor is just reentering. The children take their seats on the balcony next to Reverend Sykes, and he fills them in on what has happened in their absence. Seeing Jem's overflowing optimism regarding the trial's outcome, the Reverend Sykes warns him to curb his confidence. He tells Jem that he ''ain't ever seen any jury decide in favor of a colored man over a white man.''
Hours pass, and the courtroom grows cold to Scout. She watches Mr. Tate speak with Atticus before calling the court to order. Tom is brought back into the room, and the jury follows. The jurors state their verdicts one by one. ''Guilty...guilty...guilty...guilty.'' Atticus begins gathering his things, has a few words with Tom, and exits the courtroom. As he walks down the aisle to the door, the African American people on the balcony rise to their feet to respect Atticus.

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mayella violet ewell: daughter of Mr. ewell

mr. glimer: prosecuter

judge taylor: the judge

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1. Disorderly: 무질서한, 정돈되지 않은
2. Chiffarobe: 옷장과 서랍이 결합된 가구
3. Nickel: 니켈, 화학 원소로서 기호는 "Ni"이며, 동전 등에 사용되기도 하는 금속
4. Velvet: 벨벳, 부드럽고 질감이 부드러운 직물
5. Holler: 큰 소리로 외치거나 소리를 지르는 행동
6. Unimpaired: 손상되지 않은, 온전한
7. Jury: 배심원단, 법정에서 증인 증언에 근거하여 판결을 내리는 그룹
8. Sheer: 순전한, 완전한 형태 또는 경사가 극히 가파른

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1 Mayella sounded like a Mr. Jingle in a book I had been reading. - simile

2 His left arm was fully twelve inches shorter than his right, and hung dead at his side. - personification

3 Mr. Braxton Underwood, who had been sitting quietly in a chair reserved for the Press, soaking up testimony with his sponge of a brain, allowed his bitter eyes to rove over the colored balcony, and they met mine. - metaphor

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Discrimination experienced by black people in the early 1900s in the southern United States was severe. At this time, racism was also established, and black people were discriminated against in various aspects, including education, jobs, and voting rights, by racist laws and institutions. Because of this, black people experienced distress and oppression even after the abolition of slavery.In the early 1900s, there was a racist policy called "segregation" in the South of the United States. This was aimed at separating black and white people from public facilities, educational institutions, churches, restaurants, etc. Black people were prohibited from sharing with white people in public, and they had to use separate facilities from white people. This led to enormous discrimination in education and socio-economic opportunities. Black people also often suffered public balance or violent behavior by the public. Based on this background, black and white people could not be treated equally in various court rulings, and when black and white people were tried, most of them were judged in favor of white people.