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La Llarona

La Llorona is a prominent figure in Latin American folklore, known as the "Weeping Woman," whose story involves a woman driven to a jealous rage by her husband's abandonment, leading her to drown her own children. This act results in a curse, dooming her to eternally wander rivers and bodies of water, wailing for her lost children. The ghost is often depicted in a flowing white dress, with long black hair and a blank, featureless face

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Viva Venezuela!!!

Venezuelan culture is a rich mix of its indigenous, Spanish, and African heritage, shaped by waves of immigration, and is characterized by a warm, welcoming, and hospitable people. Key elements include strong family ties, a love for festivals like the Dancing Devils of Yare, vibrant music and arts, and a deep national pride. Food often features arepas, and while Roman Catholicism is prevalent, the culture is increasingly diverse religiously.

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Mexico.. <3

Mexican culture is a dynamic blend of Indigenous traditions, notably from civilizations like the Maya and Aztec, and Spanish influences, creating a rich heritage seen in its art, music, food, and celebrations like Day of the Dead. Key aspects include strong family values, a hierarchical social structure, politeness and respect for elders and authority, and vibrant artistic expression found in traditional crafts, colorful festivals, and delicious cuisine.

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El Salvador

El Salvadoran culture is a rich tapestry woven from Indigenous, Spanish, and modern influences, characterized by strong family and community values, a deeply rooted Catholic faith, and a vibrant blend of traditions in food, music, and celebrations. Key aspects include its Mestizo majority, the staple foods of corn tortillas and beans, the national sport of soccer, and customs like elaborate Christmas fireworks displays and nine nights of prayer for the deceased.

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Spain

Spanish culture is a diverse blend of ancient, European, and Catholic influences, characterized by a strong emphasis on family and social connections, a vibrant arts scene including flamenco, and regional diversity reflected in its languages and festivals. Key aspects include lively communal gatherings centered around food and conversation, a slower pace of life that prioritizes enjoying company and simple pleasures, and a rich history of artistic, literary, and architectural traditions.

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Galicia

Galician culture, rooted in a strong Celtic heritage and distinct language (Galego), features traditional music with the bagpipe (gaita), unique folklore with tales of meigas (witches), and festivals like Entroido. Other key aspects include distinctive architecture such as hórreos (granaries), a regional cuisine centered on seafood, and a strong regional identity influenced by its historical ties to Celtic Europe and its geographical position in northwest Spain

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Peri

Peruvian culture is a rich tapestry woven from Indigenous, Spanish, and Asian influences, centered around strong family bonds, deep respect for nature, and a belief in collective solidarity and hospitality. Indigenous spiritual traditions, like honoring mountain spirits (apus) and Mother Earth (Pachamama), continue to exist alongside Catholicism, while Spanish colonial history is evident in the language and architecture. This diverse heritage manifests in vibrant traditions, such as festivals, textiles, and cuisine, all reflecting Peru's unique blend of cultures.

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Colombian Food :)

Colombian food features regional diversity, with popular staples like arepas (corn cakes), patacones (fried plantains), and rich, hearty soups like Ajiaco and Sancocho. Key ingredients include corn, plantains, beans, potatoes, rice, and a variety of meats, with regional specialties such as Bandeja Paisa (a large platter with meat and beans), Lechona (stuffed roasted pig), and coastal dishes featuring seafood and Arroz con Coco (coconut rice).

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Uruguay Cuisine

Uruguayan food is a flavorful mix of European (especially Spanish and Italian) and indigenous traditions, heavily featuring high-quality beef from its famous asados (barbecues). Popular dishes include the hearty Chivito sandwich, breaded and fried Milanesa, and Fainá (chickpea flour flatbread). Sweets like the iconic Chajá cake and the caramel-like Dulce de leche are also staples, while mate is the national drink.

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Panamanian Sancocho

Panamanian food blends Spanish, Indigenous, and Afro-Caribbean influences, built on a base of rice, beans, meats (chicken, beef, pork), and seafood. Key dishes include the national soup Sancocho, a hearty chicken and vegetable soup with yuca and corn; Patacones, fried green plantains; Tamales, savory corn dough steamed in banana leaves with meat fillings; and Carimañolas, deep-fried, meat-stuffed yuca dough.

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La Comida de la Republica Dominicana

Dominican food features staples like La Bandera Dominicana (the national dish of rice, beans, and meat), mangú (mashed plantains), and sancocho (a hearty seven-meat stew). Other popular dishes include mofongo (garlicky fried plantains with pork), tostones (twice-fried plantains), and various preparations of Seafood due to the country's abundant coastline

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Paraguayan Delights

Paraguayan food is a hearty mix of indigenous ingredients like cassava and corn with Spanish influences, featuring meat (especially beef), cheese, and vegetables. Key dishes include Sopa Paraguaya (a dense cornbread), Chipa (cheese bread), Vori Vori (cornmeal dumplings in soup), and Asado (a social event of grilled meats). The cuisine is rooted in tradition, with communal meals and Tereré, an herbal drink, being important social rituals

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Honduran Treats

Honduran food blends Mesoamerican, Spanish, Caribbean, and African influences, with core dishes including the savory baleada (stuffed tortilla), the rich sopa de caracol (conch soup), and the hearty plato típico (typical plate). Common ingredients are rice, beans, tortillas, plantains, yuca (cassava), and coconut, with regional variations emphasizing seafood and coconut milk along the coast.

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Cuba

Cuban culture is a vibrant blend of African and Spanish influences, with strong indigenous and some Chinese roots, reflected in its music, dance, art, literature, and cuisine, such as the hand-rolled cigars and spicy paellas. Key aspects include a strong emphasis on family and community, respect for elders, a communal spirit often expressed through social gatherings and music, and a resilient spirit shaped by historical challenges.

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Brazil

Brazilian culture is a dynamic blend of Indigenous, African, and European (primarily Portuguese) influences, reflected in its Portuguese language, vibrant music and dance (like samba), rich culinary traditions (feijoada, churrasco), celebrated festivals like Carnival, and strong emphasis on family and community. Key traits include warmth and hospitality, an appreciation for personal relationships, a less rigid sense of punctuality, and a collective spirit often expressed through community solidarity and protests

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FiFa

The Spain national football team has represented Spain in men's international football competitions since 1920. It is governed by the Royal Spanish Football Federation, the governing body for football in Spain. Wikipedia

Arenas/Stadiums: Bernabéu, Estadio La Cartuja, La Romareda Stadium, Estadio Manuel Martínez Valero

Captain: Álvaro Morata

Abbreviation: ESP

Manager: Luis de la Fuente

Founded: 1920

Leagues: FIFA World Cup, UEFA European Championship

Nickname: La Roja (The Red One)

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Spain's National Day October 12, 2025

Spain's National Day, celebrated on October 12, commemorates Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas in 1492, marking a pivotal moment in history that laid the foundation for the Spanish Empire. The day also highlights the rich cultural and linguistic ties between Spain and the Spanish-speaking world, fostering a sense of unity and fraternity. While originally called Día de la Hispanidad (Hispanicity Day), the official name changed in 1987 to Fiesta Nacional de España (National Day of Spain), reflecting a desire to broaden the celebration's focus beyond its colonial connotations.

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Spanish Music

Popular Spanish songs include global hits like "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee and "Mi Gente" by J Balvin and Willy William, alongside classic Mexican songs such as "La Bamba" and "Cielito Lindo". Other well-known songs are "Bailando" by Enrique Iglesias and "Danza Kuduro" by Don Omar, known for their catchy rhythms and widespread appeal.

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Pablo Picasso

Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso was a Spanish painter, sculptor, and printmaker who revolutionized 20th century art. He's best known for co-founding Cubism with Georges Braque, and for his paintings Les Demoiselles d'Avignon and Guernica. Picasso's work is characterized by bold use of color, shape, and form, and often depicts abstract and distorted figures.

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Frida Kahlo

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón was a Mexican painter known for her vibrant, symbolic self-portraits that explored themes of identity, the body, and death. Her work was influenced by Mexican folk art, indigenous cultures, and European movements like Surrealism and Realism. Kahlo's paintings often merged depictions of the body, earth, and cosmos with Mexican history, allowing her to express her personal pain through Mexican iconography.

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J.Lo

Jennifer Lynn Lopez, also known as J.Lo, is an American singer, dancer, actress, songwriter, and businesswoman. Lopez became a star after her role in the film Selena and went on to find success in pop and dance music with hits like "Get Right" and "Play". She's considered one of the first Latina artists to break into mainstream pop and is credited with helping propel the Latin pop movement.

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Gary Soto

Gary Anthony Soto (born April 12, 1952) is an American poet, novelist, and memoirist.

Life and career

[edit]

Soto was born to Mexican-American parents Manuel (1910–1957) and Angie Soto (1924-). In his youth, he worked in the fields of the San Joaquin Valley. Soto's father died in 1957, when he was five years old. As his family had to struggle to find work, he had little time or encouragement in his studies.[1] Soto notes that in spite of his early academic record, while at high school he found an interest in poetry through writers such as Ernest Hemingway, John Steinbeck, Jules Verne, Robert Frost and Thornton Wilder.[2]

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Tito Puente

Ernest Anthony Puente Jr., commonly known as Tito Puente, was an American musician, songwriter, bandleader, timbalero, and record producer. He composed dance-oriented mambo and Latin jazz music. He was also known as “El Rey de los Timbales, ” or “The King of the Timbales.”

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Desi Arnaz

Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III, known as Desi Arnaz, was a Cuban-born American actor, musician, producer, and bandleader. He's best known for his role as Ricky Ricardo in the sitcom I Love Lucy, which he co-starred in with his then-wife Lucille Ball. The two are credited with inventing the syndicated rerun and revolutionizing television with innovations that laid the groundwork for the modern sitcom.

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Carmen Miranda

Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha GCIH, OMC, known professionally as Carmen Miranda, was a Brazilian singer, dancer, and actress. Nicknamed "the Brazilian Bombshell", she was known for her signature fruit hat outfits that she wore in her American films.

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Shakira

Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll is a Colombian singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist who has been dubbed the “Queen of Latin Music”. She's credited with popularizing Spanish music globally and is the best-selling Latin artist in US history. Shakira holds numerous records, including being the first Latin female artist to have an all-Spanish show broadcast in the US and the first South American artist to top the Billboard Hot 100

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Cardi B

Cardi B, the stage name of Belcalis Marlenis Almánzar, is a Grammy-winning rapper from New York City. She first became an internet sensation for her viral rants on Vine and Instagram. In 2017, she broke onto the music scene with her hit single “Bodak Yellow”. Her 2018 debut album, Invasion of Privacy, reached number one and made her the first solo female rapper to win a Grammy for Best Rap Album. The album also included the summer hit "I Like It".

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Bad Bunny

Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio (Spanish: [beˈnito anˈtonjo maɾˈtines oˈkasjo]; born March 10, 1994), known professionally as Bad Bunny, is a Puerto Rican rapper, singer, and record producer.[3] Dubbed the "King of Latin Trap", Bad Bunny is credited with helping Spanish-language rap music achieve mainstream popularity in the worldwide market. He is considered one of the best Latin rappers of all time.[4][5]

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Pitbull

Armando Christian Pérez, who goes by the stage name Pitbull, is a Grammy-winning American rapper, singer, actor, entrepreneur, and motivational speaker. His debut album, M.I.A.M.I., was released in 2004, followed by El Mariel in 2006 and The Boatlift in 2007. His music has been featured in movies like Men in Black III and The Penguins of Madagascar, and he voiced a character in the animated film Epic.

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El Matador The Bullfighter

A bullfight, or corrida de toros, is a traditional spectacle, especially in Spain and some Spanish-speaking countries, where a bull is fought by a matador (bullfighter) in an arena and often killed. The event is controversial, with critics citing animal cruelty while proponents defend it as a cultural art form. A standard bullfight involves a series of rituals where the bull is lanced by picadors on horseback, has brightly colored banderillas (barbed sticks) thrust into its back, and is finally killed by the matador with a sword

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Paella

Paella is a classic Spanish rice dish from Valencia, made with saffron-infused rice and a variety of ingredients cooked in a wide, shallow pan called a paellera. It is a communal meal, often served at family gatherings and festivals. The dish is defined by its use of specific rice and the highly prized socarrat—a crispy, caramelized crust at the bottom of the pan.

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Ceviche

Ceviche is a Latin American seafood dish of marinated raw fish or shellfish. The seafood is not cooked with heat but cured by the citric acid of ingredients like limes and lemons, which denatures the proteins, causing the fish to become opaque and firm. Considered the national dish of Peru, ceviche is also a staple in the coastal regions of many other Central and South American countries, with numerous variations.

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Pupusas

A pupusa is a thick, handmade corn or rice flour flatbread, or griddle cake, that is stuffed with savory ingredients. As the national dish of El Salvador, pupusas are traditionally served with curtido (a fermented cabbage relish) and salsa roja (tomato sauce).

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Arepas

Arepas are a versatile, gluten-free, pre-Columbian flatbread from Colombia and Venezuela made from pre-cooked cornmeal, water, and salt, cooked until golden brown and often stuffed with various fillings like cheese, meats, or beans. They are prepared by mixing the dough, shaping it into discs, and then cooking them by frying, baking, or grilling.

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Mofongo

Mofongo is a savory Puerto Rican dish made from fried green plantains, garlic, and pork cracklings (chicharrón) that are mashed together in a mortar and pestle, then seasoned with olive oil, salt, and sometimes pork broth or juice. The starchy, fatty, and garlicky mixture can be molded into various shapes, served as balls or a dome, and is often topped with proteins like chicken, shrimp, or pork, or served with sauces such as a garlic mojo.

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Tostones

Tostones are savory, twice-fried green plantains, a staple side dish and snack in Latin American and Caribbean cuisine. Unlike sweet maduros, which are made from ripe plantains, tostones are made from unripe, starchy green plantains.

Characteristics

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Arroz con pollo

Arroz con pollo is a traditional dish of Latin America. It typically consists of chicken cooked with rice, onions, saffron, and a potential plethora of other grains or vegetables. In the Dominican Republic it is alternately called locrio de pollo, and in Saint Martin it is called lokri or locreo.

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Pernil

Pernil is a slow-roasted marinated pork shoulder or leg, a signature dish in many Latin American cuisines, most famously in Puerto Rican cooking. It is known for its tender, juicy meat and crispy skin, or cuero. Pernil is a popular centerpiece for holiday feasts and special occasions, like Christmas.

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Spanish Poetry

Spanish Poems + Translation

1. “Romance Sonámbulo” by Federico García Lorca

Federico García Lorca, one of Spain’s most celebrated poets, penned this mesmerizing poem. “Romance Sonámbulo” (Sleepwalking Ballad) depicts a passionate tale of love, tragedy, and destiny. Its vivid imagery and haunting rhythm convey a sense of surrealism that lingers long after reading.

Verde que te quiero verde.

Verde viento. Verdes ramas.

El barco sobre la mar

y el caballo en la montaña.

Con la sombra en la cintura

ella sueña en su baranda

verde carne, pelo verde,

con ojos de fría plata.

Verde que te quiero verde.

Bajo la luna gitana,

las cosas la están mirando

y ella no puede mirarlas.

Verde que te quiero verde.

Grandes estrellas de escarcha,

vienen con el pez de sombra

que abre el camino del alba.

La higuera frota su viento

con la lija de sus ramas,

y el monte, gato garduño,

eriza sus pitas agrias.

¿Pero quién vendrá? ¿Y por dónde…?

Ella sigue en su baranda,

verde carne, pelo verde,

soñando en la mar amarga.

. . .

Verde que te quiero verde.

Verde viento. Verdes ramas.

El barco sobre la mar

y el caballo en la montaña.

English Translation

Green, how I want you, green.

Green wind. Green branches.

The ship on the sea

and the horse on the mountain.

With the shadow at her waist,

she dreams on her balcony,

green flesh, green hair,

with eyes of cold silver.

Green, how I want you, green.

Under the gypsy moon,

things are watching her

and she cannot see them.

Green, how I want you, green.

Large frost-covered stars

come with the fish of shadow

that opens the path of dawn.

The fig tree rubs its wind

against the roughness of its branches,

and the mountain, a cunning cat,

bristles its sour spines.

But who will come? And from where…?

She remains on her balcony,

green flesh, green hair,

dreaming of the bitter sea.

…

Green, how I want you, green.

Green wind. Green branches.

The ship on the sea

and the horse on the mountain.

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Spanish Poetry

“Rima XI” by Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, a key figure of Spanish Romanticism, crafted this melancholic sonnet. In “Rima XI,” the poet explores themes of love and unrequited longing, weaving together delicate verses that evoke deep emotions and introspection.

—Yo soy ardiente, yo soy morena,
yo soy el símbolo de la pasión,
de ansia de goces mi alma está llena.
¿A mí me buscas?
—No es a ti, no.

—Mi frente es pálida, mis trenzas de oro:
puedo brindarte dichas sin fin,
yo de ternuras guardo un tesoro.
¿A mí me llamas?
—No, no es a ti.

—Yo soy un sueño, un imposible,
vano fantasma de niebla y luz;
soy incorpórea, soy intangible:
no puedo amarte.
—¡Oh ven, ven tú!

English Translation

—I am ardent, I am dark-skinned,

I am the symbol of passion,

my soul is filled with longing for pleasures.

Are you looking for me?

—No, it’s not you.

—My forehead is pale, my tresses golden:

I can offer you endless joys,

I hold a treasure of tenderness.

Are you calling me?

—No, it’s not you.

—I am a dream, an impossibility,

a fleeting phantom of mist and light;

I am incorporeal, intangible:

I cannot love you.

—Oh, come, come then!

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Spanish Poetry

“Viento, agua, piedra”  by Octavio Paz

“Viento, agua, piedra” by Octavio Paz is a profound and contemplative poem that explores the interconnectedness of nature, time, and the human experience. Through the symbolic representation of wind, water, and stone, Paz delves into the existential themes of transience, transformation, and permanence, creating a thought-provoking meditation on the delicate balance between fleeting moments and enduring truths.

A Roger Caillois
El agua horada la piedra,
el viento dispersa el agua,
la piedra detiene al viento.
Agua, viento, piedra.

El viento esculpe la piedra,
la piedra es copa del agua,
el agua escapa y es viento.
Piedra, viento, agua.

El viento en sus giros canta,
el agua al andar murmura,
la piedra inmóvil se calla.
Viento, agua, piedra.

Uno es otro y es ninguno:
entre sus nombres vacíos
pasan y se desvanecen
agua, piedra, viento.

English Translation

For Roger Caillois
The water has hollowed the stone,
the wind dispersed the water,
the stone stopped the wind.
Water, wind, stone.

The wind sculpts the stone,
the stone is a cup of water,
the water runs off and is wind.
Stone, wind, water.

The wind sings in its turnings,
the water murmurs as it goes,
the immovable stone is quiet.
Wind, water, stone.

One is the other and is neither:
Among their empty names
they pass and disappear
water, stone, wind.

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Francisco Goya-Painter

Third of May by Francisco Goya at the Prado. Arguably the world’s first truly modern painting, Goya’s masterpiece helped usher in modernism. At the time—back in 1814—it was revolutionary in its style, subject matter (Napoleon’s army executing Spanish patriots during the French occupation; an unheroic image of war instead of the traditional heroism), and emotion — it remains one of the most visceral scenes of war in history. This is one of those iconic images that will haunt you for the rest of your life.

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Spanish Explorers

Spanish explorers, also known as conquistadors, were figures like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro who, beginning in the 15th century, explored and conquered vast areas of the Americas for the Spanish Empire, seeking wealth, land, and to spread Christianity. Key figures also include Juan Ponce de León, the first Spanish explorer of Florida; Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the first European to see the Pacific Ocean; and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, who chronicled his incredible survival across the American South and Southwest.

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Flamenco Dancing

Flamenco is a traditional Spanish art form originating in the Andalusia region that combines expressive singing (cante), passionate dance (baile), and intricate guitar playing (toque). It has a multicultural history, shaped by the Gitano (Roma) people and influenced by Moorish and Sephardic music traditions. Characterized by hand-clapping, foot-stamping, and castanets, it is a UNESCO-recognized art form celebrated for its deep cultural heritage and emotional intensity.

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Dia de los Muertos

The Day of the Dead is a holiday traditionally celebrated on November 1 and 2, though other days, such as October 31 or November 6, may be included depending on the locality. The multi-day holiday involves family and friends gathering to pay respects and remember friends and family members who have died.

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The Prado

"The Prado" most commonly refers to the Museo Nacional del Prado, a world-renowned art museum in Madrid, Spain, home to one of the world's finest collections of European art, especially Spanish masters like Goya and Velázquez. It's also the name of a restaurant in Balboa Park, San Diego, and a community in Austin, Texas, though these are less common interpretations.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of 2,780,085 km², making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, a Central American country south of Mexico, is home to volcanoes, rainforests and ancient Mayan sites. The capital, Guatemala City, features the stately National Palace of Culture and the National Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Antigua, west of the capital, contains preserved Spanish colonial buildings. Lake Atitlán, formed in a massive volcanic crater, is surrounded by coffee fields and villages.

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Bolivia

Bolivia is a country in central South America, with a varied terrain spanning Andes Mountains, the Atacama Desert and Amazon Basin rainforest. At more than 3,500m, its administrative capital, La Paz, sits on the Andes’ Altiplano plateau with snow-capped Mt. Illimani in the background. Nearby is glass-smooth Lake Titicaca, the continent’s largest lake, straddling the border with Peru.

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Nicaragua

Nicaragua, set between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, is a Central American nation known for its dramatic terrain of lakes, volcanoes and beaches. Vast Lake Managua and the iconic stratovolcano Momotombo sit north of the capital Managua. To its south is Granada, noted for its Spanish colonial architecture and an archipelago of navigable islets rich in tropical bird life. ― Google

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Bachata Dominicana

Bachata is a passionate, romantic style of partner dance and music originating from the Dominican Republic. The dance involves a simple four-step rhythm with sensual hip movements and close proximity between partners, though it can also be danced in an open position. Bachata music is characterized by its distinct rhythm, a lead guitar, a rhythm guitar, bongos, and a güira.

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Galician Gaita

In Galicia, Spain, the gaita gallega is a traditional bagpipe and a central symbol of Galician culture. It's the most representative melodic instrument in Galician folk music, played in various festivals and gatherings, featuring a chanter and typically one or more drones made of wood, with a bag made from animal skin or synthetic materials.

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Quesadillas

A quesadilla is a Mexican dish made from a tortilla filled with cheese, and sometimes other ingredients, then folded and cooked until the cheese is melted and the tortilla is golden and crisp. The word "quesadilla" comes from the Spanish word for cheese, "queso".

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Flan

Flan, also known as crème caramel, is a dessert with a silky custard base, made from eggs, milk, and sugar, and topped with a sweet caramel sauce. Originating from the ancient Roman Empire, it was introduced to Spain and then to the Americas, becoming a popular delicacy throughout the Latin world. The flan is traditionally baked in a water bath (bain-marie) until the custard sets, then chilled and inverted onto a plate to serve, with the caramel sauce flowing over the top.

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Don Quijote

The most famous and widely translated Spanish novel after the Bible: Don Quijote de la Mancha. This work by the legendary author Miguel de Cervantes recounts the adventures of Alonso Quijano, a nobleman who goes mad from reading novels about chivalry and decides to become a knight-errant under the name Don Quixote.

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Big Papi in Baseball

David Américo Ortiz Arias, nicknamed "Big Papi", is a Dominican-American former professional baseball designated hitter who played 20 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1997 to 2016, primarily for the Boston Red Sox.

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Cristiano Ronaldo

Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for, and captains, both Saudi Pro League club Al-Nassr and the Portugal national team

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Lionel Messi

Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both Major League Soccer club Inter Miami and the Argentina national team.

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Rey Misterio

Óscar Gutiérrez Rubio, better known by his ring name Rey Mysterio, is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand.

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Luchadores

"Luchador" se refiere a una persona que lucha o un <!guerrero. También es el término para los atletas de lucha libre profesional, un deporte espectáculo donde las competiciones, a menudo con acrobacias y teatro, se presentan como peleas. El término puede aplicarse a competidores de lucha libre de todo el mundo, especialmente en México, donde la lucha libre tiene una rica historia y elementos culturales únicos, como las máscaras icónicas

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Encanto

The Madrigals are an extraordinary family who live hidden in the mountains of Colombia in a charmed place called the Encanto. The magic of the Encanto has blessed every child in the family with a unique gift -- every child except Mirabel. However, she soon may be the Madrigals last hope when she discovers that the magic surrounding the Encanto is now in danger.

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Spanish Poem

(Holding Hands Firmly) by Douglas Wright

This sweet poem about walking hand in hand with someone helps you learn a lot of useful day-to-day vocabulary. Plus, the repetition along with fun, childish imagery makes it very easy to memorize (especially if you break it up into four different sections).

Qué lindo que es caminar,
bien tomados de la mano,
por el barrio, por la plaza,
¿qué sé yo?, por todos lados.

Qué lindo es mirar los árboles,
bien tomados de la mano,
desde el banco de la plaza,
en el que estamos sentados.

Qué lindo es mirar el cielo
bien tomados de la mano;
en nuestros ojos, volando,
dos pájaros reflejados.

Qué lindo que es caminar
bien tomados de la mano;
¡qué lindo, andar por la vida
de la mano bien tomados!

How nice it is to walk,
holding hands firmly,
through the neighborhood, through the plaza,
What do I know?, everywhere.

How nice it is to look at the trees,
holding hands firmly,
from the bench in the plaza,
in which we are sitting.

How nice it is to look at the sky
holding hands firmly;
in our eyes, flying,
two reflected birds.

How nice it is to walk
holding hands firmly;
how nice, to walk through life
with hands held firmly!

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Spanish Poem

“Cultivo una rosa blanca” by José Martí

This Spanish poem by José Martí is a poignant and emblematic poem that speaks of the poet’s commitment to cultivating purity, truth, and freedom amidst a world tainted by deceit and oppression. Through the metaphor of a white rose, Martí encourages the reader to nurture virtues of honesty and integrity, striving for a better society where love and justice prevail. It serves as a call for personal and social transformation, reminding us of the enduring power of goodness and the importance of standing up for what is right.

Cultivo una rosa blanca
en junio como enero
para el amigo sincero
que me da su mano franca.

Y para el cruel que me arranca
el corazón con que vivo,
cardo ni ortiga cultivo;
cultivo la rosa blanca.

English Translation

I cultivate a white rose
in June and January
for the true friend
who gives me his sincere hand.

And for the cruel one who rips out
the heart with which I live,
I don’t cultivate the thistle or the nettle;
I cultivate the white rose.

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The Famous Spanish Garden

A traditional Spanish garden is a style of garden or designed landscape developed in historic Spain. Especially in the United States, the term tends to be used for a garden design style with a formal arrangement that evokes, usually not very precisely, the sort of plan and planting developed in southern Spain, incorporating principles and elements from precedents in ancient Persian gardens, Roman gardens and Islamic gardens, and the great Moorish gardens (historically known as riyads[1][2]) of the Al-Andalus era on the Iberian Peninsula.

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Celia Cruz

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Carlos Santana

Carlos Humberto Santana Barragán[1] (Spanish: [ˈkaɾlos umˈbeɾto sanˈtana βaraˈɣan] ⓘ; born July 20, 1947) is an American guitarist, best known as a founding member of the rock band Santana. Born and raised in Mexico where he developed his musical background, he rose to fame in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the United States with Santana, which pioneered a fusion of rock and roll and Latin American jazz. Its sound featured his melodic, blues-based lines set against Latin American and African rhythms played on percussion instruments not generally heard in rock, such as timbales and congas. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s.

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Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama (/ˌvæsku də ˈɡɑːmə, -ɡæmə/ VAS-koo də GA(H)M-ə,[1][2] European Portuguese: [ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]; c. 1460s – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese mariner, explorer and nobleman. His discovery of the first direct maritime route between Europe and India via the Cape of Good Hope and across the Indian Ocean from Malindi in Kenya to Kozhikode, was to open up European exploration of, and commerce with, India.[3]

Da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499) was the first to link Europe and Asia using an ocean route that rounded the southern tip of Africa, although he was not the first Portuguese mariner to round the Cape.[4] This route allowed the Portuguese to avoid sailing across the highly disputed Mediterranean Sea and traversing the dangerous Arabian Peninsula. A milestone in Portuguese maritime exploration, this voyage marked the beginning of a sea-based phase of international trade[5] and an age of global imperialism. The Portuguese later established a long-lasting colonial empire along the route from Africa to Asia. The outward and return voyages constituted the longest known ocean voyages ever completed.[6]

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Diego Rivera

Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo riˈβeɾa]; December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement in Mexican and international art.

Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals in, among other places, Mexico City, Chapingo, and Cuernavaca, Mexico; and San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan, shortly before Rivera's commencement of his 27-mural series known as Detroit Industry Murals the next year.

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Afro-Caribbean Culture

Afro-Caribbean or African Caribbean people are Caribbean people who trace their full or partial ancestry to Sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of the modern Afro-Caribbean people descend from the Africans (primarily from West and Central Africa) taken as slaves to colonial Caribbean via the trans-Atlantic slave trade between the 15th and 19th centuries to work primarily on various sugar plantations and in domestic households. Other names for the ethnic group include Black Caribbean, Afro- or Black West Indian, or Afro- or Black Antillean. The term West Indian Creole has also been used to refer to Afro-Caribbean people,[30] as well as other ethnic and racial groups in the region,[31][32][33] though there remains debate about its use to refer to Afro-Caribbean people specifically.[34][35] The term Afro-Caribbean was not coined by Caribbean people themselves but was first used by European Americans in the late 1960s.[36]

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What are castinets?

Castanets (redirect from Castinet)

Castanets, also known as clackers or palillos, are a percussion instrument (idiophonic), used in Spanish, Calé, Moorish, Ottoman, Greek, Italian, Mexican...

10 KB (1,073 words) - 15:07, 10 June 2025

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Gazpacho

www.allrecipes.com

Description

Gazpacho or gaspacho, also called Andalusian gazpacho, is a cold soup and drink made of raw, blended vegetables. It originated in the southern regions of the Iberian Peninsula and spread into other areas. Gazpacho is widely eaten in Spain and Portugal, particularly in summer, since it is refreshing and cool.

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Pasteles from Puerto Rico

Pasteles are a traditional Puerto Rican meat-filled root vegetable patty served during the holidays. The “pasteles-making” party is a long-honored event that marks the start of the holiday season, which runs from Thanksgiving here in the States, to Dia de los Reyes (or Epiphany) on January 6th.

For every worker to take home their fair share, the pasteles must be made in large amounts. The process is long and laborious, comprised of many steps, so it’s best to involve the whole family. Unfortunately, since many Puerto Ricans are scattered across the world, they are often without a crew to call upon. So, we find a connection we can buy them from, or we make them ourselves. This recipe equips you to gather even non-Puerto Ricans and host your own party!

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This is a picture of Pozole, a Mexican dish

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Pozole is a special and delicious Mexican soup that has a lot of history. It's a warm, thick stew filled with plump, chewy hominy corn and tender, cooked meat, like pork or chicken. Because corn was so important to the Aztec people, Pozole was once considered a sacred food reserved for important ceremonies long ago.

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Tamales are a traditional Meso american dish of masa (corn dough) steamed in corn husks or banana leaves, often with savory or sweet fillings, and are considered a staple of Mexican and Latin American cuisine with origins in ancient civilizations. They are made by spreading masa on a softened husk or leaf, adding a filling, wrapping it up, and steaming it until cooked.

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Tortilla Espanola is a classic dish that is loved in Spain, the name Tortilla Espanola in English means Spanish tortilla.Tortilla Espanola can be served anytime of the day.

the recipe is made with a filling of thinly sliced potatoes and sauteed onions enveloped by fluffy, beaten eggs. Some Spanish omelets are thin, and some are thick and dense. There are many interpretations of the dish, which can be enjoyed hot or cold.

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Tacos are a traditional Mexican dish made by folding or rolling a tortilla (usually corn or flour) around a filling. They're typically eaten by hand and are known for their versatility and rich flavor.

Basic Components of a Taco:

1. Tortilla

Corn tortilla (most traditional in Mexico)

Flour tortilla (more common in northern Mexico and the U.S.)

2. Filling
This is where tacos vary the most. Common fillings include:

Meat: carne asada (grilled beef), carnitas (slow-cooked pork), al pastor (spit-roasted pork), barbacoa (slow-cooked beef or lamb), chicken, chorizo

Vegetarian: beans, grilled vegetables, mushrooms, cactus (nopales)

Seafood: shrimp, fish (especially in Baja-style tacos)

3. Toppings
Often added to boost flavor and texture:

Chopped onions and cilantro

Salsas (ranging from mild to very spicy)

Guacamole or sliced avocado

Lime wedges

Pickled vegetables (like jalapeños or carrots)

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Today I will be talking about a Hispanic scientist. I will also be talking about facts and why this Hispanic scientist is important to humanity and the ecosystem.

1: Ynes Mexia was born in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. on May 24 1870

2:Ynes Mexia’s dad was a Mexican ambassador and her mother was an American.

3:Ynes Mexia’s dads name is Enrique Mexia and her mothers name was Sarah Wilmer.

4:Ynes Mexia’s hobbies as a child were reading, writing and exploring the outdoors.

5: Ynes Mexia’s parents divorced.

6:Ynes Mexia’s name means, pure, holy, and chaste.

7:Ynes Mexia was from Honduras.

8:Ynes Mexia discovered 500 new plant species.

9:Ynes Mexia worked as a botanist for 13 years.

10: Ynes Mexia’s work was important because by discovering new plant species it helps to protect the Earth’s habitat. Also it helps protect the earth's ecosystem, mostly since habitats of plants are being lost.

11: Ynes Mexia collected more than 145,000 specimens.

12: Ynes Mexia’s work was also important because by collecting more than 145,000 specimens it helped to increase knowledge and helped find 600 new species.

13:Ynes Mexia was a life scientist.

GLOSSARY:

1: Botanist: Scientist who studies plants.

2: Specimens: A single animal, plant mineral, Etc.

3: Life scientist: Study of living things, plants, humanity, and ecosystems

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Ynés Enriquetta Julietta Mexía (May 24, 1870 - July 12, 1938) was a Mexican-American botanist notable for her extensive collection of novel specimens of flora and plants originating from sites in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. She discovered a new genus of Asteraceae, known after her as Mexianthus, and accumulated over 150,000 specimens for botanical study over the course of a career spanning 16 years braving ecologic challenges such as poisonous berries, dangerous terrain, bogs and earthquakes for the sake of her research.

Ynés Mexía was born in Washington, D.C. in 1870 to Enrique Mexia, a Mexican diplomat, and Sarah Wilmer Mexía. Her grandfather was José Antonio Mexía, a distinguished Mexican general. Sarah Wilmer was related to Samuel Eccleston, the fifth Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore.

In 1873, her father returned to Mexico, and her mother moved Ynés and her six half-siblings to a ranch in Limestone, Texas, later to be called Mexia. Later, the family moved around in various eastern cities such as Philadelphia and Ontario, where she received a private school education. They settled in Maryland, where Ynés attended St. Joseph's Preparatory School in Emmittsburg. In 1887, she moved to Mexico where she remained with her father for ten years.

While residing there in 1897, Mexia married her first husband, Herman de Laue, a Spanish-German merchant, who died in 1904. Around the time of his death, Mexia started Quinta, a pet and poultry stock raising business, at the hacienda she inherited from her father's estate. Later, she married D. Augustin Reygados, but the union ended in divorce in 1906, after he effectively bankrupted the business.

In 1909, at the age of 39, Mexía suffered a mental and physical breakdown and left Mexico for San Francisco in search of medical care. She was treated by Dr. Philip King Brown, founder of the Arequipa Sanatorium in Fairfax, for a total of ten years. While in Northern California, Mexía began going on excursions with the Sierra Club into the mountains, and thus became interested in the region's ecology such as redwoods, birds, and plants.

In 1924 Mexía became a United States citizen.

Ynés wrote to Alice Eastwood in July 1925, advising Eastwood that she was about to accompany Stanford's Assistant Herbarium Curator, Roxanna Ferris, on a collecting trip to Mexico, which would be her first botanical exploration in that country. In middle age, Mexía had found her purpose in life, writing: "... I have a job, [where] I produce something real and lasting."

Over the course of the next 13 years, Mexía traveled from the northern regions of Alaska to the southern tip of Tierra del Fuego. Her habits often surprised people she met because she was not acting in a manner typical of a woman of the early 20th century: traveling alone, riding horseback, wearing trousers ( knickers), and preferring to sleep outside even if beds or indoor accommodations were available. She wrote about her rejecting of such stereotypes and commented that "A well-known collector and explorer stated very positively that 'it was impossible for a woman to travel alone in Latin America,'" and emphasized that "I decided that if I wanted to become better acquainted with the South American continent the best way would be to make my way right across it."

In 1938, while on an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico, Mexía became ill. Forced to abort the trip and return to the United States, she was subsequently diagnosed with lung cancer and died a month later at the age of 68. William E. Colby, then secretary of the Sierra Club, wrote, "All who knew Ynés Mexía could not fail to be impressed by her friendly unassuming spirit, and by that rare courage which enabled her to travel, much of the time alone, in lands where few would dare to follow."

Mexía began her career in botany in 1922 when she joined an expedition lead by Mr. E. L. Furlong, the Curator of Paleontology at University of California, Berkeley. Her successes started to mount in 1925 with a two month excursion to western Mexico under the auspices of Roxanna Ferris, a botanist at Stanford University. Mexía fell off a cliff, fracturing ribs and injuring a hand. Despite the trip being halted, it yielded 500 botanical specimens, including several new species. The first species to be named after Mexia, Mimosa mexiae, was discovered on this voyage, and was dedicated to her by Joseph Nelson Rose. Various other species that she discovered were later named for her, including a flowering plant that is a member of the daisy family called Zexmenia mexiae, now named Lasianthaea macrocephala. She collected the type specimen of Mexianthus in December 1926, south of Puerto Vallarta.

In 1928 she was hired to collect plants in Mount McKinley National Park in Alaska, which yielded 6100 specimens. The next year she went to South America and travelled by canoe down the Amazon River, covering 4,800 kilometers in two and a half years, ending at its source in the Andes. This expedition resulted in 65,000 specimens. On that expedition she spent three months living with the Araguarunas, a native group in the Amazon. During this trip she was briefly accompanied by her contemporary Mary Agnes Chase. While in Ecuador, Mexía worked with the Bureau of Plant Industry and Exploration, under the Department of Agriculture. Her work focused on the cinchona or wax palm, and specific herbs that bind to the soil.

In personal correspondence from 1980, the botanist John Thomas Howell refers to Mexía as a "close friend of Alice Eastwood." He relates that "In 1933 she accompanied Miss Eastwood and me on the first Eastwood and Howell collecting expedition.....in an open Model T Ford, that traversed parts of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California...and netted over 1300 collection numbers... Mrs. Mexía was to me a dear good friend."

Nina Floy Bracelin served as Mexía's collection manager In her will, Mexía left sufficient money to the California Academy of Sciences to hire Bracelin as an assistant to Alice Eastwood.

All of her research and collecting excursions were funded by the sale of her specimens to institutions and private collectors.

Documentation of her expeditions appeared regularly in The Gull, the newsletter of the Audubon Society of the Pacific, from 1926 to 1935. The Sierra Club Bulletin published two accounts of her travels: "Three Thousand Miles up the Amazon" (SCB, 18:1 [1933], 88-96), and "Camping on the Equator" (SCB, 22:1 [1937], 85-91). Several additional were published in , the journal of the California Botanical Society.

Mexía was an active member of many scientific societies, including the California Botanical Society which she joined in 1915, the Sierra Club, the Audubon Association of the Pacific, the Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, and the California Academy of Sciences. She was also an honorary member of the Departamento Forestal, de Caza y Pesca de Mexico. She also guest appeared as a lecturer at various scientific organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area on account of her riveting accounts of her journeys and her skillful photography lending visuals to her content. Her specimens can be viewed at the California Academy of Sciences (main collection), the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Gray Herbarium, the New York Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution, the University of California, Berkeley, and the U.S. National Arboretum, as well as several museums and botanical gardens throughout Europe. Her personal papers are preserved at the California Academy of Sciences and at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.

Mexía was atypical for a botanist or botanical collector of her era, as a woman, a person of Mexican heritage under-represented in her field, and an older person who had begun her career in her mid-fifties. Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, a professor of the history of science at the University of Florida, explains that:

"Women were actively dissuaded from doing that kind of work, because it was considered unfeminine and dangerous," says . "You actually have to camp out, you couldn't wash your hair, you were living a kind of rough life, and that could be dangerous.... But Mexía had agency. She was doing exactly the work that she wanted to do."

Mexía had a lifetime membership in the California Academy of Sciences and published a book, Brazilian Ferns Collected by Ynés Mexía, with Edwin Bingham Copeland, in 1932.

Though Mexía had a short professional career-only 13 years-compared to many other academics, she collected a huge number of plant specimens. According to the British Natural History museum, she collected at least 145,000 plant specimens during her travels, 500 of which were new species (mostly spermatophytes). There have been at least two new genera Mexianthus mexicanus Robinson (Compositae) and Spumula quadrifida (Pucciniaceae) have been described from her work. During her first expedition, she collected 500 specimens, which is the same number collected during Darwin's voyage on the Beagle. Although curators are still working to catalogue her full selection of specimens, 50 new species have already been named after her.

Mexía is remembered by her colleagues for her expertise in fieldwork, resilience in the face of difficult and dangerous conditions, as well as her impulsiveness and fractious but generous personality. She was known and praised for her meticulous, exacting work and her skills as a botanical collector.

Other researchers benefited from her knowledge of Central and South American culture and natural environment and her fluency with the Spanish language. Thomas Harper Goodspeed, botanist and former director of the University of California Botanical Garden, travelled with Mexía to the Andes mountains, and commented that "the advice and information she gave us concerning primitive life in the Andes and how to become adjusted to it was invaluable."

A large portion of her estate was left to the Sierra Club and the Save the Redwoods League to further environmental conservation. It was Mexía who provided funding for Vernon Orlando Bailey to create and produce his pioneering invention of more humane traps for animals.

Google Doodle

Mexía's legacy was recognized in the Google Doodle for September 15, 2019.

PBS Short Documentary

In 2020, the life of Ynés Mexía was featured in a documentary short included in the Unladylike2020 series produced by WNET for the PBS.

Botanical Trails in Old Mexico (1929)

Plant lists, Brazil, Mexico, and South America. (1930)

Brazilian ferns collected by Ynes Mexia. With Edwin Bingham Copeland. Editor University Press (1932)

Three Thousand Miles up the Amazon (1933)

Mrs. Ynes Mexiás Route in Ecuador, 1934-1935 (1936)

Camping on the Equator (1937)

Anema, Durlynn (2019), The Perfect Specimen: The 20th Century Renown Botanist--Ynes Mexia, National Writers Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0-88100-170-9

Bonta, Marcia (1991), Women in the Field: America's Pioneering Women Naturalists, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-467-X

McLoone, Margo (1997), Women Explorers in North and South America, Capstone, ISBN 978-1560655077

Mongilloo, John (2001), Environmental Activists, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313308845

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ynés Enriquetta Julietta Mexía (May 24, 1870 - July 12, 1938) was a Mexican-American botanist notable for her extensive collection of novel specimens of flora and plants originating from sites in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.

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The impacts and representation from Hispanics in science and steam

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The impacts and representation from Hispanics in science and steam

# data[].attributes.body
Hispanics in science and steam help the world of science because they inspire others to want to become scientists and other careers that don't have much or even any Hispanic. On the other hand Hispanics in science collaborating with others helps the world because it shows people no matter who you are or what race you are you can work with people of all types, and even countries who don’t have many scientists that they can be a scientist as long as they work for it. Hispanics in science and steam help the world but not only the world but kids and especially kids because seeing people like you or even hearing people speak like you makes a big impact on a child. It impacts a child when they see someone like themselves because it’s like advocating for them and in addition to because it shows them and generations to come that they can do it and they're not alone so it kind of pushes their confidence.

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Sugar skulls, or calaveras, are ornamental and edible confections made of sugar paste, traditionally used in Mexico for the Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos) celebrations to represent deceased loved ones. They are brightly decorated with colorful icing, foil, and glitter, with the name of the departed person often written on the forehead. The sugar symbolizes the sweetness of life, and the temporary nature of the skulls (which can be eaten or washed away) represents the transient nature of life itself.

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Ecuador is dynamic blend of Indigenous, Spanish, and Afro-Ecuadorian influences, reflected in strong family values, intricate handicrafts, vibrant music like marimba and pasillo, diverse cuisine with regional variations, and an emphasis on religious traditions and lively festivals. Ecuador is also, known for it being on the equator to making it have 2 seasons (the wet season and the dry season) and it being very hot. Finally, most caco seeds are from Ecuador. Thank you for reading!!!

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Luis von ahn is the creator of duolingo and founder of duolingo. He also has a co founder which is Serverin Hacker. Luis has the largest individual stake in duolingo. Duolingo was founded in August 2011 . It was officially released to the public in June 2012.

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Today I will be talking about a Hispanic scientist. I will also be talking about facts and why this Hispanic scientist is important to humanity and the ecosystem.

1:Ynes Mexia was born in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. on May 24 1870

2:Ynes Mexia’s dad was a Mexican ambassador and her mother was an American.

3:Ynes Mexia’s dads name is Enrique Mexia and her mothers name was Sarah Wilmer.

4:Ynes Mexia’s hobbies as a child were reading, writing and exploring the outdoors.

5:Ynes Mexia’s parents divorced.

Ynes Mexia’s name means, pure, holy, and chaste.

6:Ynes Mexia was from Honduras.

Ynes Mexia discovered 500 new plant species.

7:Ynes Mexia worked as a botanist for 13 years.

8: Ynes Mexia’s work was important because by discovering new plant species it helps to protect the Earth’s habitat. Also it helps protect the earth's ecosystem, mostly since habitats of plants are being lost.

9: Ynes Mexia collected more than 145,000 specimens.

10: Ynes Mexia’s work was also important because by collecting more than 145,000 specimens it helped to increase knowledge and helped find 600 new species.

11: Ynes Mexia was a life scientist.

GLOSSARY:

1: Botanist: Scientist who studies plants.

2: Specimens: A single animal, plant mineral, Etc.

3: Life scientist: Study of living things, plants, humanity, and ecosystems

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ynés Enriquetta Julietta Mexía (May 24, 1870 - July 12, 1938) was a Mexican-American botanist notable for her extensive collection of novel specimens of flora and plants originating from sites in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. She discovered a new genus of Asteraceae, known after her as Mexianthus, and accumulated over 150,000 specimens for botanical study over the course of a career spanning 16 years braving ecologic challenges such as poisonous berries, dangerous terrain, bogs and earthquakes for the sake of her research.

Ynés Mexía was born in Washington, D.C. in 1870 to Enrique Mexia, a Mexican diplomat, and Sarah Wilmer Mexía. Her grandfather was José Antonio Mexía, a distinguished Mexican general. Sarah Wilmer was related to Samuel Eccleston, the fifth Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore.

In 1873, her father returned to Mexico, and her mother moved Ynés and her six half-siblings to a ranch in Limestone, Texas, later to be called Mexia. Later, the family moved around in various eastern cities such as Philadelphia and Ontario, where she received a private school education. They settled in Maryland, where Ynés attended St. Joseph's Preparatory School in Emmittsburg. In 1887, she moved to Mexico where she remained with her father for ten years.

While residing there in 1897, Mexia married her first husband, Herman de Laue, a Spanish-German merchant, who died in 1904. Around the time of his death, Mexia started Quinta, a pet and poultry stock raising business, at the hacienda she inherited from her father's estate. Later, she married D. Augustin Reygados, but the union ended in divorce in 1906, after he effectively bankrupted the business.

In 1909, at the age of 39, Mexía suffered a mental and physical breakdown and left Mexico for San Francisco in search of medical care. She was treated by Dr. Philip King Brown, founder of the Arequipa Sanatorium in Fairfax, for a total of ten years. While in Northern California, Mexía began going on excursions with the Sierra Club into the mountains, and thus became interested in the region's ecology such as redwoods, birds, and plants.

In 1924 Mexía became a United States citizen.

Ynés wrote to Alice Eastwood in July 1925, advising Eastwood that she was about to accompany Stanford's Assistant Herbarium Curator, Roxanna Ferris, on a collecting trip to Mexico, which would be her first botanical exploration in that country. In middle age, Mexía had found her purpose in life, writing: "... I have a job, [where] I produce something real and lasting."

Over the course of the next 13 years, Mexía traveled from the northern regions of Alaska to the southern tip of Tierra del Fuego. Her habits often surprised people she met because she was not acting in a manner typical of a woman of the early 20th century: traveling alone, riding horseback, wearing trousers ( knickers), and preferring to sleep outside even if beds or indoor accommodations were available. She wrote about her rejecting of such stereotypes and commented that "A well-known collector and explorer stated very positively that 'it was impossible for a woman to travel alone in Latin America,'" and emphasized that "I decided that if I wanted to become better acquainted with the South American continent the best way would be to make my way right across it."

In 1938, while on an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico, Mexía became ill. Forced to abort the trip and return to the United States, she was subsequently diagnosed with lung cancer and died a month later at the age of 68. William E. Colby, then secretary of the Sierra Club, wrote, "All who knew Ynés Mexía could not fail to be impressed by her friendly unassuming spirit, and by that rare courage which enabled her to travel, much of the time alone, in lands where few would dare to follow."

Mexía began her career in botany in 1922 when she joined an expedition lead by Mr. E. L. Furlong, the Curator of Paleontology at University of California, Berkeley. Her successes started to mount in 1925 with a two month excursion to western Mexico under the auspices of Roxanna Ferris, a botanist at Stanford University. Mexía fell off a cliff, fracturing ribs and injuring a hand. Despite the trip being halted, it yielded 500 botanical specimens, including several new species. The first species to be named after Mexia, Mimosa mexiae, was discovered on this voyage, and was dedicated to her by Joseph Nelson Rose. Various other species that she discovered were later named for her, including a flowering plant that is a member of the daisy family called Zexmenia mexiae, now named Lasianthaea macrocephala. She collected the type specimen of Mexianthus in December 1926, south of Puerto Vallarta.

In 1928 she was hired to collect plants in Mount McKinley National Park in Alaska, which yielded 6100 specimens. The next year she went to South America and travelled by canoe down the Amazon River, covering 4,800 kilometers in two and a half years, ending at its source in the Andes. This expedition resulted in 65,000 specimens. On that expedition she spent three months living with the Araguarunas, a native group in the Amazon. During this trip she was briefly accompanied by her contemporary Mary Agnes Chase. While in Ecuador, Mexía worked with the Bureau of Plant Industry and Exploration, under the Department of Agriculture. Her work focused on the cinchona or wax palm, and specific herbs that bind to the soil.

In personal correspondence from 1980, the botanist John Thomas Howell refers to Mexía as a "close friend of Alice Eastwood." He relates that "In 1933 she accompanied Miss Eastwood and me on the first Eastwood and Howell collecting expedition.....in an open Model T Ford, that traversed parts of Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California...and netted over 1300 collection numbers... Mrs. Mexía was to me a dear good friend."

Nina Floy Bracelin served as Mexía's collection manager In her will, Mexía left sufficient money to the California Academy of Sciences to hire Bracelin as an assistant to Alice Eastwood.

All of her research and collecting excursions were funded by the sale of her specimens to institutions and private collectors.

Documentation of her expeditions appeared regularly in The Gull, the newsletter of the Audubon Society of the Pacific, from 1926 to 1935. The Sierra Club Bulletin published two accounts of her travels: "Three Thousand Miles up the Amazon" (SCB, 18:1 [1933], 88-96), and "Camping on the Equator" (SCB, 22:1 [1937], 85-91). Several additional were published in , the journal of the California Botanical Society.

Mexía was an active member of many scientific societies, including the California Botanical Society which she joined in 1915, the Sierra Club, the Audubon Association of the Pacific, the Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, and the California Academy of Sciences. She was also an honorary member of the Departamento Forestal, de Caza y Pesca de Mexico. She also guest appeared as a lecturer at various scientific organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area on account of her riveting accounts of her journeys and her skillful photography lending visuals to her content. Her specimens can be viewed at the California Academy of Sciences (main collection), the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Gray Herbarium, the New York Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution, the University of California, Berkeley, and the U.S. National Arboretum, as well as several museums and botanical gardens throughout Europe. Her personal papers are preserved at the California Academy of Sciences and at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.

Mexía was atypical for a botanist or botanical collector of her era, as a woman, a person of Mexican heritage under-represented in her field, and an older person who had begun her career in her mid-fifties. Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, a professor of the history of science at the University of Florida, explains that:

"Women were actively dissuaded from doing that kind of work, because it was considered unfeminine and dangerous," says . "You actually have to camp out, you couldn't wash your hair, you were living a kind of rough life, and that could be dangerous.... But Mexía had agency. She was doing exactly the work that she wanted to do."

Mexía had a lifetime membership in the California Academy of Sciences and published a book, Brazilian Ferns Collected by Ynés Mexía, with Edwin Bingham Copeland, in 1932.

Though Mexía had a short professional career-only 13 years-compared to many other academics, she collected a huge number of plant specimens. According to the British Natural History museum, she collected at least 145,000 plant specimens during her travels, 500 of which were new species (mostly spermatophytes). There have been at least two new genera Mexianthus mexicanus Robinson (Compositae) and Spumula quadrifida (Pucciniaceae) have been described from her work. During her first expedition, she collected 500 specimens, which is the same number collected during Darwin's voyage on the Beagle. Although curators are still working to catalogue her full selection of specimens, 50 new species have already been named after her.

Mexía is remembered by her colleagues for her expertise in fieldwork, resilience in the face of difficult and dangerous conditions, as well as her impulsiveness and fractious but generous personality. She was known and praised for her meticulous, exacting work and her skills as a botanical collector.

Other researchers benefited from her knowledge of Central and South American culture and natural environment and her fluency with the Spanish language. Thomas Harper Goodspeed, botanist and former director of the University of California Botanical Garden, travelled with Mexía to the Andes mountains, and commented that "the advice and information she gave us concerning primitive life in the Andes and how to become adjusted to it was invaluable."

A large portion of her estate was left to the Sierra Club and the Save the Redwoods League to further environmental conservation. It was Mexía who provided funding for Vernon Orlando Bailey to create and produce his pioneering invention of more humane traps for animals.

Google Doodle

Mexía's legacy was recognized in the Google Doodle for September 15, 2019.

PBS Short Documentary

In 2020, the life of Ynés Mexía was featured in a documentary short included in the Unladylike2020 series produced by WNET for the PBS.

Botanical Trails in Old Mexico (1929)

Plant lists, Brazil, Mexico, and South America. (1930)

Brazilian ferns collected by Ynes Mexia. With Edwin Bingham Copeland. Editor University Press (1932)

Three Thousand Miles up the Amazon (1933)

Mrs. Ynes Mexiás Route in Ecuador, 1934-1935 (1936)

Camping on the Equator (1937)

Anema, Durlynn (2019), The Perfect Specimen: The 20th Century Renown Botanist--Ynes Mexia, National Writers Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0-88100-170-9

Bonta, Marcia (1991), Women in the Field: America's Pioneering Women Naturalists, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-467-X

McLoone, Margo (1997), Women Explorers in North and South America, Capstone, ISBN 978-1560655077

Mongilloo, John (2001), Environmental Activists, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313308845

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ynés Enriquetta Julietta Mexía (May 24, 1870 - July 12, 1938) was a Mexican-American botanist notable for her extensive collection of novel specimens of flora and plants originating from sites in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.

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Lin-Manuel Miranda is a singer, songwriter, actor, rapper, and filmmaker. In case you didn't know, he is from Puerto Rico. He is well-known for his Broadway musical, Hamilton, but you might know him from another play it movie he made, In The Heights. He also created the soundtracks for Disney movies Moana, Vivo, and Encanto. He won various awards for his accomplishments including 3 Tony Awards, 2 Emmys, and 3 Grammys. You should watch Hamilton or In The Heights to see why... I hope you enjoyed getting hooked to watch one of my fave plays! BYEEEE :)

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Afro-LatinX Culture

Afro-Latinx culture is the vibrant, complex, and multifaceted cultural expression of people who identify as both Black and Latino, characterized by unique traditions, languages, music, dance, and food that blend African and Latin American heritages. This rich cultural identity is deeply connected to the transatlantic slave trade and the ongoing fight against colorism and systemic racism within the broader Latino and Black communities. Afro-Latinx culture is not a single monolithic identity but a diverse spectrum of experiences that have significantly shaped Latin American and U.S. history, arts, and society.

Key Aspects of Afro-Latinx Culture

Intersection of Identities:

Afro-Latinx individuals embody an intersection of racial and ethnic identities, challenging traditional racial categories and embracing a unique heritage.

Influence on Arts & Music:

Afro-Latinx heritage has profoundly influenced genres such as salsa, tango, and other Latin rhythms, though these contributions are often erased or downplayed.

Resilience and Entrepreneurship:

The culture is marked by the resilience, creativity, and entrepreneurial spirit of Afro-Latinx people who have overcome systemic barriers in various fields, from business and beauty to literature and entertainment.

Navigating Colorism and Racism:

Afro-Latinx culture faces the challenges of colorism and racial bias, leading to struggles for acceptance within broader Black and Latino communities.

Preservation of Heritage:

There is a growing movement to celebrate and preserve Afro-Latinx history, experiences, and contributions, ensuring that their rich stories are told and recognized in all aspects of society.

Examples of Cultural Expression

Music and Dance:

Afro-Latinx culture is deeply embedded in musical forms like the Cuban son, a predecessor to salsa, and dances like the tango, which has Afro-Cuban influences.

Literature:

Writers and artists of Afro-Latinx descent are essential in promoting diversity and telling the stories of their communities.

Entrepreneurship:

Afro-Latina entrepreneurs are playing a significant role in industries like fashion, beauty, and housewares, contributing to economic empowerment and cultural representation.

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