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a group of layers to which a mask is applied.

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allows users to alter their object or selection in a variety of ways, such as scale, rotate, distort, or flip (mirror)

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the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters.

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The vertical space between lines of type

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the toolbar on the left side of the screen changes to a new set of tools. These tools are designed to assist users in defining and refining the selected portion of the canvas.

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focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look. You can avoid oversharpening by setting a lower Strength value in the options bar.

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allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image.

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darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes.

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allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation.

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is a retouching tool used to alter the saturation of a portion of an image. It is reminiscent of the sponges used by watercolor artists to soften (or even remove) a color that has already been lain on the canvas.

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simulates a brush smearing wet paint.

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removes the part of an image surrounding the selection. Crop to remove distractive background elements and create a focus on your desired object in the image.

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You draw it across a line that's supposed to be straight, and then Photoshop will do the actual straightening for you.

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fills an area, that is similar in color value to the pixels you click.

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allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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allows you to add horizontal text to your images

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allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view.

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Click the magnifying glass in the toolbar to access the Zoom tool, and then click on the specific area you want to zoom in on.

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allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush

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makes a selection in the shape of a rectangle.

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allows you to quickly and easily select one area or section of an image.

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creates selections with straight edges. It is perfect for selecting objects like buildings and products.

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automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select.

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helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image. It allows you to soften the edges of your selection or add a feathering effect; it's also useful for anti-aliasing.

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allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image. They work very much like the cloning tools. You sample pixels in one are of an image, then paint over another area replacing it with the sampled pixels.

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magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image. Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly.

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so you can seamlessly remove unwanted artifacts from an image and quickly perform retouching tasks.

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like a giant healing brush, use it to remove large blemishes from photos.

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys

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the difference between the light pixels and dark pixels. Low contrast images contain a narrow range of colors while high contrast images have bright highlights and dark shadows. Adjusting the contrast can either make an image more vivid or can mute the tones for a more subdued feel.

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is a little more specific. It saturates the parts of a photo that aren't that colorful. This allows every color to stand out without making the composition look too busy. The intensity of colors also raises.

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the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color, but you can think of it as the basic color on the color wheel.

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the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly.

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the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is. A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated.

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a popular light modifier used by photographers and videographers to soften or diffuse light. Scrims are generally made from steel and fabric, although a variety of materials can be used.

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an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter.

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm—and the distinctive look it makes possible.

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"magnification factor", "focal length factor" or "focal length multiplier". This usage reflects the observation that lenses of a given focal length seem to produce greater magnification on crop-factor cameras than they do on full-frame cameras.

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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The term post-processing (or postproc for short) is used in the video/film business for quality-improvement image processing (specifically digital image processing) methods used in video playback devices, such as stand-alone DVD-Video players; video playing software; and transcoding software.

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images. Graphic designers and photographers typically use this term.

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Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data; it is used to summarize basic information about data that can make tracking and working with specific data easier. Some examples include: Means of creation of the data. Purpose of the data.

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A digital single-lens reflex camera (digital SLR or DSLR) is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a solid-state image sensor and digitally records the images from the sensor.

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is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake.

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an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens.

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a lens with a longer focal length than standard, giving a narrow field of view and a magnified image.

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a fixed focal length photographic lens typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2.

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a dedicated camera lens that is optically optimized to handle extremely close focusing distances. It can take sharp, highly detailed images of microscopic subjects. It typically has a magnification ratio of 1:1 and a minimum focusing distance of around 12 inches (30 centimeters) or less.

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is the period of twilight when the Sun is at a significant depth below the horizon. During this time, the remaining sunlight takes on a mostly blue shade.

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The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise are coveted by professional photographers. Referred to as “the golden hour” or “magic hour,” these times provide the perfect light to capture stunning photos.

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A triadic color scheme consists of three colors. Unlike colors that sit next to or directly across each other, triadic colors are equidistant on the color wheel. When you join these colors, they form a triangle. Visual representation of a triadic color scheme on a color wheel.

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that combines two different exposures or images that are layered on top of each other.

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High Dynamic Range and refers to a technique that expresses details in content in both very bright and very dark scenes. It offers a more natural and realistic picture output even with a widened range of contrast.

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Photoshop Document. It is a format for saving images usually containing more than one layer.

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Joint Photographic Experts Group”. It's a standard image format for containing lossy and compressed image data. Despite the huge reduction in file size JPEG images maintain reasonable image quality.

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type of raster image file that is commonly used on the internet. PNG files are ‘lossless.’ This means they have a fixed number of pixels, and do not lose any quality when they are compressed.

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uncompressed and unprocessed image data captured by a digital camera or scanner's sensors. Shooting in RAW captures a high level of image detail, with large file sizes and lossless quality.

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a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file

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SOOC is a photographer's abbreviation that stands for “Straight Out Of Camera.” It refers to images that are shown exactly as they were captured by the camera, with no post-processing applied whatsoever.

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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the level of detail contained in an image. More specifically, it refers to the number of pixels that exist within that image. The higher the resolution, and the richer the pixel count, the more detail and definition you will see.

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a proportional relationship between an image's width and height. Essentially, it describes an image's shape. Aspect ratios are written as a formula of width to height, like this: 3:2.

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one of the most basic photo manipulation processes, and it is carried out to remove an unwanted object or irrelevant noise from the periphery of a photograph, change its aspect ratio, or improve the overall composition.

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ontrols and determines how every Photoshop tool operates. It includes the options and features that come with each tool in Photoshop.

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runs along the top of the screen on your Mac. Use the menus and icons in the menu bar to choose commands, perform tasks, and check status.

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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a toolbar appears at the top of a screen or window. Both platforms support customizable toolbars and grouped toolbar items. In macOS, people can hide an app's toolbar.

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displays a visual representation of your workspaces,

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an important tool for photographers to have in their arsenal. It can be used to help achieve accurate colors in photos, regardless of the lighting conditions. In this article, we'll show you how to use a grey white balance card for perfect color in your photography.

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helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal,

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a technique where a photographer takes shots of the same image using different camera settings.

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a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something.

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a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown.

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas

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The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph

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a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

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This corresponds to a mid-grey, the middle point between the darkest shadows and the brightest highlights. A grey card is a great tool to get good exposure. The light reflected from an 18% grey is perceived by your camera meter as “normal” exposure.

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the mostly used automatic metering mode in everyday photography and can be applied in most shooting scenarios. As its name suggests, it takes a series of readings in zones that cover the entire frame, and then calculates the overall average exposure value.

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a camera metering mode. Center weighted metering places the highest importance in determining a correct exposure on information contained in the center of the frame.

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one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness. This enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand. Spot metering on Nikon cameras work very similar to partial metering on Canon cameras.

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Whereas multi-segment or multi-zone metering takes exposure readings from across the whole image frame, in spot metering mode the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot. This area is often at the centre of the frame, but it may be linked to the active AF point.

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is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down

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freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.”

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photographing of a slow and continuous process at regular intervals, for projection at a higher speed.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements

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the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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a three-legged stand for supporting a camera or other apparatus. a one-legged support for a camera or fishing rod.

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is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure

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an exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds. Generally, this would be used in extremely low light situations, such as taking photos of the night sky.

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It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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the distance from the center of the lens to the imaging point (focal plane) where the light for the image is collected. When a lens is described as a "50mm lens," it is referring to its focal length.

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depth of field is how much of your image is in focus. In more technical terms, depth of field is the distance in an image where objects appear “acceptably in focus” or have a level of “acceptable sharpness.”

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the photographer selects an aperture, and the camera chooses an appropriate shutter speed based on the available light.

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when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed.

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you're in charge of adjusting aperture — one of photography's most important elements. It's the hole in the back of your lens that controls light and depth of field via f-numbers. If you want more exposure, you'll need a low f-number for a wide aperture.

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on your camera's mode dial and is one of the Creative Zone modes, though one with the least control over your exposure settings. In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.