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1- Traditional Malay Society Era (Before 19th Century)

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1- Traditional Malay Society Era (Before 19th Century)

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Main Focus

Education was informal and took place in homes, mosques and villages. It focused on Islamic teachings, moral values and daily life skills. Learning was guided by religious teachers (tok guru) and village elders.

Underlying Philosophy

Education aimed to build faith, good behaviour and respect. It helped people live in peace and harmony based on Islamic values and Malay traditions.

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Main focus

During the colonial period, education was divided by race and language. There were Malay, Chinese, Tamil, and English schools. The focus was on basic reading, writing, and vocational skills to serve the needs of the colonial government.

Underlying Philosophy

Education was used to control society and support the colonial system. It did not aim to unite people but to keep different groups separate.

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Main Focus

After Malaysia gained independence, the main focus was to create a national education system that could unite all races. The Razak Report (1956) and Rahman Talib Report (1960) introduced a standard curriculum and made Bahasa Melayu the main language of instruction in schools.

Underlying Philosophy

Education was seen as a way to build national unity and identity. It aimed to develop patriotism, equality, and a sense of belonging among all Malaysians.

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Main Focus

During this era, education focused on modernization and improvement in quality. The Education Act 1996 and the National Philosophy of Education (1988) guided changes to make learning more holistic. Schools began to emphasize science, technology, moral education and balanced student development.

Underlying Philosophy

Education aimed to develop students intellectually, emotionally, spiritually and physically. It focused on creating well-rounded individuals who could contribute to national progress and harmony.

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5. Contemporary and Future Era (2010s-Present and Beyond)

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5. Contemporary and Future Era (2010s-Present and Beyond)

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Main Focus

Education today focuses on digital learning, creativity and global skills. The Malaysia Education Blueprint (2013–2025) aims to prepare students for the 21st century by promoting critical thinking, innovation, inclusivity and the use of technology in schools.

Underlying Philosophy

Education is seen as a lifelong and inclusive process that prepares individuals for a changing world. It focuses on innovation, equality and sustainability following the goals of quality education for all.