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My Reflection of Domain 7: Profession Practice 

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Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds (p. 30). https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Note: Adapted from World Health Organization. (2023). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/

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Income and Social Protection

Migrants and refugees often face income disparities and lack social protection when arriving in Australia. They often will leave behind their possessions, affecting their income and ability to access healthcare services, housing, and nutritious food (Hynie, 2017). The stress of financial instability can cause PTSD and depression. Australia has social protection systems in place, such as income support payments, Australia’s JobKeeper and cash-for-work initiative to support people in meeting their basic needs and support economic recovery (Australia’s Assistance for Social Protection, 2023).

Social Inclusion and Non-Discrimination

Experiences of exclusion and discrimination can result in stress anxiety and depression, hindering engagement and limiting opportunities for social connections (Hynie, 2017). Australia has The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 to outlaw discrimination based on race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, with the ability to seek legal redress. Social support programs such as The Australian Cultural Orientation Program, Settlement Engagement and Transition Support programs aim to promote social inclusion, participation, and community connectedness (Refugee Response Index (RRI) Australia Review - Pillar 4: Refugees Become Self-Reliant, 2022).

Education

Language barriers and differences in education systems can make it challenging for migrants and refugees to access educational opportunities, limiting their socioeconomic mobility (Hynie, 2017). Australia has initiatives to support the education of migrants and refugees, such as English as a Second Language programs and cultural sensitivity training. Australia has embedded intercultural education into its school curriculum to teach about the histories and cultures of minority groups (Refugee Response Index (RRI) Australia Review - Pillar 4: Refugees Become Self-Reliant, 2022).

Australia’s assistance for social protection. (2023). Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/topics/development-issues/building-resilience/social-protection

Hynie, M. (2017). The Social Determinants of Refugee Mental Health in the Post-Migration Context: A Critical Review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717746666

Refugee Response Index (RRI) Australia Review - Pillar 4: Refugees become self-reliant. (2022, December 13). Www.refugeecouncil.org.au. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/rri-refugees-become-self-reliant/

World Health Organization. (2023). Social determinants of health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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Principal Health Issues that Afghan Refugees Face

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Principal Health Issues that Afghan Refugees Face

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Afghanistan is in Central Asia. Following the invasion by the Soviet Union in 1979, Afghan refugees settled in Australia (Rezaei et al., 2021). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, there are 59, 797 Afghanistan-born people living in Australia in 2021. Anaemia, Malaria and Tuberculosis are common health concerns that people from Afghanistan is likely to present with upon arrival to Australia ​​(Matsangos et al., 2022).

Malaria is a mosquito-spread parasitic protozoal infection. One treatment available to refugees from Afghanistan who have tested positive for malaria includes antimalarial drugs such as artemisinin-based combination therapies, a combination of two or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite (Mayo clinic, 2018).

Anaemia is defined as a low blood haemoglobin concentration. One treatment available to refugees from Afghanistan who have tested positive for anaemia due to iron deficiency is oral supplementation (Turner & Badireddy, 2022).

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by infection of Mycobacteria. One treatment available to refugees from Afghanistan who have tested positive for latent tuberculosis infection is isoniazid through oral for 6-9 months (Denholm et al., 2020).

2021 People in Australia who were born in Afghanistan, Census Country of birth QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). Australian Bureau of Statistics. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7201_AUS

Denholm, J., Baker, A.-M., & Timlin, M. (2020). Latent tuberculosis in the general practice context. Australian Journal of General Practice, 49(3), 107–110. https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-10-19-5139

Matsangos, M., Ziaka, L., Exadaktylos, A. K., Klukowska-Rötzler, J., & Ziaka, M. (2022). Health Status of Afghan Refugees in Europe: Policy and Practice Implications for an Optimised Healthcare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159157

Mayo clinic. (2018). Malaria. Mayoclinic.org; Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351190

Rezaei, O., Adibi, H., & Banham, V. (2021). Integration Experiences of Former Afghan Refugees in Australia: What Challenges Still Remain after Becoming Citizens? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910559

Turner, J., & Badireddy, M. (2022, August 8). Anemia. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/

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Many Filipinos are talented and artistic when it comes to digital art, a modern way to express meaning. “The Time Capsule Project” was launched to gather youth participation nationwide to use art to promote mental health and wellness. Lou San Diego shared, “With my vulnerability, I have managed to create art that resonates with people. Art is made for us to feel something or even make us think about a person or a thing”.

Mendoza-Dayrit, M. (2022). Promoting mental health and wellness through art. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2022/07/19/2196297/promoting-mental-health-and-wellness-through-art

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The First Olympic Gold for The Philippines

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The First Olympic Gold for The Philippines

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Note: Image adapted from Olympics. (2021, July 28). Hidilyn Diaz: Making history for the Philippines. https://olympics.com/athlete365/games-time/hidilyn-diaz-making-history-for-the-philippines/

Sports, deeply embedded in Filipino heritage, foster national unity. Olympic gold medallist Hidilyn Diaz is celebrated as a hero, When Filipinos rally around their athletes, moments of national pride emerge, providing a positive impact on the mental health of individuals within the Filipino community. Hidilyn Diaz serves as an inspiration, uplifting the mental well-being of countless individuals who find pride in her accomplishment. The connection between sports, national pride and mental health contributes to the holistic well-being of the Filipino people.

Olympics. (2021). Hidilyn Diaz: Making history for the Philippines. Olympics. https://olympics.com/athlete365/games-time/hidilyn-diaz-making-history-for-the-philippines/

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Note: Image adapted from Cortes-Maramba, N. P. (n.d.). Tsaang Gubat for Biliary and Intestinal Colic Pains https://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/heartnovation/tsaang-gubat-for-biliary-and-intestinal-colic-pains/

Caromana restusa, also known as “Tsaang Gubat '' meaning forest tea is a shrub found in the Philippines and is recognised for its medicinal properties in treating stomachaches, abdominal pain and diarrhea. The leaves are soaked to create a tea for ingestion (Cortes-Maramba, n.d.).

Cortes-Maramba, N. P. (n.d.). Tsaang Gubat for Biliary and Intestinal Colic Pains. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development. https://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/heartnovation/tsaang-gubat-for-biliary-and-intestinal-colic-pains/

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Note: Video adapted from LINUPHYSIO'S WORLD OF AMAZING VIDEOS. (2017). Tinikling/Tinkling/Bamboo Dance-Philippines Traditional Cultural Dance/Folk Music/Kawayan [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iO40l1y4YXc

Tinikling is a traditional Filipino folk dance performed barefoot, involving two people clapping bamboo poles together to create rhythm while dancers step over and between the poles. The tinkling dance is classified as a moderate to vigorous physical activity and can improve cardiovascular fitness and improve cardiometabolic risk factors (Heil et al., 2019).

Heil, D. P., Angosta, A. D., Zhu, W., & Alforque-Tan, R. (2019). The Energy Expenditure of Tinikling: A Culturally Relevant Filipino Dance. International Journal of Exercise Science, 12(4), 111–121. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6355119/

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Note: Video adapted from I Belong to the Zoo. (2018). I Belong to the Zoo - Sana (Official Music Video). [Youtube Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ea3NPjCXPeg&list=PLauSG-Wu_UFniLjdrcHRs9lazgtgbzUc5&index=4

Filipinos are well known for their talented voices all around the world. Original Pilipino Music (OPM) refers to any music composed and performed by Filipinos. The lyrics can be in any language. Music can create significant improvements in mental health, including reducing anxiety and psychophysiological changes such as reducing blood pressure and heart rate (Dingle et al., 2021).

Dingle, G. A., Sharman, L. S., Bauer, Z., Beckman, E., Broughton, M., Bunzli, E., Davidson, R., Draper, G., Fairley, S., Farrell, C., Flynn, L. M., Gomersall, S., Hong, M., Larwood, J., Lee, C., Lee, J., Nitschinsk, L., Peluso, N., Reedman, S. E., & Vidas, D. (2021). How Do Music Activities Affect Health and Well-Being? A Scoping Review of Studies Examining Psychosocial Mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713818

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I Belong to the Zoo - Sana (Official Music Video)

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Chicken Adobo is a stable food for many people in the Philippines and is always served with rice. There are many different versions of Chicken Adobo in the Philippines, and it varies in different areas. I love making this dish if I need a healthy, quick and comforting meal, taking me back to my childhood in the Philippines.

Ingredients

2 tablespoons canola oil

5 chicken drumsticks (about 1 3/4 pounds)

5 bone-in chicken thighs (about 1 3/4 pounds)

1 large yellow onion, quartered and sliced 1/4 inch thick

8 cloves garlic, smashed

5 bay leaves

¼ teaspoon whole black peppercorns

1 cup cane vinegar (see Tips) or unseasoned rice vinegar

⅓ cup reduced-sodium soy sauce

Directions

Step 1: Heat oil in a large pot over medium heat until it starts to shimmer. Add drumsticks and cook until brown on all sides, 4 to 6 minutes. Transfer to a plate. Add thighs to the pot and cook until browned, about 3 minutes per side. Transfer to the plate with the drumsticks.

Step 2: Add onion, garlic, bay leaves and peppercorns to the pot; cook, stirring occasionally, until the garlic just begins to brown, about 3 minutes. Add vinegar and soy sauce and bring to a simmer, scraping up any browned bits. Return the chicken to the pot and turn to coat with the sauce. Reduce heat to maintain a gentle simmer, cover and cook, stirring occasionally, until the chicken is very tender, about 1 hour.

Step 3: Transfer the chicken to a clean plate and cover loosely with foil to keep warm. Bring the sauce to a boil and cook, stirring often, until reduced by about one-third, 3 to 5 minutes. Serve the chicken with the sauce.

Goode, J. (2023). Filipino Chicken Adobo. EatingWell. https://www.eatingwell.com/recipe/262791/filipino-chicken-adobo/