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Meet Fatimah al-Fihri: The Woman Who Built the World's Oldest University!

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1st University:  Muslim Invention | Muslim Heroes & Inventors | Islamic Cartoon for Kids:IQRACartoon

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Middle East Culture Kits from Chapel Hill-Free

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Middle East Culture Kits from Chapel Hill-Free

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UNC Center for Middle East and Islamic Studies

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Thank you for your interest in the Center for Middle East and Islamic Studies cultural kits for k-12 teachers. These culture kits, mailed to classrooms free of charge in NC, are collections of resources that contain cultural artifacts and contemporary and historical items, such as games, money, printed materials, tools, school uniforms, books, CDs, and DVDs, from a variety of countries. We have cultural kits from Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Palestine, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, and Afghanistan.

1. Fill out the Cultural Kit Checkout form.

2. Collections will be sent to you via FedEx with a confirmation email with estimated arrival date OR at a predetermined drop off location for you to pick up.

3. Enjoy for up to 3 weeks before returning or requesting renewal.

4. Return your collection via FedEx with prepaid return label and the box you were provided.

FULL Address for Delivery (Home or School)

Are you able to pick up the cultural kit from us at FedEx Global Education Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (301 Pittsboro Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516)

Is your school recognized as a Title 1 school?

Which cultural kit are you requesting?

When would you like to receive your book set(s)? Please give us 5-7 business days for your books to be packaged, shipped, and delivered to you. Please write the date.

Please explain how you intend to use the kit with your students.

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Our Center fosters understanding of the Middle East through teaching, research, and community outreach.

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Millions of Muslims follow the rules of Ramadan set out in the Koran, Islam’s holy book. Learn how Ramadan helps believers embrace the virtues of charity, self-discipline, and family togetherness.

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PEOPLE & CULTURE

Moroccans are Berber and Arab and most of the people are Muslim. The Berbers have been in North Africa for centuries. Many of the Berber people live in the mountains and still speak the Berber language, but today they are moving to cities to find work.

Moroccans enjoy drinking mint tea sweetened with sugar. The people take their time making tea and sipping it with family and guests. In the cities, the pace is a bit faster than in the countryside. Fifty-seven percent of the people live in cities such as Fez, Casablanca, and Marrakech, on the coastal plain.

Mosques with beautiful towers called minarets, and bazaars are common in Morocco. Medinas are the old medieval section of cities. Old fortresses called kasbahs are strong buildings built from palm-tree fibers and mud from the riverbanks.

Children are required to be in school from ages 7-15, but many children work with their parents and are not able to attend school. Many girls don't ever receive an education.

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Morocco is located in the northwest corner of Africa and is bordered by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

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The Kingdom of Morocco is the only country in Africa with coastlines on both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Rabat is the capital. Geography Morocco sits at the...

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The Atlas Mountains for kids – an amazing and quick guide to the Atlas Mountains

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MOROCCO 🇲🇦 | WHAT NOT TO DO When Visiting ❌ | Do's, Don'ts, Advice & Travel Tips

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The Festival of Eid: Moroccan-Inspired Lantern Craft

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Hanging lamps made from stained glass and wrought iron and brass have been around Morocco for centuries. Wealthy Moroccans used to hang them from entranceways of palaces to show their status, but now everyone can enjoy these beautiful decorations. Your child can create her own construction paper version of these lanterns to give her room an Arabian nights feel!

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Moroccan Hanging Lanterns | Activity | Education.com

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Help your child create her own version of a Moroccan lantern to give her room an Arabian nights feel!

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Morocco With Kids: Sahara Magic and City Adventure

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The complex geometry of Islamic design - Eric Broug

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A 3-part audio series that explores different aspects of Arab music: the musical instruments of the Arab World; what makes Arab music unique; and the styles of music in the Arab World

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Pocket Book-small

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One Wish: Fatima al-Fihri and the World’s Oldest University

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Children’s Picture Books: Stories set in Morocco | Diverse BookFinder

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Looking for books set in Morocco? Check out our collection of multicultural children’s books (2002-present). Then, search our website to find more titles of interest.

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Morocco Handicraft Arts: Carpets, Leather, Pottery & More | National Geographic Expeditions

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In the winding alleyways of Fez, one of Morocco’s four historic capitals, artisans have been creating gorgeous handmade wares for hundreds of years.

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About Wearing a Hijab

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THE PROUDEST BLUE read by Ibtihaj Muhammad

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Qalam wa Lawh is an Arabic language center located in Rabat, Morocco. If you want to learn more about us, please feel free to visit our website today!

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Enter "Morocco", Click "Surf"

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Fact Surfer - Safe relevant searching for subjects by Bellwether and Jump!

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by
My family and I have called Morocco home for almost three years. My husband was born here and my kids are proud to proclaim half their heritage lies in this North African country. To introduce more kids and families to this intriguing and diverse country I'm sharing twenty facts about Morocco to help you learn more!

Morocco: 20 Facts for Kids

Morocco is about the same size as the US state of California.

Morocco is located in the northwestern corner of Africa. It is directly across the Strait of Gibraltar and south of Spain and Portugal.

Moroccan money is called the dirham.

The original people of this area are called Berbers or Amazigh.

The largest city is Casablanca.

The capital is Rabat.

The Moroccan flag is red with a green star in the middle.

Morocco was a French protectorate in the early 1900's but it was never a full colony.

Moroccans speak a dialect of Arabic known as Darija. It is a mixture of Arabic, Berber, and European languages. You can learn a few words and phrases here.

Children learn classical Arabic, French, and sometimes one of the Berber languages, English, or Spanish in schools.

Mt. Toubkal, is the tallest mountain in the country and the highest peak in North Africa. In winter it is snow covered and there is a ski hill!

Morocco gained independence in 1956 and celebrates on November 18th.

The ruler is a king. His name is King Mohamed VI. He is married and has two children: Prince Moulay Hassan III and Lalla Khadijah.

The Karawan mosque in Fez is the oldest university in the world that is still in operation. It was built in the the year 849 by a woman named Fatima al-Fihri.

The Sahara Desert covers a large portion of Morocco. But, the entire country isn't desert. There are also mountain ranges, forests, and fields.

There are about 32 million people living in Morocco.

Most Moroccans are Muslim but there are also small numbers of Christians and Jews that call Morocco home.

The most well-known Moroccan food is couscous, a dish typically eaten on Fridays - the Islamic holy day. The base is small pasta balls that are steamed to cook and topped with spiced vegetables and meat.

Morocco borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mediterranean Sea to the north, Algeria to the east, and Mali and Mauritania to the south.

The most popular sport in Morocco is football (soccer). You'll find kids and adults playing pick up games on almost every street!

Watch for posts this month to learn more about Morocco!

This post is part of our new series Global Learning for Kids. Each month we will feature a country and host a link party to collect posts about teaching kids about that country-crafts, books, lessons, recipes, etc. It will create a one-stop place full of information about the country.

This month we are learning all about Morocco, so link up below any old or new posts designed to teach kids about Morocco-crafts, books, lessons, recipes, music and more!

by

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Morocco: 20 Facts for Kids - Multicultural Kid Blogs

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by My family and I have called Morocco home for almost three years. My husband was born here and my kids are proud to proclaim half their heritage lies in this North African country. To introduce more kids and families to this intriguing and diverse country I'm sharing twenty facts about Morocco to help you learn more!

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Fun Morocco Facts for Kids - Interesting Information about Morocco

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The official name of Morocco is the Kingdom of Morocco.

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Shop from a medina in Marrakesh without leaving your house

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Go Inside the Labyrinthine Medina of Fez

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This city has long been regarded as Morocco’s cultural, spiritual, and intellectual heartland.

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Islam is a religion based on the holy book, the Qur'an (sometimes spelt Koran), which followers believe to be the word of God as revealed through the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Mohammed in the early 7th century. The Prophet Mohammed was born in Arabia around AD 571 and died in AD 632. Within 100 years, Islam had spread westward as far as Spain and eastward to the Indus Valley. It continued to expand into Turkey, and deeper into the India, into north-western China and South-East Asia. Followers of Islam are called Muslims.

As the Islam religion and Islamic culture spread, it adopted some traditions and knowledge from local environments. Islamic art is influenced by Arabic, Persian, Mesopotamian, and African traditions, in addition to Byzantine inspirations. Yet Islamic art is unique in its own way.

Geometric art in the ceramic tiles is extremely sophisticated, requiring scientific and mathematical precision, with imagination and creativity. In Islam, the tradition is to not depict living creatures, that are associated with idols and statues. Abstract geometrical forms were favored in mosques, based on mathematical shapes and forms, because they encourage spiritual contemplation.

For example, circles have no end-they are infinite- and so they remind Muslims that Allah is infinite. Complex geometric designs that decorate walls and ceilings create the impression of unending repetition, and this also helps a person get an idea of the infinite nature of Allah. The repeating patterns can represent that in the small details, you can find the infinite.

This geometrical art is very much connected to the famous concept of the arabesque, which is defined as "ornamental work used for flat surfaces consisting of interlacing geometrical patterns of polygons, circles, and interlocked lines and curves" (Chambers Science and Technology Dictionary 1991).

The combinations of ornate stars and polygons, interlocking lines and curves, have adorned mosques and palaces since the 15th century. The designs in Islamic art were created using a set of five template tiles, which could generate patterns with symmetry. "Girih" designs feature arrays of tessellating polygons of multiple shapes, and are often overlaid with a zigzag network of lines.

Islamic Tiles: Coloring Pages

Create Symmetrical Patterns with Homemade Stamps

Art for Small Hands has a wonderful project where children use erasers and watercolor markers to make relief prints with surprising results. For ages 9 to 13.

Make a Tessellation:

Using the video below, or reading these on-line instructions, make your own tessellation!

Design Your Own Tile!

8-pointed Star Puzzle (free printable to download). More pdf templates for kids: a six-pointed star, an 8-pointed star, a hexagon and an octagon.

This is a complete lesson plan on "The Art of Mathematics Islamic patterns," aligned with National Standards in the UK.

The "Pattern in Islamic Art" website offers an archive of over 4000 images of patterns and other design features drawn from the rich cultural heritage of the Islamic world.

This TED-ed talk discusses the complicated geometry found in Islamic art:

Welcome to the fourth annual Middle Eastern and North African Heritage Month blog hop from Multicultural Kid Blogs! Visit all the participating blogs below for great resources on teaching children about the heritage of this region. Don't miss our series from last year, 2016, and 2015!

You can also find even more resources on our North Africa and the Middle East Pinterest board:

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Islamic Art Lesson for Kids: A Look at Arabic Tiles - Kid World Citizen

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Islam is a religion based on the holy book, the Qur'an (sometimes spelt Koran), which followers believe to be the word of God as revealed through the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Mohammed in the early 7th century. The Prophet Mohammed was born in Arabia around AD 571 and died in AD 632.

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“Tajine,” a delicious, thick, and richly spiced stew from Morocco is explained with pictures.

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Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the northwesternmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

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This 1988 recording focuses on the Arabic tradition in Moroccan music. According to the liner notes, the two forms of l-'asri modern music and sh-sha'abi popular/people's music have wide appeal around the country as well as in all segments of the population. Although they share similar modal structures, they are quite different formally and rhythmically.

Versatile singer-musician Abdeslam Cherkaoui composed the four songs presented on the album and plays accompaniment on the 11-string oud -a short, pear-shaped instrument that is directly related to the European lute. The liner notes provide closer analysis of the modern and traditional elements in the music and an English translation of the lyrics.

This album is part of the UNESCO Collection of Traditional Music. More than 125 albums are being released by Smithsonian Folkways Recordings to make the series publicly available, including a dozen never-released albums of musical traditions from around the globe.

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This 1988 recording focuses on the Arabic tradition in Moroccan music. According to the liner notes, the two forms of l-'asri modern music and sh-sha'abi popular/people's music have wide appeal around the country as well as in all segments of the population. Although they share similar modal ...

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Students will share Ibn Battuta’s adventures with this fun reading comprehension and writing worksheet.

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Introduction

In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half-century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from what is today called Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 75% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - an organization advocating the territory's independence - and restarted negotiations over the status of the territory in December 2018. On 10 December 2020, the US recognized Morocco's sovereignty over all of Western Sahara.

King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the North Africa region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister, but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016. In December 2020, Morocco signed a normalization agreement with Israel, similar to those that Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Sudan had concluded with Israel earlier in 2020 .

Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Geography

slightly larger than twice the size of California

agricultural land: 67.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 17.5% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 47.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 11.5% (2018 est.)

other: 21% (2018 est.)

note: does not include the area of the former Western Sahara, which is almost exclusively desert

People and Society

Arabic (official), Berber languages (Tamazight (official), Tachelhit, Tarifit), French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy); note - the proportion of Berber speakers is disputed; does not include data from the former Western Sahara

major-language sample(s):
كتاب ديال لحقائق متاع العالم، احسن مصدر متاع المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Arabic audio sample:

Muslim 99% (official; virtually all Sunni, <0.1% Shia), other 1% (includes Christian, Jewish, and Baha'i); note - Jewish about 6,000 (2010 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara

Morocco is undergoing a demographic transition. Its population is growing but at a declining rate, as people live longer and women have fewer children. Infant, child, and maternal mortality rates have been reduced through better health care, nutrition, hygiene, and vaccination coverage, although disparities between urban and rural and rich and poor households persist. Morocco's shrinking child cohort reflects the decline of its total fertility rate from 5 in mid-1980s to 2.2 in 2010, which is a result of increased female educational attainment, higher contraceptive use, delayed marriage, and the desire for smaller families. Young adults (persons aged 15-29) make up almost 26% of the total population and represent a potential economic asset if they can be gainfully employed. Currently, however, many youths are unemployed because Morocco's job creation rate has not kept pace with the growth of its working-age population. Most youths who have jobs work in the informal sector with little security or benefits.

During the second half of the 20th century, Morocco became one of the world's top emigration countries, creating large, widely dispersed migrant communities in Western Europe. The Moroccan Government has encouraged emigration since its independence in 1956, both to secure remittances for funding national development and as an outlet to prevent unrest in rebellious (often Berber) areas. Although Moroccan labor migrants earlier targeted Algeria and France, the flood of Moroccan "guest workers" from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s spread widely across northwestern Europe to fill unskilled jobs in the booming manufacturing, mining, construction, and agriculture industries. Host societies and most Moroccan migrants expected this migration to be temporary, but deteriorating economic conditions in Morocco related to the 1973 oil crisis and tighter European immigration policies resulted in these stays becoming permanent.

A wave of family migration followed in the 1970s and 1980s, with a growing number of second generation Moroccans opting to become naturalized citizens of their host countries. Spain and Italy emerged as new destination countries in the mid-1980s, but their introduction of visa restrictions in the early 1990s pushed Moroccans increasingly to migrate either legally by marrying Moroccans already in Europe or illegally to work in the underground economy. Women began to make up a growing share of these labor migrants. At the same time, some higher-skilled Moroccans went to the US and Quebec, Canada.

In the mid-1990s, Morocco developed into a transit country for asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa and illegal labor migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia trying to reach Europe via southern Spain, Spain's Canary Islands, or Spain's North African enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla. Forcible expulsions by Moroccan and Spanish security forces have not deterred these illegal migrants or calmed Europe's security concerns. Rabat remains unlikely to adopt an EU agreement to take back third-country nationals who have entered the EU illegally via Morocco. Thousands of other illegal migrants have chosen to stay in Morocco until they earn enough money for further travel or permanently as a "second-best" option. The launching of a regularization program in 2014 legalized the status of some migrants and granted them equal access to education, health care, and work, but xenophobia and racism remain obstacles.

improved: urban: 98.3% of population

rural: 79.1% of population

total: 91% of population

unimproved: urban: 1.7% of population

rural: 20.9% of population

total: 9% of population (2017 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara

improved: urban: 99.1% of population

rural: 81.1% of population

total: 92.2% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.9% of population

rural: 18.9% of population

total: 7.3% of population (2017 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara

note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring in Morocco; as of 6 October 2021, Morocco has reported a total of 936,236 cases of COVID-19 or 2,536.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 38.94 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 2 October 2021, 60.91% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

Environment

agricultural land: 67.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 17.5% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 47.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 11.5% (2018 est.)

other: 21% (2018 est.)

note: does not include the area of the former Western Sahara, which is almost exclusively desert

note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring in Morocco; as of 6 October 2021, Morocco has reported a total of 936,236 cases of COVID-19 or 2,536.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 38.94 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 2 October 2021, 60.91% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

note: data does not include former Western Sahara

Government

description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
House of Councilors or Majlis al-Mustacharine (120 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college of local councils, professional organizations, and labor unions; members serve 6-year terms)
House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwab (395 seats; 305 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 90 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - in the national constituency, 60 seats are reserved for women and 30 reserved for those under age 40

elections: House of Councillors - last held on 2 October 2015 (next to be held in fall 2021)
House of Representatives - last held on 8 September 2021 (next to be held in 2027 )

election results:
House of Councillors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition as of September 2021) men 106, women 14, percent of women 11.7%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - RNI 102, PAM 87, PI 81, USFP 34, MP 28, PPS 22, UC 18, PJD 13, MDS 5, other 5; composition - men 305, women 90, percent of women 22.8%; note - overall percent of women in Parliament 20.2%

Action Party or PA [Mohammed EL IDRISSI]
Amal (hope) Party [Mohamed BANI]
An-Nahj Ad-Dimocrati or An-Nahj [Mustapha BRAHMA]
Authenticity and Modernity Party or PAM [Ilyas al-OMARI]
Constitutional Union Party or UC [Mohamed SAJID]
Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Abdessamad ARCHANE]
Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Mustapha BENALI]
Democratic Oath Party or SD
Democratic Socialist Vanguard Party or PADS [Abderrahman BENAMROU]
Democratic Society Party [Zhour CHAKKAFI]
Environment and Development Party or PED [Karim HRITAN]
Green Left Party [Mohamed FARES]
Istiqlal (Independence) Party or PI [Nizar BARAKA]
Ittihadi National Congress or CNI [Abdesalam EL AZIZ]
Labor Party or PT
Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohammed ZIANE]
Moroccan Union for Democracy or UMD [Jamal MANDRI]
National Rally of Independents or RNI [Aziz AKHANNOUCH]
Neo-Democrats Party [Mohamed DARIF]
Party of Development Reform or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOHEN]
Party of Justice and Development or PJD [Saad Eddine al-OTHMANI]
Party of Liberty and Social Justice [Miloud MOUSSAOUI]
Popular Movement or MP [Mohand LAENSER]
Progress and Socialism Party or PPS [Nabil BENABDELLAH]
Renaissance and Virtue Party [Mohamed KHALIDI]
Renaissance Party [Said EL GHENNIOUI]
Renewal and Equity Party or PRE [Chakir ACHEHABAR]
Shoura (consultation) and Istiqlal Party [Ahmed BELGHAZI]
Social Center Party or PCS [Lahcen MADIH]
Socialist Party [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA]
Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Driss LACHGAR]
Unified Socialist Party or GSU [Nabila MOUNIB]
Unity and Democracy Party [Ahmed FITRI]

Economy

Morocco has capitalized on its proximity to Europe and relatively low labor costs to work towards building a diverse, open, market-oriented economy. Key sectors of the economy include agriculture, tourism, aerospace, automotive, phosphates, textiles, apparel, and subcomponents. Morocco has increased investment in its port, transportation, and industrial infrastructure to position itself as a center and broker for business throughout Africa. Industrial development strategies and infrastructure improvements - most visibly illustrated by a new port and free trade zone near Tangier - are improving Morocco's competitiveness.

In the 1980s, Morocco was a heavily indebted country before pursuing austerity measures and pro-market reforms, overseen by the IMF. Since taking the throne in 1999, King MOHAMMED VI has presided over a stable economy marked by steady growth, low inflation, and gradually falling unemployment, although poor harvests and economic difficulties in Europe contributed to an economic slowdown. To boost exports, Morocco entered into a bilateral Free Trade Agreement with the US in 2006 and an Advanced Status agreement with the EU in 2008. In late 2014, Morocco eliminated subsidies for gasoline, diesel, and fuel oil, dramatically reducing outlays that weighed on the country's budget and current account. Subsidies on butane gas and certain food products remain in place. Morocco also seeks to expand its renewable energy capacity with a goal of making renewable more than 50% of installed electricity generation capacity by 2030.

Despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment, poverty, and illiteracy, particularly in rural areas. Key economic challenges for Morocco include reforming the education system and the judiciary.

$259.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

$279.3 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

$272.53 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
country comparison to the world: 60

$6,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

$7,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

$7,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
country comparison to the world: 157

Energy

electrification - total population: 100% (2020)

Communications

general assessment:
despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment and illiteracy affecting telecom market, particularly in rural areas; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay; one of the most state-of-the-art markets in Africa; high mobile penetration rates in the region with low cost for broadband Internet access; improvement in LTE reach and capabilities; 5G tests underway; mobile Internet accounts for 93% of all Internet connections; World Bank provided funds for Morocco's digital transformation; government supported digital education during pandemic; submarine cables and satellite provide connectivity to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia; importer of broadcasting equipment and video displays from China (2021)

(2020)

domestic: fixed-line teledensity is 6 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 128 per 100 persons; good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat (2019)

international: country code - 212; landing point for the Atlas Offshore, Estepona-Tetouan, Canalink and SEA-ME-WE-3 fiber-optic telecommunications undersea cables that provide connectivity to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Australia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments

Transportation

Military and Security

the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) was established by Security Council resolution 690 in April 1991 in accordance with settlement proposals accepted in August 1988 by Morocco and the Polisario Front (aka Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y de Río de Oro or Frente Polisario); MINURSO was unable to carry out all the original settlement proposals, but as of 2021 continued to monitor the cease-fire and reduce the threat of mines and unexploded ordnance, and has provided logistic support to the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)-led confidence building measures with personnel and air and ground assets; as of July 2021, MINURSO had about 200 military personnel assigned

Morocco has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments

Transnational Issues

Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); discussions have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation, setting limits on resource exploration and refugee interdiction, since Morocco's 2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; the National Liberation Front's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco is a dormant dispute

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In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age.

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Goats in Trees!

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This Global Math Story about tree-climbing goats in Morocco sets numbers in an engaging context to build content knowledge and understanding.

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Morocco: Walleye Tagine with Vegetables | Relish | PBS LearningMedia

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Chef Yia Vang visits chef Hassan Ziadi at Moroccan Flavors, the restaurant he owns with his wife and fellow chef, Raja Samlali. Chef Ziadi cooks up a Moroccan tagine with Minnesota walleye and shares the importance communal eating in Moroccan culture.

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Morocco: Mountains, Culture and Coast - Vaya Adventures

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Discover the history and natural beauty of Morocco as you travel from the winding, ancient souks and tranquil gardens of Marrakesh to the wild windswept beaches and whitewashed charm of Essaouira and the breathtaking landscape of the High Atlas Mountains.

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Comprehensive up-to-date news coverage, aggregated from sources all over the world by Google News.

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Coloring sheets

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Read Works passages for students

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ReadWorks | Award-Winning, EdTech Nonprofit Organization

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ReadWorks is an edtech nonprofit organization that is committed to helping to solve America’s reading comprehension crisis.

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View our comprehensive guide of National Parks and Reserves within Morocco, and explore the glorious nature of this country from the awesome mountain ranges to excellent bird watching spots.

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Atlas Obscura on Slate is a blog about the world’s hidden wonders. Like us on Facebook and Tumblr, or follow us on Twitter.

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A chronology of key events in the history of Morocco, from the first Muslim dynasties to the present day

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The Barbary States were a collection of North African states, many of which practiced state-supported piracy in order to exact tribute from weaker Atlantic powers. Morocco was an independent kingdom, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli owed a loose allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. The United States fought two separate wars with Tripoli (1801-1805) and Algiers (1815-1816), although at other times it preferred to pay tribute to obtain the release of captives held in the Barbary States.

The practice of state-supported piracy and ransoming of captives was not wholly unusual for its time. Many European states commissioned privateers to attack each others' shipping and also participated in the transatlantic slave trade. The two major European powers, Great Britain and France, found it expedient to encourage the Barbary States' policy and pay tribute to them, as it allowed their merchant shipping an increased share of the Mediterranean trade, and Barbary leaders chose not to challenge the superior British or French navies.

Prior to independence, American colonists had enjoyed the protection of the British Navy. However, once the United States declared independence, British diplomats were quick to inform the Barbary States that U.S. ships were open to attack. In 1785, Dey Muhammad of Algiers declared war on the United States and captured several American ships. The financially troubled Confederation Government of the United States was unable to raise a navy or the tribute that would protect U.S. ships.

In contrast to the dispute with Algiers, U.S. negotiations with Morocco went well. Moroccan Sultan Sidi Muhammad had seized a U.S. merchant ship in 1784 after the United States had ignored diplomatic overtures. However, Muhammad ultimately followed a policy of peaceful trade, and the United States successfully concluded a treaty with Morocco in 1786. However, Congress was still unable to raise enough funds to satisfy the Dey of Algiers.

In an attempt to address the challenge posed by the Dey of Algiers, Thomas Jefferson, then U.S. Minister to France, attempted to build a coalition of weaker naval powers to defeat Algiers, but was unsuccessful. However, the Kingdom of Portugal was also at war with Algiers, and blocked Algerian ships from sailing past the Straits of Gibraltar. As a result, U.S. merchant ships in the Atlantic Ocean remained safe for a time and temporarily relieved the U.S. Government from the challenges posed by the Barbary States.

In 1793 a brief Portuguese-Algerian truce exposed American merchant ships to capture, forcing the United States, which had thus far only managed to conclude a treaty with Morocco, to engage in negotiations with the other Barbary States. In 1795, The U.S. Government dispatched diplomats Joel Barlow, Joseph Donaldson, and Richard O'Brien to North Africa and successfully concluded treaties with the states of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. Under the terms of these treaties, the United States agreed to pay tribute to these states. The treaty with Algiers freed 83 American sailors.

The adoption of the Constitution in 1789 gave the U.S. Government the power to levy taxes and to raise and maintain armed forces, powers which had been lacking under the Articles of Confederation. In 1794, in response to Algerian seizures of American ships, Congress authorized construction of the first 6 ships of the U.S. Navy. In 1801, the Pasha of Tripoli, Yusuf Qaramanli, citing late payments of tribute, demanded additional tribute and declared war on the United States. The United States successfully defeated Qaramanli's forces with a combined naval and land assault by the United States Marine Corps. The U.S. treaty with Tripoli concluded in 1805 included a ransom for American prisoners in Tripoli, but no provisions for tribute.

In 1812, the new Dey of Algiers, Hajji Ali, rejected the American tribute negotiated in the 1795 treaty as insufficient and declared war on the United States. Algerian corsairs captured an American ship several weeks later. In accordance with an agreement between the Dey and British diplomats, the Algerian declaration was timed to coincide with the start of the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. The war with Britain prevented the U.S. Government from either confronting Algerian forces or ransoming U.S. captives in Algiers. Once the Treaty of Ghent ended war with Britain, President James Madison requested that Congress declare war on Algiers, with Congress authorizing the use of force on March 3, 1815. The U.S. Navy, greatly increased in size after the War of 1812, was able send an entire squadron, led by Commodore Stephen Decatur, to the Mediterranean.

When the U.S. naval expedition arrived in Algiers, a new ruler, Dey Omar, was in power. Omar wished to restore order after several years of political instability and was acutely aware that he could no longer count on British support against the Americans. Decatur had already defeated two Algerian warships and captured hundreds of prisoners of war, and was in a favorable position for negotiation. Dey Omar reluctantly accepted the treaty proposed by Decatur that called for an exchange of U.S. and Algerian prisoners and an end to the practices of tribute and ransom. Having defeated the most powerful of the Barbary States, Decatur sailed to Tunis and Tripoli and obtained similar treaties. In Tripoli, Decatur also secured from Pasha Qaramanli the release of all European captives. The U.S. Senate ratified Decatur's Algerian treaty on December 5, 1815. Dey Omar repudiated the treaty, but another U.S. squadron arrived after a combined Anglo-Dutch bombardment of Algiers, and U.S. commissioner William Shaler dictated terms of a new treaty which contained essentially the same provisions as the old one. Shaler concluded his negotiations on December 23, 1815, but the Senate, owing to an accidental oversight, did not ratify the treaty until February 11, 1822.

The Barbary States, although they did not capture any more U.S. ships, began to resume raids in the Mediterranean, and despite punitive British bombardments did not end their practices until the French conquest of Algeria in 1830.

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Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian

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The Barbary States were a collection of North African states, many of which practiced state-supported piracy in order to exact tribute from weaker Atlantic powers. Morocco was an independent kingdom, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli owed a loose allegiance to the Ottoman Empire.

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Morocco - UNESCO World Heritage Convention

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Morocco - UNESCO World Heritage Convention

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Updated 7:29 AM EST, Tue November 3, 2015

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The world’s largest concentrating solar power plant | CNN

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Updated 7:29 AM EST, Tue November 3, 2015

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We invest in a sustainable future!

News updates about and from Groasis

13-04-2021 - In memoriam: Pieter Hoff - 1953-2021 He gave everything to realize his dream: to reforest Mother Earth.
It is with great sadness that we inform you that Pieter Hoff; husband, father, grandfather, employer, inventor and dreamer, died on April 13, 2021 at the age of 67.

We send you this video in honour of Pieter. We hope that Pieter can inspire you one last time. Please sign the condolence register here: http://www.condoleance.nl/18345.

23-02-2021 - Since 2003 Groasis has improved the functionalities of the plant cocoons each year through introducing a new version. The model 2020 - the Waterfilter Boxx® - can even be used to plant trees with sea water that is filtered to fresh water without using energy or needing maintenance. The plant cocoons are extremely successful and each year we have been able to bring the costs per planted tree down in order to help you reach the best results with the lowest possible costs. If you want to be sure of saving water, have great results at low costs, then buy the original plant cocoons of Groasis here!

18-11-2020 - Boskalis Water Award for the Groasis Waterfilter Boxx®

The Netherlands Business Council supported by the Dutch participation at the Expo 2020 Dubai and NLinBusiness, called out all Dutch companies around the world in the fields of Food, Water, and Energy to join the NBC 2020 Awards in honour of the Expo 2020 Dubai. Nominated in the category Water the Groasis Waterfilter Boxx® won the Boskalis Water Award. Competing with Holland Water and Hydraloop Groasis is honoured to have won this award.

24-9-2020 - Groasis introduces the Waterfilter Boxx® plant cocoon - from now on we can plant trees and vegetables with salted water, brackish water, water with oil, water with chemicals, water with faeces, polluted water or household washing water.

View our video with the first results on YouTube and subscribe for updates.

9-7-2020 - Today we sent out our newsletter. As you know, our dream is to reforest the world and to realise the Treesolution (you can download the book here). That dream doesn't stop with words, we go for action.

Click here to read this edition about our partnership with World Food Programma and the projects in Colombia and Algeria.

20-1-2020 - In the magazine ' Analyse, Klimaatakkoord Industrie & Groene secto r', on Climate Agreement, the position and actions of Industry and the Green Sector, a Dutch written article can be found, an interview with Pieter Hoff on page 14, and a advertisement by Groasis on page 11.

Enjoy our 'Triple 90 benefits'

Groasis is known for her unique Triple 90 Benefits. While you plant with our technology, you will always plant 90% cheaper than traditional irrigation methods (like drip irrigation), use 90% less water and you will achieve a survival rate of +90%! What are you waiting for? Try it yourself!

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Groasis Waterboxx: anti- desertification technology to plant trees in dry areas!

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13-04-2021 - In memoriam: Pieter Hoff - 1953-2021 He gave everything to realize his dream: to reforest Mother Earth. It is with great sadness that we inform you that Pieter Hoff; husband, father, grandfather, employer, inventor and dreamer, died on April 13, 2021 at the age of 67.

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The mausoleum of Moulay Ismail-one of Morocco's greatest rulers, who made Meknès his capital city in the 17th century-consists of three brightly decorated courts, a mosque, and the tombs of the sultan and his family. A visit to Moulay Ismail's final resting place is believed to bringbaraka-divine blessing.

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See photos of Morocco (including the Sahara, Marrakech, Casablanca, and more) in this travel photo gallery from National Geographic.

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From Muhammad to the great Ottoman sultans, learn more about the history of the Islamic Empire. A companion site to the PBS series Islam: Empire of Faith.

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The sacred sites, called Zawiya, of Morocco are in Fez, Marrakech, Zerhoun and many other places. Moulay Idris I and II are saints of importance.

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This page contains a course in the Arabic Alphabet, pronunciation and sound of each letter as well as a list of other lessons in grammar topics and common expressions in Arabic.

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English Words from Arabic
As with the list of Amerindian words, this list isn't exhaustive-- the OED has over 900 words; but the others are obscure (words like enam, sulham, zibib). I've omitted speculative and less likely derivations, and also words borrowed in ancient times from some unspecified Semitic language (e.g. cumin, myrrh, sesame). I've also omitted Arabic place names, but included a few astronomical names.
After a second hyphen I give (if possible) the further derivation (Greek, Persian, etc.), or the verbal root (glossed as an infinitive; but the citation form of Arabic roots is actually the 3sg past).

Some words are borrowed directly from Arabic; but most of these words have taken the scenic route, through Spanish, Italian, and/or French; or through Turkish, Persian, or Urdu; or through Hebrew or Latin. This produces a good deal of phonological deformation; as does the dialect variation within Arabic.

Finally Unicoded. The transliteration generally comes from Wiktionary, though not all the etymologies do.

--M.R.
admiral - ʾamīru l-baḥr 'ruler of the seas' (and other similar expressions) - amara command
adobe - aṭ-ṭūb 'the brick'
albacore - al-bakūra 'the young camels'
alchemy - al-kīmīyā - from Greek
alcohol - al-kuḥl 'the kohl'
alcove - al-qubbah 'vault' - qubba vault
alembic - al-ʾimbīq 'the still' - from Greek
alfalfa - al-faṣfaṣa 'fodder'
algebra - al-jabr 'reintegration' - jabara reunite
Algol - al-ḡūl 'the ghoul'
algorithm - al-Khwārizmī 'the (man) of Khiva'
alkali - al-qaliy 'calx' - qalay fry, roast
Allah - ʾaḷḷāh, from contraction of al-ʾilāh 'the god'
Almagest - al-majisṭiyy - from Greek 'greatest'
almanac - (Andalucian Arabic) al-manāḵ, of uncertain origin
amber - ʿanbar 'ambergris'
antimony - al-ithmid 'antimony trisulphide' - perhaps from Greek
apricot - al-burqūq - from Greek
Arab - ʿarab
arsenal - dār aṣ-ṣināʿa 'house of making', i.e. 'factory' - ṣanaʾa makeartichoke - al-ḵuršūf
assagai - az-zaḡāya - from Berber
assassin - ḥaššāšīn 'hashish eaters', from the Ismaʾili sectarians
attar - 'atir 'aroma'
ayatollah - ʾāyatu llāh 'sign of God'
azimuth - as-sumūt 'the paths'; see also zenith
azure - al-lāzaward 'lapis lazuli' - from Persian
caliber - qālib 'mold, last'
calico - Qāliqūṭ 'Calicut', city in India, now Kozhikode
caliph - ḵalīfa 'successor' - ḵalafa 'succeed'
camise - qamīs 'shirt' - from Latin
camphor - kāfūr - from Malay
candy - short for 'sugar candy', from sugar + qandiyy 'candied', from qand 'cane sugar' - from a Dravidian language
carat - qīrāṭ 'small weight' - from Greek
caraway - karāwiyyā - probably from Greek
carafe - ḡurfa - ḡarafa 'dip'
carmine - qirmazī 'crimson'
carob - ḵarrūb
cassock - kazāḡand 'padded jacket' - from Persian
check - šāh 'king' - from Persian
checkmate - šāhu māta 'the king is dead' from Persian
chemistry - see alchemy
chess - from Old French eschecs, plural of check
cipher - şifr 'empty'
civet - zabād
coffee - qahwa
Copt- quft - from Greek 'drachma'
cork - qūrq
cotton - quṭn
couscous - kuskus - kaskasa pound, bruise
crimson - qirmazī, related to the qirmiz, the insect that provided the dye

efreet - ʿifrīt 'monster'
El Cid - al-Sayyid 'the lord'
elixir - al-ʾiksīr 'philosopher's stone' - from Greek
emir - ʾamīr - amara command

fakir - faqīr 'poor man' - faqura be poor
fardel - farda 'load'
Farsi - Fārs 'Pars', a province of Iran - from Persian
fatwa - fatwā - ʾaftā instruct by a legal decision fedayeen - fidāʾiyyūn 'commandos' - fidā` redemption
felafel - falāfil
fellah - fallāḥ 'husbandman' - falah'a till
felucca - falūka 'ship' - falaka be round
Fomalhaut - famu l-ḥūt 'mouth of the fish'

imam - ʾimām 'leader' - amma precede
Islam - ʾislām 'submission' - aslama submit oneself

jar - jarra 'large earthen vase'
jasmine - yāsamīn - from Persian
jinn - jinn 'spirits', plural of genie
julep - julāb 'rose water' - from Persian

Kaaba - kaʿba 'square house'
kabob - kabāb - from Persian
kaffir - kāfir 'infidel' - kafara conceal, deny
keffiyeh - kūfiyya
khamsin - ḵamsīn 'fifty (days)'
kismet - qisma 'portion, lot' - qasama divide
kohl - kuḥl 'kohl' - kah'ala stain, paint
Koran - al-qurʾān 'recitation' - qaraʾa read

macramé - miqrama 'striped cloth'
magazine - maḵāzin 'storehouses' - ḵazana store
Mahdi - mahdiyy 'one who is guided aright' - hadā lead
majlis - majlis 'council'
mancala - manqala - naqala move
marzipan - marṭabān, possibly Mottama in Burma
mask - perhaps masḵara 'buffoon' - saḵira ridicule
mattress - maṭraḥ 'place where something is thrown, mat, cushion' - ṭaraḥa throw
minaret - manāra - nār fire
mohair - muḵayyar 'choice (goats'-hair cloth)' - ḵayyara select
monsoon - mawsim 'eason' - wasama mark
mosque - masjid - sagada worship
Mozarabic - mustaʿrib 'would-be Arab'
muezzin - muʾaḏḏin 'criers' - adhana proclaim
mufti - muftī 'one who gives a fatwa'
mujahedeen - mujāhidīn 'fighters in a jihad'
mullah - mawlan 'master'
mummy - mūmiyā 'embalmed body' - mūm '(embalming) wax'
Muslim - muslim 'submitter' - aslama submit oneself
muslin - Mauşil 'Mosul'

nadir - naẓīr as-samt 'opposite the zenith'
natron - naṭrūn - from Greek
nizam - niḏam 'government'

orange - nāranj - from Sanskrit
ottoman - ʿUthmān, a proper name

pia mater - Latin calque on umm raqīqah 'tender mother'
popinjay - babḡāʾ 'parrot'
Primum Mobile - Latin calque on al-muh' arrik al-awwal 'the first mover'

racket - rāḥa 'palm of the hand'
Ramadan - ramaḍān meaning perhaps 'the hot month' - ramaḍa be heated
realgar - rahj al-ḡār 'powder of the cave'
ream (of paper) - rizma 'bundle'
rebec - rebāb
Rigel - rijl 'foot (of Orion)'
roc - ruḵḵ
rook (chess) - ruḵḵ - from Persian
Rubaiyyat - rubāʾīya 'quatrain'

safari - safarīy 'journey' - safara travel
saffron - zaʿfarān
Sahara - ṣaḥārā 'desert'
sahib - ṣāḥib 'friend'
salaam - as-salām `alaikum 'peace be on you'
saluki - salūḵī 'from Saluḵ'
Saracen - sharqīyīn 'easterners' - shāraqa rise
sash - šāš 'muslin'
satin - probably zaytūnī 'of Zaytūn' (a city in China)
scarlet - siklāt '(cloth) adorned with images' - from Latin
sequin - sikka 'die for coinmaking'
Sharia - šarīʿa 'path'
sheikh - šayḵ 'old man' - šāḵa grow old
sherbet - šarba - shariba drink
Shiite - šiyaʿīy, from šiyāʿ 'following, sect' - šaʿa follow
shrub [drink] - širāb 'a drink' - šariba drink
sine - Latin sinus, mistranslation of jayb 'chord of an arc, sine', through confusion with jayb 'fold of a garment'
sirocco - šarq 'east (wind)' - shāraqa rise
sofa - ṣuffa 'raised dais with cushions'
souk - sūq 'marketplace'
spinach - isfānāḵ
Sufi - ṣūfiyy 'man of wool'
sugar - sukkar - from Sanskrit
sultan - sulṭān 'sovereign'
sumac - summāq
Sunni - sunnī 'lawful', from sunnāh 'rule, course'
sura - sūra
syrup - šarāb 'beverage' - šariba drink

tabbouleh - tabbūla
tabby - ʿattābiyy, a neighborhood in Baghdad where taffeta was made
tahini - ṭaḥīna crush
Taliban - ṭālib 'student' - ṭalaba study
talisman - ṭilasm - from Greek
tamarind - tamr-hindī 'date of India'
tambourine - a small tambour, from ṭunbūr - from Persian
tandoori - tannūr 'oven'
tarboosh - ṭarbūš
tare [weight] - ṭarḥa 'rejected' - ṭaraḥa reject
tariff - taʿrifa'notification' - ʿarafa notify
tarragon - ṭarḵūn - possibly from Greek
tell [mound] - tall 'hillock'

ujamaa - jamāʿa 'community'
ulema - ʿulamāʾ 'the learned ones' - ʿalama know

Vega - an-nasr al-wāqiʿ 'the falling vulture'
vizier - wazīr 'porter, public servant' - wazara carry

wadi - wādīn
Waqf - waqf 'religious foundation'
wisdom tooth - from a Latin calque on aḏrāsu 'l ḥikmi - calqued from Greek

zenith - samt 'path'
zero - şifr 'empty'

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As with the list of Amerindian words, this list isn't exhaustive-- the OED has over 900 words; but the others are obscure (words like enam, sulham, zibib). I've omitted speculative and less likely derivations, and also words borrowed in ancient times from some unspecified Semitic language (e.g. cumin, myrrh, sesame).

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Festival Gnaoua et de musique du Monde d'Essaouira 17ème 2014 HD

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Slideshow from tribal horse festival in northern Morocco.

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Marrakech - Majorelle garden virtual tour (Morocco 4K UHD)

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هيئة التحرير

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مدرسة سيدي بن سليمان تحيي عادة ”العويتقات” في أجواء روحانية وثقافية - دواي TV

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في مبادرة تعكس ارتباط المجتمع المغربي بتراثه العريق، نظّمت مدرسة سيدي بن سليمان احتفالًا خاصًا بإحياء عادة ”العويتقات”، وهو تقليد مغربي أصيل يُحتفى خلاله بالفتيات اللواتي يصمن لأول مرة.

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محمد السريدي

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مدرسة سيدي بن سليمان تحيي عادة قديمة في الأوساط المغربية

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رشيد المازوني

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Moroccan orange blossom: tradition and benefits

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Discover the magic of harvesting orange blossom in Morocco, an ancestral tradition from the Rif that reveals exceptional benefits for health and well-being.