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Madagascar Conquered by France                           By: James Verderami

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Madagascar Conquered by France                           By: James Verderami

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Madagascar officially became a colony of France on August 6, 1896

France annexed Madagascar by force

France made Madagascar a protectorate as it was useful for trade. This is a form of imperialism known as protectorate imperialism

In January 1895, France landed troops at Majunga and then started to take over

France relied on this island for food supplies and labor. They used the food supplies to set up trading posts in the Indian Ocean

This method of Imperialism was indirect

Sources

https://digitalcommons.oberlin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1389&context=honors#:~:text=The%20French%20colonial%20period%20in,number%20of%20damaging%20environmental%20consequences.

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0037.004/--flux-du-sang-et-sauterelles-how-the-people-and-environment?rgn=main;view=fulltext#:~:text=%5B6%5D%20The%20French%20company%20relied,been%20overlooked%20by%20most%20historians.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Madagascar/History

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British colonists marching onto Somalian land (Top left is British Somaliland and its flag)

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The Protecorate Land of British Somaliland - Advaith Coonathur 

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The Protecorate Land of British Somaliland - Advaith Coonathur 

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Somalia was taken control of by two main Imperialist countries: Britain and Italy

Britain first colonized the north west of Somalia in 1884 after Egypt gave it up to them

Britain wanted Somalia to produce more food supplies for their country

By 1887, this new colony known as British Somaliland became a protectorate, meaning Britain would protect the colony with a military force as long as they could use the area for production

Britain used the indirect method on British Somaliland

Finally, on June 26, 1960, British Somaliland was formally granted independence by the UK as the State of Somaliland

Overall, Somalia was one of the many countries that fell victim to imperialism and suffered consequences for it. Citizens were treated harshly, customs they used to have had been forced out and new Western culture were pushed on them. Although, they were protected by soldiers, they were forced to do hard labor so the British could benefit off their resources.

SOURCES:

https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/6f35017140c043f9900c8235d170616a

https://www.britannica.com/place/British-Somaliland

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/British_Somaliland

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British army overthrowing a king in India 

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British Raj (British Rule and Imperialism Over India)

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British Raj (British Rule and Imperialism Over India)

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By: Akul Bajpai

Great Britain restricted Indian Industries like textiles.

Indian culture was treated as inferior to British culture and it was forced on them.

The British enforced Direct Imperialism on the Indians which included no self rule amongst the Indians.

Britain sought to use the resources in India to help their own economy  and they even took control over India’s East India Company.

Britain forced Indians to do things against their will and religion like forcing them to bite cartridges that were greased with the lard of pigs and cows even though many Muslims and Hindus couldn’t do that because of their religion.

If Indians refused to follow the instructions of the British, they strictly punished and often jailed and killed.

To expand their own economy, Britain implemented laws which only allowed Indians to buy goods from the Britain such as salt at extremely high prices.

When the Britain employed the Indians, they payed them very little to what British officers were payed.

The forms of Imperialism the Britain used on India were Colonization and Economic Imperialism (Used India for goods and took East India Company).

Overall, the forceful ruling and imperialism of Great Britain on India caused many changes to the lifestyle and the lives of many people living in India, resulting in some of those changes bleeding into the lives of Indians even after the British left and even into Indian’s lives today.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-british-impact-on-india-1700-1900/

https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-impacts.html#/

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By Keira Clerkin

The Philippines were a colony of the United States

An outright colonization is when there is a parental relationship between the imperialism and the weaker area.

The United States colonized the Philippines when the Spanish-American War ended in December 1898

The period of American colonization of the Philippines was 48 years

Lasted until the U.S. recognition of Philippine independence in 1946

Americans colonized the Philippines because they had economic and military motives. They wanted easier access to China and they wanted to expand the US military.

The United States stopped colonizing the Philippines because it was said that the United States had no rights to colonize there since the Philippines wanted a self-government

Sources:

https://www.dwherstories.com/timeline/u-s-imperialism-in-the-philippines#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20seized%20the%20Philippines,million%20in%20the%20Philippines%20alone.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war

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British made many borders separating many religious groups in Nigeria.

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Indirect Imperialism in Nigeria - Aashi Chandarana

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Indirect Imperialism in Nigeria - Aashi Chandarana

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Indirect rule: when local government positions are filled by locals

Indirect rule was more applied in the north, while direct rule was applied more in South Africa

Effectiveness of indirect rule varied greatly on the area depending on the willingness of traditional rulers to cooperate with British officials

British changes made in Nigeria: Wester education, English language, spread of Christianity

New resources made new forms of currency, transportation, and communication

Positive change: helped Nigeria expand its trade

British authorities downplayed linguistic similarities among Nigeria’s ethnic groups

British emphasized religious differences and introduced missionary activities

British administrators also divided Nigeria into different groups to make the colony easier to manage, not thinking about how they were separating ethnic groups from each other

Sources:

https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Imperialism-In-Nigeria-FCAC2VJPY8V

https://republic.com.ng/october-november-2023/the-making-of-nigeria/#:~:text=While%20British%20colonial%20administrators%20like,was%20exercised%20in%20the%20South.

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The British heavily exploited Congolese people for resources as well as used very harsh labor practices.

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The Out Right Colonization Of The Congo: By Aryan Bhatt

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The Out Right Colonization Of The Congo: By Aryan Bhatt

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Originally was a free state in Africa containing a ton of the Congo River basin.

During the “Scramble for Africa” in the late 19th century, the Congo was colonized by Belgium by King Leopold ll.

The congo was also ruled by Belgium again from 1908-1960

The Congo offered many exotic goods and national resources such as rubber, ivory, and minerals.

King Leopold ll wanted to become more powerful and prestigious by annexing the Congo’s land

The imperialism of the Congo by Belgium is an example of out right colonization because King Leopold privately controlled the Congo, and used direct political control over the area. The indigenous people were also not allowed to have a self government and were treated extremely harshly and abused.

This is an example of direct imperialism because King Leopold himself ruled over, as well as Belgian appointed leaders chosen to watch over.

The Congo finally became independent from Belgium on June 30th, 1960

SOURCES:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-the-belgian-congo-imperialism-genocide-atrocities.html#:~:text=King%20Leopold%20and%20Belgian%20Imperialism,prioritize%20profiting%20from%20the%20Congo.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Free-State

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The illustration above depicts the Madras Army, which was composed of Indian troops who subdued uprisings against Britain.

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Ojas Karvekar - British Imperialism vs India

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Ojas Karvekar - British Imperialism vs India

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The British took control of India in 1763 through the East India Company from the Mughal Empire

In the early years of British imperialism in India, the form of imperialism which was used was Sphere of Influence & the method of imperialism was Indirect Imperialism

In early British India, some Western educated Indians would be lower ranking government officials with British officials in the majority with complete dominance of higher ranking government positions

Western education, law and medicine was almost immediately enforced on Indians

Farmers and nomads were coerced into growing cash crops, mainly cotton and jute, instead of food

The British Parliament took control of India from the East India Trading Company when in 1857 the Sepoy troops mutinied over opening cartridges that were greased with pig and cow lard

Under the British viceroy from the British Parliament, Britain strengthened its foothold by abolishing the East India Trading Company

Due to the Sepoy mutiny, the British changed its form of imperialism to Outright Colonization & its method of imperialism of India to Direct Imperialism

Indians were required to buy goods from Britain with enormous taxes over goods including salt, even if the goods were made in India

Famines and land degradation occurred due to deforestation for growing cash crops, a lack of food, and the repetitive growth of cash crops

Those who did not follow the abhorrently strict British law were whipped, flogged, tortured, jailed, hanged, and/or executed publicly if they disobeyed British militants

On August 15 1947, India became independent as rebels arose from the chaos and damage caused by the British, but to this day, British ideas have changed the lifestyle and social hierarchy of India

Sources:

Britannica:

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

Cliff Notes:

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/subjects/history/how-did-imperialism-in-india-come-about

Maps of India:

https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/history/british-imperialism-in-india

William & Mary Law School: https://law.wm.edu/academics/intellectuallife/researchcenters/postconflictjustice/internships/internship-blogs/2022/hyde-kyle/british-raj-and-the-india-criminal-defence-manual.php#:~:text=Britain%20took%20control%20of%20India,Company%20and%20changing%20Indian%20policies

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Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets.

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Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets.

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Conquering the Philippines - Siya H. Desai

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Conquering the Philippines - Siya H. Desai

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The U.S. got the Philippines from Spain after losing the Spanish-American War. The Philippines was granted to the U.S. through the Treaty of Paris.

The U.S. ruled the Philippines through a limited self-government

The Philippines Act was approved on July 1, 1902 by the U.S. Congress. It gave the Philippines a civilian government rather than a military run government.

From December 10, 1898 to October 31, 1899, after the U.S. got the Philippines from Spain, the Philippine people started gearing up for a rebellion against the U.S.

During the Philippine-American War, Filipinos were fighting for their freedom. The president of their rebel government was Emilio Aguinaldo, who was eventually captured. The War was very brutal and both sides suffered many casualties

After many attempts at independence, the  Tydings-McDuffie Law stated that the Philippines would create the Philippine Commonwealth for 10 years, and learn how to become an independent nation. After 10 years, the U.S. would recede it’s control over the Philippines in 1946.

Then, during WW2, the Japanese took control of the Philippines since the U.S. was unable to save them

Links

1. United States/Philippines (1898-1946)

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war#:~:text=The%20war%20was%20brutal%20on,who%20cooperated%20with%20American%20forces.

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Philippines during the time of Imperialism 

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Imperialism Conquering the Philippine - Aadi Shah

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Imperialism Conquering the Philippine - Aadi Shah

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Spain established its first permanent settlement in the Philippines in 1565

the Philippines was initially administered by an American Governor General and appointed American members of the Philippine Commission as the U.S. military continued

to populate throughout the islands

In 1946, the U.S. and the Philippines signed the Treaty of Manila, whereupon the United States recognized the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines: which contained a provision that allowed the U.S. to retain existing military bases and assets, which the U.S. continues to actively use

These materials primarily document the first half of the 20th century, and provide perspectives on American imperialism and expansionism as experienced by U.S. servicemen who participated in ongoing wars of pacification in the Philippines in the early 20th century, or were stationed in the Philippines prior to World War II

the Philippine-American War broke out as the Republic declared war on the United States, by 1902, when the U.S. Congress passed legislation creating the Philippine Assembly, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos had been killed or died of famine or disease as a result of the brutal war

https://library.csun.edu/SCA/Peek-in-the-Stacks/us-imperialism-philippines#:~:text=Spain%20established%20its%20first%20permanent,winning%20the%20Spanish%2DAmerican%20War.

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BY: Srinethra Chilukuri

Egypt was colonized in 1882 by the British, due it Egypts location giving the British access to Asia. They also wanted to profit off of Egypts prosperous economy.

The British indirectly colonized Egypt, as they used to form of protectorate, which means that the protected Egypt from being colonized from other countries.

The colonization of Egypt resulted in massive negative effects for the nation.

Loss of Culture

Loss of Education

Absence of Healthcare

The Egyptians fought the British by:

Non-violent Boycotts

Petitions

Strikes made by: students, professionals, and workers

Though, the British did have some positive effects on the Nation:

Boosted Irrigation

Increased cotton production and exportation

Improved Field Work

Increased Tourism across the nation

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjMg_WM0fiDAxWbv4kEHUfKAPIQFnoECA4QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorystuffweb.wordpress.com%2Fimperialism-in-egypt%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAt%2520the%2520beginning%2520of%2520the%2520twentieth%2520century%2520Egypt%2520was%2520massively%2Ceducation%252C%2520health%2520care%2520and%2520freedom.&usg=AOvVaw2Ln_zLRCngAyNOvluZCvGy&opi=89978449reedom.

https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=The%20loss%20of%20culture%2C%20westernisation,control%20over%20its%20own%20country.

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British Imperialism of India, 1858-1947, by Aaryan Patnaik

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British Imperialism of India, 1858-1947, by Aaryan Patnaik

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The Europeans showed interest in India because of their trade and transportation routes, such as the silk road

The first European to travel to India was Vasco da Gama. His arrival pushed other rival countries to set up trade routes to India as well.

The Mughal Empire fell into chaos when their emperor died, and this decrease in stability allowed Europeans to imperialize India by using their military power and advanced technology

Formed the British East India Company, which was made by a group of merchants that petitioned Queen Elizabeth I, and provided a monopoly on all trade in the East

It promoted British Trade in the East and expanded their markets across the region

Indian soldiers fought for the British during their expansion through India, and were called sepoys, who rebelled and destroyed the British East India Company

After the rebellion, Britain fully colonized India, which was known as British Raj, which changed India’s standards economically, politically, and socially

India was Britain's most important colony because of their economy

The British passed harsh laws against the Indian people, such as exporting natural resources to Britain and forcing Indians to produce crops for English factories instead of food crops, which led to a high number of famines in which about 55 million total Indians died

India gained their independence after many years, mainly thanks to Mahatma Gandhi’s non-cooperation campaign, where he peacefully protested Britain’s economic and political control over India, with a mass of millions of followers

The political tension within India was high, between religious and social groups, so the country partitioned into Pakistan and India with Britain’s approval, ceasing Britain’s rule in India.

https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-overview.html#/

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Map of Indochina territories under control of France

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By: Aadya Khera

Direct Economic Imperialism

By the late 1800’s France had gained control of the modern day locations of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in a colony it referred to as Indochine due to the religious influence on the region from India and China.

The French Tried to justify their imperialism by saying that  it was there job to “civilize” the people of south-east Asia and devolved a principle called “the mission civilisatrice” which was the French form of the English “white man’s burden”

The French looked to Vietnam for cheap access to raw material and cheap labor.

French colonialism was much more brutal than that of the British. Paris itself sent over 20 governors to Indochina between the years of 1900-1945.

France tried to avoid revolt by employing a “divide and rule” strategy. They played local communities against each other and carved the nation into 3 separate provinces. Annam along the central coast, Tonkin in the north, and Cochinchina in the south.

France selfishly turned Vietnam’s subsistence economy into a proto-capitalist system based on land ownership and mass production. They seized small portions of land and reorganized them into large plantations giving small landowners the option of either remaining as low wage laborers or relocating elsewhere.

During labor shortages the French would life Viet framers by false promises or high wage or through threats of gun violence

The main cash crops in this area were rice and rubber and were sold abroad by France.

The working conditions for the Viet were horrible; they were known as “coolies” ( a derogatory term for Asian laborers). They worked long hours for pitifully small wages, some were even paid rice rather than money.

Malnutrition,dysentery, and malaria were very common in rubber plantations. It was not uncommon for several workers to die in one plantation every day.

One of the only benefits of French rule in Vietnam was the improvement in their education system

French rule in Vietnam lasted for six decades.

https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/french-colonialism-in-vietnam/

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By Aditi Amarnath

How, and what form/method of imperialism occurred in India?

The form of imperialism that the British used for India was economic imperialism

This started when political leadership began to decline in the Mughal Empire descendants, thus leading to chaos and disorganization

At the same time, the British East India Company was thriving, and began to exert power over India

This company was a massive British corporation founded under Queen Elizabeth I and became a global player

I would actually go so far as to say that the method by which Britain used to imperialize India was indirect

This is because Britain regulated much of what the East India Company did, and this company began to exert its dominance over India when it saw the opportunity which arose from governmental confusion in the Mughal Empire, thus leading to Britain indirectly controlling India

Additionally, based off of stories from my grandparents and other old generations in my family, the British degraded India in order to imperialize

They exerted control over traditions and frowned upon our cultures, leading many people to believe that the British were superior to the Indians, when in reality, they just desired India’s rich materials and plentiful resources, as well as the trade routes

They altered religious customs, and even made Indians go against their religions by forcing them to consume animal fat

When did European interest in India originate?

During the Age of Imperialism, a European power, Britain, extended its political, economic, and cultural authority over the massive subcontinent of India

European interest in India first began through economics, because of the desired trade routes such as the Silk Road

The Silk Road stretched from Japan and China (east) to the Mediterranean area (west)

Traveled through India, Persia, Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe

Another significant time period which furthered British interest in India was the time of the Mughal Empire (Early Modern Period)

At its height, the Mughal Empire included most of Modern India and parts of Pakistan and Bangladesh, therefore making it one of the largest empires in the history of Southeast Asia

India was the jewel of Southeast Asia because of the various goods and services, the foods, the materials, and especially the trade routes!

During Akbar’s rule (1556-1605), the Mughal Empire expanded and developed a strong economy, even trading with European companies such as the British East India Company

Eventually, lack of political leadership in the descendants of the Mughal Empire weakened them altogether

Europe jumped at this opportunity to imperialize

Unpopular British Moves:

The East India Company required sepoys, or Indian soldiers, in its service anywhere, even though it was against their religion to travel overseas in those of the high caste

This company also told the troops to bite off the tips of cartridges before loading them into the rifles, which were greased in animal fat

Parliament put India directly under the British crown

Britain taxed Indians to pay the cost of the occupying forces in India

British viceroys in India governed in the name of the queen and British officials held top positions in the army

The British also made agricultural changes, ultimately leading to deforestation, and therefore, famine

The British often used brute force in order to set examples, there are many accounts of terrible things being done to Indians

Additional links:

https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-overview.html#/

https://www.history.com/news/east-india-company-england-trade

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Imperialism in Nigeria - Vinesh Kothuri 

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Imperialism in Nigeria - Vinesh Kothuri 

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Nigeria was a colony and a protectorate, meaning the British had control, but there was an internal government within Nigeria.

The Nigerians did not have a strong military, which led to little protection against the British forces. This caused the British to take advantage of the Nigerians and colonize them.

After the British took over Nigeria, they implemented direct and indirect rule over Nigeria to attain valuable materials they possessed.

The British later divided Nigeria’s population into groups to prevent them from resisting authority as a unit.

They had a local government over years of its colonization, but there was a more distant but powerful central government in London.

Lastly, Nigeria was given independence in the year 1960.

Sources:

https://u.osu.edu/introhumanitiesonline/2020/02/04/history-of-the-british-takeover-of-nigeria/

https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Nigeria-as-a-colony

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Britain Conquering Egypt   BY: Manav Patel

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Britain Conquering Egypt   BY: Manav Patel

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Egypt became an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1848) and his male successors

-From 1852, Britain kept an increased presence in northern Egypt to maintain the overland trade route to India and to oversee the construction of the Cairo–Alexandria railway, the first British railway built on foreign land

The positive effects from Britain colonizing Egypt

-Improved work that happened in the fields

-Increased tourism

-Increased cotton production and exportation

The negative effects from Britain colonizing Egypt

-Bad Education

-Bad Health

-Bad Culture values

The British military occupied Egypt in 1882 to protect financial interests in the country, culminating in a violent war. Britain won, restored the Khedival authority in Cairo, and established a ‘veiled protectorate’ over Ottoman-Egypt until the First World War.

The Egyptians tried to fight back Britain by having non-violent boycotts and petitions

**Links for Cites**

https://www.whipplelib.hps.cam.ac.uk/special/exhibitions-and-displays/conflicting-chronologies/britain-egypt

https://study.com/academy/lesson/egypt-under-european-rule-summary-timeline.html

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The Colonization of Eager Egypt                          Aditya Jagavkar

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The Colonization of Eager Egypt                          Aditya Jagavkar

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In the late 1700s, Egypt was a part of the slowly declining Ottoman Empire

In 1805-1842, it was under the control of the great Muhammad Ali.

He was a very advanced leader and he wanted Egypt to become the best version of itself

They created a great army by importing trained military people to train his army

After he died, the successors continued his tradition and continued to improve Egypt's technology

In 1859, the Suez canal started construction and 10 years later was in operation for all nations of the world

It made it easier to trade from Europe to Asia.

Over this time Britain started to gain control of Egypt

In 1882, Britain formally gained control of Egypt and controlled its government to protect financial differences.

This meant that the relationship between the the 2 countries was an economic relationship

Britain depended of Egypt for economic profit

It was great because Britain got “control” of the Suez Canal which was great for it.

Egypt declared it independence in 1922 and became its own free country

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwir24D6w_mDAxVqjIkEHfHcBj8QFnoECBgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whipplelib.hps.cam.ac.uk%2Fspecial%2Fexhibitions-and-displays%2Fconflicting-chronologies%2Fbritain-egypt&usg=AOvVaw1W4mp7VDd-iFdCyumtC5Xn&opi=89978449

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Algeria when colonized by France, as well as other neighboring regions colonized by France

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Ritik Thukral - Algeria: Outright Colonization

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Ritik Thukral - Algeria: Outright Colonization

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Algeria was colonized by France in the 1830s

This colonization was an example of outright colonization, since there was a parental relationship between France and Algeria

This colonization was an example of direct colonization, because French took full control of Aditya without local rulers

This region was also called French Algeria, which is another indicator of outright colonization

France used invasion and conquering to colonize Algeria

This invasion cost more than 10,000 French lives

Approximately 5.6 million Algerians were killed throughout the whole colonization period of Algeria

Algeria only gained independence in 1962 after a series of negotiations and massacres

Sources:

https://mrbelloblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2.-Partition-of-Africa-.pdf

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa#:~:text=European%20imperialism%20took%20three%20forms%20in%20the%20early,for%20maintaining%20the%20rulers%20and%20chiefs%20in%20power.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/when-did-algeria-declare-independence-from-france.html

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British Imperialism Over Egypt By: Neel Nadkarni

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British Imperialism Over Egypt By: Neel Nadkarni

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Was officially under British Protectorate from 1914-1922

Acquired in 1882 by Britain

Britain established indirect imperialism in Egypt in the form of a Military Protectorate system

Pros of British imperialism in Egypt:

Bettered Egypt’s economy

Expanded Egyptians cotton and light industries

Increased tourism

Development of greater infrastructure

Cons of British imperialism in Egypt:

Westernization and loss of culture

Education system was neglected

Neglected health care system

Loss of freedom

Egyptians had very little say in government and political choices

No firm political system when Britain left

Many died during revolts

Many Egyptians were exploited for cheap labor

Many missionaries converted Egypts vast Muslim population to Christianity

Britain had control of what was taught in school and taught English and Christianity

Britain mainly focused on the economical, political, and military aspects of Egypt and had no regards for the well beings of the people

Egyptians protested through several non-violent methods

Strikes

Started petitions for freedom

Made public speeches about restoring freedom

Activists spread ideas

Boycotted British goods

British finally declared limited independence on February 28, 1922

Links: https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

https://www.journeytoegypt.com/en/blog/egypt-map

https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/egyptians-campaign-independence-1919-1922

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The period that the subcontinent of India was under rule of the British was between 1858 to August 15 1947 (August 14 for Pakistan)

Europeans economic interest in India was for a long period of time due expressing in interest in the Silk Road (an ancient trade route)

British East India Company was first established on December 31st 1600 a company promoting British trade in far east.

British East India Company was created by aa group of 200 English merchants petitioned for queen Elizabeth

The royal charter then was issued and then the British east india company was issued all trade in the far east

The British would restrict indian textiles and indian industries imperialsm tactics included to divide and conquer

British enforced British society concepts onto India essentially to create a “mini Britain”

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1857/11/british-india/531183/

(And the link above with the image also has content within)

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According to a YouGov poll in 2016, 43 percent of British citizens thought the existence of the British Empire was a "good thing," while only 19 percent disagreed. It's a myth that British imperialism benefited one of its richest colonies, India when on the contrary it drained all its wealth and resources just like colonizers do.

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"They don't talk about the colonial textbooks, it should be taught as part of the history because after all, it is their history. It's also about acknowledging their past and learning about their ex-colonies. Denial is the worst thing," said Assistant Professor of History Ruchika Sharma at Gargi College, Delhi University.

1. First traders, then colonizers

The British East India Company made its sneaky entry through the Indian port of Surat in 1608. Originally the company started with a group of merchants trying to seek a monopoly over trade operations in the East Indies. In 1615, Thomas Row one of the members approached the ruling Mughal emperor Jehangir to gain permission to open the first factory in Surat.

Slowly as they expanded their trade operations, the British started forming colonies. Penetrating deep into Indian politics, the imperialists took advantage of the infighting between the ruling royalty in different states, pitting one against the other by taking sides and offering protection.

To monitor the activities of the company, the British government installed the first governor general of India, Warren Hastings, who laid the administrative foundation for subsequent British consolidation. The East India Act of 1784 was passed to dissolve the monopoly of the East India Company and put the British government in charge. After the Indian Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the British government assumed full control, dissolving the trading company.

Imperial rule destroyed India's local hand loom industry to fund its own industrialization. India became one of the major cotton exporters to the U.K. The raw materials from India were taken to the U.K. and the finished products were sent back to Indian markets and other parts of the world, leaving the Indian handloom industry in shambles and taking jobs away from local weavers.

India, that was one of the major exporters of finished products became an importer of British goods as its world share of exports fell from 27 percent to 2 percent. India was once referred to as "Sone ki Chidiya" or "The Golden Bird" before the British looters drained all its wealth. At the beginning of the 18th century, India's share of the world economy was 23 percent, as large as all of Europe put together, but by the time the British were kicked out of India in 1947, it had dropped to less than 4 percent, according to the BBC.
2. How the British Empire starved India
The last famine in India, in Bengal between 1943 and 1944, claimed over four million lives. The Bengal famine - also referred to as the man-made famine - between 1943 and 1944 claimed over four million lives and is said to have been engineered as part of an unsympathetic and ruthless economic agenda, according to Rakhi Chakraborty's book titled, "The Bengal Famine: How the British Engineered the Worst Genocide in Human History for Profit."

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Madhusree Mukerjee, a U.S.-based journalist, points out in her book, "Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II," that U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill ignored farmers' pleas for emergency food aid, leaving millions to starve as their rice paddy fields were turned over to jute production. Mukerjee cites ministry records that reveal ships carrying cereals from Australia bypassed India on their way to the Mediterranean Sea where supplies were already abundant, the Telegraph reported.

According to Crimes of Britain, during the Bihar famine of 1873, the so-called "relief efforts" were deemed "excessive." The British didn't intend to end the misery caused by the famine but instead devised a strategy to prolong the starvation. The people suffering the famine, in what the empire called the "distance test" were made to walk over 10 miles to and from the relief works, according to the Crimes of Britain. The food provided at these slave labor camps where the annual death rate in 1877 was 94 percent was less than that provided at the Nazi concentration camp Buchenwald.

3. Stole from the language of the oppressed

Imparting the English language was a colonial instrument designed to help the British empire oppress the Indian masses. The strategic decision by the East India Company was made to create a class of Indians, the "Babus," who could act as a bridge between the millions of Indians who didn't speak the language. Secretary to the Board of Control Lord Macaulay, in a nasty 1835 "Minute on Education," urged the Governor-General to teach English to a minority of Indians, reasoning, "We must do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indians in blood and color, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect."

In their 200 years of rule, the British couldn't help but steal words from local Indian languages that are now part of the English vocabulary. Ironically, one of the first words that they took was "loot" equivalent to "plunder." According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word was rarely heard outside the plains of north India until the late 18th century, after which it became a commonly used term across the U.K. Some other common words stolen from the subcontinent include bungalow, cheetah, chutney, juggernaut, maharaja, mantra, nirvana, pundit, thug, veranda, pyjama, shampoo and bangle, among others.

4. Indian Railways: "Dogs and Indians not allowed"

In 1843, Governor-General Charles Hardinge said the construction of railways would benefit the empire and help with "the commerce, government and military control of the country." The railroad was paid for by Indian taxpayers. The British shareholders claimed the investments guaranteed massive returns.

The colonizers were only interested in exploiting India's natural resources as they transported items such as coal, iron ore, cotton and other natural resources to ports for the British to ship home to use in their factories. Indians were prohibited from riding in first class compartments in the trains that they helped build even if they could afford it as the first compartments were labeled as "Dogs and Indians are not allowed." Thousands of Indian workers died during the construction of the railroads.

5. The Imperialist policy of Divide and Conquer

The British Empire adopted the age-old political strategy of divide and conquer throughout their colonization of India. The occupiers used the strategy to turn locals against each other to help them rule the region. Whenever the British felt threatened by Indian nationalism and saw it growing, they divided the Indian people along religious lines.

In 1905, Viceroy of India Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal dividing the largely Muslim-dominated eastern section from the Hindu dominated western part. But the strategy didn't last long as Bengal was reunited in 1911. After oppressing India for 200 years, draining its wealth and filling their own coffers, the U.K. ripped the Indian subcontinent into pieces just before they finally left. The partition of 1947 that came along with India's independence left nearly one million dead and 13 million displaced. Billions of dollars were lost in property left behind.

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5 Ways the British Empire Ruthlessly Exploited India

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It's a myth that British imperialism benefited one of its richest colony, India, when in reality it drained all its wealth and resources.

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The British take over the subcontinent of India

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Indirect Turn To Direct Rule - British India 

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Indirect Turn To Direct Rule - British India 

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BY: VAISHNAVI ARCOT

During the mid eighteenth century, India was under an indirect rule under Britain.

Switched immediately to direct rule after the failed 1857 rebellion in india.

This rebellion was famously known as the Sepoy Rebellion, because sepoys were forced to bite off animal fat in cartridges of guns, which was against their religions.

The East India Company (EIC) which was a commercial enterprise and allowed the British to own land and have beneficial relationships with permission from local rulers, was dissolved by the Act of Parliament in 1874 after the mutiny.

The British Raj, which was a direct imperial rule of india by Britain replaced the indirect rule.

Indian now was under a sphere of influence under the British rule.

-  Britain benefited from trade w/ india

- Forced farmers to grow cash crops which led to deforestation

- Textiles destroyed India’s hand-weaving industry

The British Raj, which was a harsh rule of the British crown, changed many cultural aspect in india.

- Stopped Sati (widowed women that jumped into their husband’s cremation fires).

- Child marriage was more strict and limited

- Caste system became more rigid & classified the entire nation into categories.

The British Raj (direct rule of india) affected India vastly. India’s economy was connected to Britain’s because of their exclusive trade rights with/ India. India was also innovated with the development of railroads and telegraphs to expand communication across the subcontinent. The caste system was introduced and many traditions, like child marriage and Sati was stopped. New economic focuses, like the growth of cash crops in farms, and the textile industry were introduced as Indians were exposed to western culture.

https://www.mrbelloblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/4.-British-Take-Over-India-.pdf

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/east-india-company-and-raj-1785-1858/#:~:text=End%20of%20Company%20rule&text=The%20Crown%20also%20directly%20appointed,India%20by%20the%20British%20state.

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Working in the West Indies by Prakul Balaji

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Working in the West Indies by Prakul Balaji

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History of Colonization in the West Indies

England was one of the main colonizers of the West Indies area

Christopher Columbus was the first European explorer to go to the West Indies, sponsored by a charter form the King and Queen of France(1492)

It was only a century later that the English started taking control(1623-1697) in colonies such as Saint Kitts, Barbados, Nevis, Antigua, and Montserrat

During the 1650, mercantilism was popular with the British and the French

One of the most popular examples of this was plantation labor

The Atlantic slave trade provided a way for England to sell sugar and tobacco from plantations in return for more workers for the farms

The excess amount of workers incited the British to physically go there and rule over the people of the Caribbean, enabling direct rule

There was a cycle where entrepreneurs would travel to the Caribbean, make money, and retire back to England, giving way for more entrepreneurs on the islands

This importation of British people combined with workers and slaves created a biracial society which became largely hierarchical, made up of Europeans, indentured workers, and slaves

Creole societies became one of the firsts to revolt because of a growing independence movement from many inspirational black leaders

One example of this is the Haitian Revolution, a landmark in history which became the foundation for many other revolutions such as the American Revolution

Regardless of the negatives, Europeans brought positives such as Christian values, technologies, ideas, plants and animals which helped further trade in the Caribbean

Links:https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/eurocla.html

Links:https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Indies-island-group-Atlantic-Ocean/Colonialism

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The dramatic encounters of European and American peoples from 1492 to 1600 varied considerably from place to place and over time. This section of the exhibit examines the immediate consequences of contact in the five geographical areas of America reviewed previously.

The Indian peoples sometimes greeted Europeans warmly, provided them with food, and taught them important new survival skills. In some cases, they perceived them as being divine, or at least spiritually powerful. Some used the newcomers as allies against old enemies. Others saw them as new enemies, to be grudgingly tolerated or strongly resisted. However, native peoples were quickly disillusioned by treachery or mistreatment at European hands.

The Europeans brought technologies, ideas, plants, and animals that were new to America and would transform peoples' lives: guns, iron tools, and weapons; Christianity and Roman law; sugarcane and wheat; horses and cattle. They also carried diseases against which the Indian peoples had no defenses.

The interaction among groups produced a complex mosaic of relationships. Varying forms of resistance and adaptation among Indian, African, and European peoples occurred throughout the region.

The Carribean-Las Indias

The arrival of Europeans proved disastrous for the people of the Caribbean. Within 20 years, it is estimated that native population of Hispaniola dropped from one million to 30,000.

The Spaniards settled first on the island of Hispaniola and later moved on to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, forcing the Taínos to mine for gold. The local population quickly declined as a result of mistreatment, flight, disruption of agriculture, and disease. African slaves were imported as early as 1502 to replace the dwindling labor supply.

As mining decreased, the Spanish introduced livestock, crops, and fruit trees. Cattle ranching and sugarcane became important as a stable Spanish society took hold in the large islands. The Caribbean played a crucial role as a staging ground for further exploration and conquest, and as a strategic defensive point for the Spanish empire.

Middle America-Creating New Spain

After having organized the expedition in Cuba, Hernando Cortés led the conquest of the Mexica (Aztec) empire from 1519-1521. Tenochtitlán, the capital city, was razed and rebuilt as Mexico, the capital of the viceroyalty of New Spain.

Within thirty years, it had the first printing press in the Americas, a cathedral, and a university. Indian residents far outnumbered the 8,000 or so Spaniards, and perhaps the 5,000 Africans of diverse origins living there by 1550. From the capital, the Spanish spread out to adjoining areas and eventually into today's New Mexico and Guatemala.

Silver mining assured that the economy would flourish. Spaniards used Indian laborers to establish their farms, ranches, and towns, and religious orders mounted intensive missionary campaigns. Despite a great reduction in population, native cultures and communities nonetheless survived, adapting to the new circumstances of Spanish rule.

Testimony from Huejotzingo

A hand-painted document, presented as testimony in a court case against the Spanish crown, provides a record of a people whose vibrant culture was beginning to reflect the influence of a new political and religious system. Ten years after allying with Cortés in the siege of Tenochtitlán, the people of Huejotzingo asked him for help in a legal battle - this time against the extremely burdensome tributes exacted by Spanish administrators sent to rule New Spain.

The paintings are on native amatl, a pre-European paper made of fig tree bark or maguey. They describe tributes paid, including loads of stones, bricks, foodstuffs, and bolts of woven cloth. One sheet depicts a banner made of gold and feathers, bearing an image of the Madonna and Child. According to the painting, eight male slaves and twelve female slaves were sold in order to pay for the gold.

By 1531, the conqueror Hernando Cortés had acquired dominion over far-reaching properties in Mexico and the title of Governor of New Spain. After a lengthy absence from the region, he was asked by the people of the town of Huejotzingo (located in the current state of Puebla) to initiate a lawsuit against certain members of the high court of New Spain, concerning their burdensome utilization of the people and the unjust use of the incomes and profits secured from the town during his absence. The written legal document that ensued and the accompanying testimony-eight sheets of handsome indigenous drawings on native paper of maguey and amatl-are known today as the Huejotzingo Codex of 1531.

This poignant and visually stimulating document reveals a highly stratified Nahuatl Indian social structure, with a complex and precise accounting system and an impressive diversity of crops, products, and professions. It contains one of the earliest known images of the Madonna and Child in these types of documents, a representation of a costly banner made of precious feathers and gold. The use of this highly revered form of indigenous artwork to display a Christian symbol introduced by the Iberian religious missionaries is striking testimony to the confluence of Spanish and Indian cultures and belief systems that was to occur later throughout America.

Rendering of the national symbol of Mexico (eagle, snake, and cactus).

Conquest in the Andes

The conquest of Peru was similar to that of Mexico in many ways. Inspired by rumors of a rich empire, Francisco Pizarro and other Spaniards reconnoitered the western coast of South America in the 1520s. In 1532, in the midst of a civil war, the Spaniards seized the Inca emperor Atahaullpa. After exacting a huge ransom in gold and silver, they executed him, but it was some time before they consolidated their conquest.

The Spaniards conquered the Inca capital of Cuzco, but found the imperial city too high and remote. Instead, they established a new capital, Lima, near the coast. Highland communities, therefore, experienced less contact with Spanish culture than did lowland communities. However, all Indian communities were subject to Spanish tribute and labor demands, adapted from the Incan mita system. These often onerous obligations brought disruption, change, and hardship.

According to legend, Santiago (St. James) converted Spain to Christianity and after his death his remains were moved to Santiago de Compostela. A later addition to the legend has Santiago riding a white steed and carrying a white banner, appearing in a radiant cloud above Christian troops battling Muslim forces. The notion of Santiago symbolizing Christian triumph over non-Christians was part of the mental world that the conquistadores brought with them to America. Chroniclers report that Santiago was invoked numerous times in battles against indigenous peoples. This illustration shows such a scene.

This church in Cuzco was constructed on top of the remains of an Incan temple. The obvious combination of Christian, Muslim, and Incan cultures are all evident in this photograph.

Europeans Along the South Atlantic

Portugal's claim to Brazil resulted not only from Cabral's 1500 landing, but also from the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. French efforts to exploit the resources and to establish settlements in the area persisted through much of the 16th century. The Spanish concentrated on the Rio de la Plata region and established the cities of Buenos Aires in 1536 and Asuncion in 1537.

Intense Portuguese colonization of Brazil began in the same decade. The capital, Salvador, was established in 1549 at the Bay of All Saints. The first Jesuits, who would play a crucial role in Brazilian society, arrived the same year. They established missionary settlements called aldeas in which they hoped to bring Tupinambas and other groups into "civilized" society by subjecting them to a disciplined routine and making them full-time farmers. Portuguese efforts to use indigenous labor were never very successful. Gradually they began to import African slaves as sugarcane cultivation got underway in the northeast.

The Portuguese, after first attempting to develop the brazilwood trade, changed, in the mid-16th century to sugarcane production and the importation of African slaves to work in that industry.

Incursions in North America

The French, Spanish, Portuguese, and English arrived in North America in the 16th century, sporadically and in small numbers. Fishermen plied their trade off the Newfoundland coast from around 1500. Some Europeans hoped to find an alternative route to Asia (the Northwest Passage), wealthy civilizations, or precious metals, but few found what they sought. They did not, however, confront an untamed wilderness, but rather people who often lived in villages and towns.

The European intruders depended almost entirely on the indigenous people, who provided them food and guides, sometimes under duress. They made few serious attempts to settle in the early years. Frequently, the most enduring impact of their expeditions was negative. Their diseases devastated native populations, and violence and wholesale commandeering of food supplies left a legacy of fear and hostility.

The Spanish and French Disrupt Life in Florida

Almost from the outset, European arrivals in the Florida peninsula produced violent confrontations. The Spanish came first, presumably as an extension of slave raiding in the Caribbean islands. Ponce de Leon's expeditions, in 1513 and 1521, failed because of Timucua and Calusa resistance. Subsequent Spanish expeditions moved on without founding any permanent settlements until St. Augustine was established in 1565.

In the early 1560s, French Huguenots established a colony at the mouth of the Saint Johns River. Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, who mapped the area and wrote an account of his experiences, survived the 1565 Spanish attack that destroyed the French colony. Engravings based on his drawings show the site in Florida where the French first landed; Timucua men and women carrying fruit; and a battle scene in which French soldiers aided their ally Outina against his enemy Potanou.

The French initially touched the Florida coast near the St. Mary's River in the early 1560s, attempted settlements in the region, created alliances with the various Indian settlements, and eventually were annihilated by the Spanish in 1565.

The contacts of the French with the Timucua peoples of what is now northern Florida were documented by Jacques Le Moyne. In this view, the alliance of the French with the Chief Outina is used to overwhelm his arch-enemy Potanou.

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1492: An Ongoing Voyage Europe Claims America: The Atlantic Joined

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The dramatic encounters of European and American peoples from 1492 to 1600 varied considerably from place to place and over time. This section of the exhibit examines the immediate consequences of contact in the five geographical areas of America reviewed previously. The Indian peoples sometimes greeted Europeans warmly, provided them with food, and taught them important new survival skills.

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How it Started

The British Raj was established in 1858, taking control over the subcontinent of India

The British control over India started to rise in the 17th century when the English India Company acquired territory in North India fro Mughal emperors

British started to take control over large sections of Indian land in 1757 following the Battle of Plassey

Following this battle, the East India Company started to function as the military authority in growing sections of India

The Start of Revolts

With their control over India, the British imposed many cultural changes, including those over religion

In 1857, the British supplied the soldiers of the British Indian Army with new rifle cartridges, that were rumored to be greased with animal fat

If these rumors were true, it would mean that Indian soldiers were going against their religion and biting the tips off of animal fat greased cartridges

This led to the start of the Indian Revolt on May 10, 1857.

During this revolt, Indians massacred British men, women and children

In retaliation, the British torched many Indian villages, and killed many unarmed villagers, leading to the rebels surrendering of June 20, 1858

Sources

https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-195275

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Brittish Imperialism in India - Praneeth Kumar

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Brittish Imperialism in India - Praneeth Kumar

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During the time period of 1858 - 1947

Trade had been highly valued in India by Europeans since the ancient times. The ,one rout between them was subject to many potential obstacles and obscations from middle men

In late March 1857 a sepoy (Indian soldier) in the employ of the East India Company named Mangal Pandey attacked British officers at the military garrison in Barrackpore.

As a punishment they were given long prison terms, fettered, and put in jail

The seizure of Delhi provided a focus and set the pattern for the whole mutiny, which spread to north India

To expand the economy of Britain they implemented a loan that allowed Indians to but goods sold by Britain

A curtain had fallen, and the two sides would never trust each other again. British disdain increased, and for the Indians, resentment festered.

Yet oddly enough, Western influence was eclectically accepted by many upper class urban Indians (to a large extent in imitation, but also as a means to, and result of, upward mobility).

The apparent anomaly of interest in things Western is best illustrated by Calcutta, one of the three early centers of Company presence. The others were Madras and Bombay— cities that built up around the Company’s commercial establishment.

Forms of imperialism implemented were colonization, economics, and racism

The political, economic, and racism was at an all time height during this time period.

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-british-impact-on-india-1700-1900/

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British imperialism In India By Harshith Gajjalakonda

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British imperialism In India By Harshith Gajjalakonda

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1858 - 1947

Forms of imperialism implemented were colonization, economics, and racism

British enforced British society concepts into India to essentially create a mine Britain

In late March 1857 a Indian soldier in the employ of the East India Company named Mangal
Pandey attacked British officers at the military
garrison in Barrackpore.﻿ - ﻿As a punishment they were given long prison terms, fettered, and put in Jail

expand the economy of Britain they implemented a loan that allowed Indians to buy goods only sold from the British

The economic, political, and racism was at an all time high during the British rule

British East India Company was first established on December 31st 1600 a company promoting British trade in far east

A curtain had fallen, and the two sides would never trust each other again. British disdain increased, and for the Indians, resentment festered

Link:https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

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The British exploited area in the Congos for resources. They made people work to gather minerals and other things.

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Outright Colonization in the Congo - Siddharth Bidari

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Outright Colonization in the Congo - Siddharth Bidari

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Rebellious actions by the Congolese elicited swift and harsh responses from Leopold’s private army, the Force Publique (a band of African soldiers led by European officers), who burned the villages and slaughtered the families of rebels.

Force Publique troops were also known for cutting off the hands of the Congolese, including children. This mutilation not only served as a punishment and a method to further terrorize the Congolese into submission, but it also provided a measure (the collection of severed hands) by which the soldiers could prove to their commanding officers that they were actively crushing rebellious activity.

Brutality was widespread in mines and on plantations. The population of the entire state is said to have declined from some 20 million to 8 million.

The regime, under Leopold’s unrestrained personal control, became notorious for its treatment of the Congolese. Forced labor was used to gather wild rubber, palm oil, and ivory.

The truth about Leopold’s brutal regime eventually spread, largely owing to the efforts of the Congo Reform Association, an organization founded by British citizens in the early 20th century. Finally, indignation among people in Britain and other parts of Europe grew so great that Leopold was forced to transfer his authority in the Congo to the Belgian government. In 1908 the Congo Free State was abolished and replaced by the Belgian congo, a colony controlled by the Belgian parliament.

Sources:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-the-belgian-congo-imperialism-genocide-atrocities.html#:~:text=King%20Leopold%20and%20Belgian%20Imperialism,prioritize%20profiting%20from%20the%20Congo

https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Free-State

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Cecil Rhodes was an influential British businessman who played a vital role in the expansion of the British Empire throughout South Africa.

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Uncovering the History of Imperialism in North Rhodesia- Arjun Sarsam

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Uncovering the History of Imperialism in North Rhodesia- Arjun Sarsam

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North Rhodesia was a British protectorate established in 1911.

It is located in South-Central Africa

Modern-Day North Rhodesia is know as Zimbabwe.

Sir Alfred Sharpe was the Commissioner for North Rhodesia, he established British rule and negotiated deals with local African leaders.

Under Cecil Rhodes copper mining became very prevalent because of the many copper deposits.

Copper Export became the protectorate's main source of revenue

Many people immigrated to North Rhodesia to find jobs working in the copper mines.

The British implemented a social hierarchy to create social divisions that still cause problems to this day.

Western culture disrupted the local culture.

indigenous people were displaced after the British claimed land to create copper mines.

Workers worked in terrible conditions and the legal system didn't stop these exploitive conditions.

Local African tribes that resisted British rule would be met with extreme violence and blood shed.

North Rhodesia gained its independence from the British in 1964.

Copper mining and exporting is still heavily relied on, though the country has on going struggles with global changes in copper price and mismanaged natural resources.

Land redistribution problems are still being delt with

Sources:

https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/northernrhodesia.htm

https://www.marxists.org/archive/kidron/works/1955/sr/03-rhodesia.html

ites.temple.edu/ticlj/files/2019/05/33.1_Streater_Article4.pdf

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Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch from the 17th century until the 20th century, under the name of the Dutch East Indies

Indonesia was a victim of a sphere of influence by the Dutch, who ruled the archipelago for over three centuries.

The Dutch implemented a racial hierarchy, promoted their religion, and undermined Indonesian traditions

The Dutch exploited Indonesia for spices, rubber, oil, and minerals, and taxed and forced labor on the population.

Indonesia resisted Dutch imperialism through rebellions, such as the Java, Padri, and Aceh War, and the Indonesian National Revolution.

Indonesia finally achieved its independence in 1949, after 4 years of struggle.

Indonesia also faced a sphere of influence by Japan, who occupied the archipelago during World War II,

Indonesia became an imperialist power itself, when it invaded and annexed East Timor and West Papua, two former Portuguese colonies, in the 1970s and 1980s.

Indonesia also exploited the natural resources of East Timor and West Papua, such as oil, gas, and minerals, and collaborated with foreign corporations,  to profit from their extraction.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Growth-and-impact-of-the-Dutch-East-India-Company

https://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/2010s/2019/no-1382-october-2019/material-world-indonesia-from-anti-imperialism-to-imperialism/

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1763: British took control of India after defeating French in the Seven Years War (1756-1763)

British controlled India through British East India Company, ruled strongly, indirect imperialism method

1857: Indian revolt, led by native soldiers called sepoys, incited uprising known as Sepoy Mutiny

Now switched to direct form of imperialism

After pressing rebellion, British gov’t made India part of empire (1858)

East India Company: commercial enterprise, allowed Britain to keep lands+have benefiting relationships w/ permission from local rulers

East India Company dissolved in 1874 by the Act of Parliament

Form of imperialism: protectorate, sphere of influence (Britain benefited from Indian trade)British introduced social reforms,

Advocated education,

promoted technology

Britain profited much from India

Indian masses continued living close to starvation

British had little respect for native Indian culture

Mass deforestation as farmers were forced to grow cash crops

Hand-weaving industry destroyed by textiles

Tradition of child marriage and sati (custom calling for widow to throw herself on her husband’s funeral fire stopped

Railroads and telegraphs expanded communication across india

Caste system introduced

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-british-impact-on-india-1700-1900/

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British Colonization in Nigeria - Neev Kadari

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British Colonization in Nigeria - Neev Kadari

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The British performed indirect rule on Nigeria.

They colonized Nigeria in 1884 after taking power after the Berlin conference.

They wanted products like palm oil and palm kernel.

Nigeria was a protectorate as they took it over with their military. The Nigerians didn’t have a powerful army so they couldn’t protect themselves.

They added transportation and also added a tax system to gain money from the colony.

They exported trade in tin, cotton cocoa, groundnuts.

Slavery was also abolished.

In some places they performed indirect rule and in some they performed direct rule.

The British tried to control the religions of Nigeria by spreading Christianity.

Nigeria gained its independence on October 1st, 1960.

https://u.osu.edu/introhumanitiesonline/2020/02/04/history-of-the-british-takeover-of-nigeria/#:~:text=Nigeria%20is%20a%20country%20in,divides%20Africa%20by%20European%20powers.

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American Imperialism in the Philippines - Aiden Badenhop

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American Imperialism in the Philippines - Aiden Badenhop

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In December of 1898, the US purchased the archipelago that was called the Philippines from Spain for $20 million at the end of the Spanish-American war

Like many of the places that had already been affected by the imperialist nations, the Philippines were no different. Filipino people did not like the idea of just being a part of the deal that Spain made with the US

Filipinos tried to lead a resistance by using the guerrilla warfare tactic, but it was to no avail as the US army was too strong. Over 16,000 Filipino soldiers were killed in the warfare, and the civilian casualty count ranged from 200k to a million deaths

The US took over by force and turned it into a place where they could use outright colonization, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism

Many native people were sent to reconcentration camps while the Philippine-American war raged

A senator from Indiana directly used the words “Barbarous race” to describe the Filipinos and many individual imperialists believed that order and civilization, western ideals, should be implemented in order for the Philippines to run independently and the US to pull away from being the colonizers.

Direct Imperialism is described as having the goal of reaching full assimilation, and president McKinley, the president during this time period, made an order that was called “Benevolent Assimilation”

People of the Philippines were suspicious at how long the process of western assimilation was taking, and they had reason to believe that the US was prolonging it so that they could exploit the land of it’s natural resources

The methods of imperialism that the US overtook was direct, and the people of the Philippines were very against the US being there.

SOURCES:

https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/philippines/tl01.html#:~:text=Filipino%20nationalists%20suspected%20the%20United,10%20years%20of%20bitter%20deception.%22

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war#:~:text=The%20ensuing%20Philippine%2DAmerican%20War,violence%2C%20famine%2C%20and%20disease.&text=The%20decision%20by%20U.S.%20policymakers,was%20not%20without%20domestic%20controversy.