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“If we will not endure a king as a political power, we should not endure a king over the production, transportation, and sale any of the necessaries of life” - John Sherman

Analysis Paragraph

During the Gilded Age in America, industries were growing and eliminating competition by forming trusts, which is a large grouping of business interests with significant market power. This quote by John Sherman explains the rationale of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which aimed to limit anti-competitive practices, such as those institutionalized in cartels or monopolistic corporations.

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Call Number: Illus. in AP101.P7 1902 (Case X) [P&P]

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The kind of anti-trust legislation that is needed / J.S. Pughe.

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1 print : chromolithograph. | Illustration shows an angry Uncle Sam holding up a lantern labeled "Congressional Legislation" to illuminate a rotund man wearing a crown labeled "Trusts" and a robe decorated with dollar signs, there is a ring with many keys hanging from a cord around his waist, and he is sitting on a stack of books that are labeled "Day Book, Ledger, Entry Book, Stock Book, [and] Cash Book", he has his right hand on an open book.

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"That the Commission shall, on or before the first day of December in each year, make a report to the Secretary of the Interior, which shall be by him transmitted to Congress, and copies of which shall be distributed as are the other reports issued from the Interior Department. This report shall contain such information and data collected by the Commission as may be considered of value in the determination of questions connected with the regulation of commerce, together with such recommendations as to additional legislation relating thereto as the Commission may deem necessary." - Section 21 of the Interstate Commerce Act

Analysis Paragraph

Before the House of Representatives and the Senate passed the Interstate Commerce Act on February 4, 1887, railroad monopolies were prominent in the industry. The Interstate Commerce Act Cartoon by W. A. Rogers depicts what the railroad industry was like before the act was passed and Section 21 of the legislation is quoted. The political cartoon demonstrates the privately-owned, completely unregulated railroad industry which is displayed in a wild sense. Taken together, the political cartoon and quote illustrate the necessity of Congress regulating the railroad industry to prevent monopolies.

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Northern Securities Co. v. United States

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Northern Securities Co. v. United States

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"Northern Securities responded by claiming that it was not involved in interstate commerce but was only a local investment firm that owned stock in railroads. As such, the company argued, Northern Securities was not regulated by the antitrust laws." - Northern Securities Company v. United States (1904)

Analysis Paragraph

When Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887, not everyone was happy, especially organizations in the railroad industry. First railroad organizations, such as the Northern Securities Company, outright ignored the rulings of Congress as discussed in the video. As time progressed, the organizations found loopholes to avoid the act altogether demonstrated through the quote. Overall, this illustrates that while, the Interstate Commerce Act allowed Congress to intervene in railroad regulations, it received resistance from prominent railroad companies and organizations.

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“I decided to write the book to open the eyes of the people to how corrupt John D. Rockefeller's company was and the unfair ways he used to be successful. I wanted the people to know the truth about the Standard Oil Company” - Ida Tarbell

https://www.azquotes.com/author/21293-Ida_Tarbell#google_vignette

Analysis Paragraph:

The visual presented above is a GIF of a muckraker. A muckraker during this period was a journalist who aimed to expose the corrupt aspects of monopolizations and corporations. The quote above is from Ida Tarbell, a muckraker, who states that her volume titled “The History of the Standard Oil Company” aimed to expose John D. Rockefeller’s wrongdoings and unfair practices regarding his company's success.

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1. What was the Interstate Commerce Act?

2. What did Muckrakers do?

3. How did the government take action to disrupt/regulate the role of big businesses during this period?

4. Based on the success of trust-busting cases during this period, what can you infer about American society's attitude towards monopolies and trusts?

5. Compare and contrast the approaches to trust-busting and regulation of big businesses during the Progressive Era (1890-1920) with the laissez-faire attitudes of the Gilded Age (1870s-1900).

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​“The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce.” - Article 6 of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Analysis Paragraph

The monster in the political cartoon represents the monster created by trusts and monopolies. It shows the monster having a hold on the city and its people. During this time, many companies created utilized trusts in order to create monopolies in many different industries. These monopolies would often abuse the labor of their workers with long working hours and poor working conditions. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act, passed by President Woodrow Wilson, would enhance the Sherman Act and protect labor's access to collective bargaining, strategies of picketing, boycotting, and protesting.

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President Taft vs. President Roosevelt vs. President Wilson

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President Taft vs. President Roosevelt vs. President Wilson

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https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1912-11-06/ed-1/seq-1/#words=President+Chosen+Woodrow+Wilson+Taft+Republican+Democratic+Convention+Roosevelt+Bull+Moose+Progressive

Analysis Paragraph

Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson were known as the progressive era presidents. They were known as progressive presidents because of the roles they took to reform American society. They all had something in common, the three thought that big business had taken over American society and wanted to end big business’ and protect the average Americans. Taft perpetuated a number of Roosevelt's improvement plans, but Roosevelt believed he wasn't doing as much as he could. Roosevelt intended to enter the race in 1912, but Taft was the chosen Republican candidate. Roosevelt, instead, ran as a representative of an alternate – the Progressive Party, also referred to as the Bull Moose Party. Roosevelt wasn’t successful with getting elected, he managed to draw some of Taft’s votes. Woodrow Wilson was a Democratic candidate that won the election. Despite having contrasting views with Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson maintained his support for a significant amount of progressive reforms.