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Early 1990s: The Sea of Green (SOG) method became popular among indoor cultivators. This technique maximized yields by growing many small plants that flowered quickly. Moral Entrepreneurs: Individuals like Harry J. Anslinger, who served as the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, were key figures in earlier decades. However, their influence persisted into the 1990s through the continued enforcement of strict drug policies. Anslinger’s legacy of portraying marijuana as a dangerous drug influenced ongoing federal policies

Negative Portrayals: The War on Drugs continued to influence media, with marijuana often depicted negatively. News stories frequently highlighted drug busts and the dangers of marijuana use. The media's portrayal of marijuana from 1900 to 2000 was heavily influenced by the need to attract audiences and generate profit, often at the expense of balanced and accurate reporting also portray, the "money machine theory" suggests that media outlets prioritize profit over political indoctrination, often resorting to sensationalism to attract viewers and increase revenue.

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Opiates, is a drug naturally derived from the opium poppy plant. 

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Opiates are better known as painkillers or narcotics. They relieve pain and induce a state of sedation and apathy. In the late 1990s, the increase of prescriptions medicated to Opiates are misuses and has caused increased to overdose deaths. Opiates are a class of drugs that include pain relievers, as a medical practice prescribed as morphine.

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When examining racial and ethnic groups, it is found that benzodiazepines are more prescribed to the White culture compared to African-American, Asian, and Hispanic cultures. This reason is generally due to the White culture experiencing more anxiety disorders and seeking support. When examining what racial group used barbiturates, research shows African Americans were more likely.

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Alcohol contains a toxic effect on the digestive and cardiovascular system. It's also psychoactive and has carcinogenic substance. Alcohol is a drug that is addictive and toxic to us.

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During this time from 1990-2000 alcohol didn't go through any structural changes. But indeed there was advancement in the ways it alcohol was produced, delivered, and marketed. In this time there wasn't really much of an alcohol reform movement but there was effort in regulating alcohol consumption, reducing alcohol harm and improving the public health.

In the 1990s one of the most important political movement was the raising of the minimum legal drinking age in the US which was set to 21 years old. This law was passed in 1984 but it wasn't fully implemented cross the US until 1990. This was a very effective legislation because it reduced alcohol related deaths on young people.

Also between the 1900-2000 there wasn't a lot of alcohol reform movements but all of US federal and state drug/alcohol policies were influenced by the war of drugs.

In the 1990s there was an increased interest in high proof liquors that contain ABV as high as 95%. Which means that it was easier to consume a smaller quantity but even though it was a small consumption it still increased the intoxication/addiction. Also during thime flavored alcohol was made like Smirnoffs and mikes to name a few. These types of drinks were very accessible and increase patterns of binge drinking.

Also in the 1990s , Who started to pay more attention to alcohol and saw it as a major public health issue because of what alcohol caused which was injuries, liver cirrhosis and alcohol dependence. Then during this time there was a high demand of alcohol free and low alcohol beverages and they were made.

The media representation of alcohol was that it can induce pleasure, euphoria, intoxication, a state of feeling relaxed, pain relief, drowsiness and sleep. Alcohol is also very much shown on music videos, movies and advertisements. There is an analysis of television that shows that from the 1998-1999 about 71% of all programming showed alcohol use and 77% had a reference of alcohol.

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In 1990, there were other innovations allied with benzodiazepines such as the clinical trials, antidotes, and the development of similar BZD. clinical trials that took place from the 1960s to 1990s accepted the power of similar BZDs for instance flunitrazepam, diazepam, and clonazepam. There were also antidotes or treatments like flumazenil that were able to reverse BZD effects.

Since the early 1900s, barbiturates have been innovated in different ways like synthesis, novel fragmentation mechanism, barbital, and the development of pentobarbital and phenobarbital.

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LSD: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is a powerful psychedelic drug that can intensify emotions, thoughts, and sensory perception. It is usually taken through the mouth, and it’s a colorless and odorless drug, some may say it has a bitter taste. LSD was used rather successfully to treat alcoholism. To add on, in the year of 1990, Drs. Kurland, Yensen, and Dryer submitted a protocol to the FDA for LSD assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of patients with a substance abuse disorder.

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During the 1990s, many drug policies were connected to benzodiazepines such as Hong Kong regulations, Medicaid coverage, Z-drugs, New York State regulations, and Temazepam liquid capsules. Hong Kong regulations filed this drug as dangerous and authorized a detailed record of its supply. Medicaid coverage required a limitation of this drug for medical coverage. Zaleplon, zopiclone, and zolpidem, also known as Z-drugs, were listed as sleeping aids. New York State regulations, decreased BZD prescriptions by 44-60% and temazepam liquid capsules were taken off the market because it linked with benzodiazepine deaths. Barbiturates were prescribed less by doctors and barbiturate abuse had also declined.

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The tobacco plant was indigenous to the western hemisphere before the 1409 when the native inhabitants of San Salvador showed Columbus a sheaf of tobacco leaf. Therefore, tobacco is a plant that has nicotine which is very addictive. Tobacco can be smoked in cigarettes , cigars, and pipes. Also applied to the gums like chewing it and inhaled. 

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1990 was a very important time because this is when 4 billion cigarettes are sold and the manufacture is on the rise. this is due to cultural and technology innovations. Like the cigarette rolling machine that was created in 1881 which made about 120,000 cigarettes a day. Also in the years of 1990-1998 PMI made a the EHCSS series E. This lab prototype consist of using a single 3mm blade that heats up a specific designed tobacco stick. Therefore U.S adult smoking in the 1990s was 50.1% and 25.5% were current smokers.

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Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mix of dried, crumbled parts from the marijuana plant. The plant contains chemicals which act on your brain and can change your mood or consciousness. November 5, 1991, the city passed Proposition P, the first medical marijuana initiative. This initiative called on the State of California and the California Medical Association to restore hemp medical preparations to the list of available medicines and to protect physicians from penalties for prescribing hemp preparations for medical purposes.

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LSD is often put on absorbent paper, this paper is then cut into small, decorated squares, each square being one dose. The effects of LSD can last up to 12 hours, and often start 30 to 90 minutes after taking the drug. An individual may begin to hallucinate and having a bad reaction to it can be very common. LSD is also commonly known as Acid, Dots, Mellow, and other street names. Hence, it's most commonly used by hippies considering they believe it embraces their mind expanding properties. To add on, in the year of 1992, it was said that Green Day’s Mike Dirnt wrote the bass line for Longview while he was on LSD.

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In July 1992 the congres passed a federal law called the Synar amendment which requires states to make and enforce laws to prevent the sale of tobacco to minors. The following were some requirements for this law which was that they would make unexpected inspections of tobacco vendors annually. Also the stated were required to submit an annual report to the secretary of health and human services and if the states don't meet the retailer compliance rate goal they may loose a percentage of the SAPT grant. This law was made to decrease youth access to tobacco.

Also in 1992 nicotine patches were introduced and then that's when more cessation products will start to develop swell.

In 1993 from the production of the Synar amendment all states have raised their minimum age to 18 or 19 to be able to buy tobacco. Also in 1993 Vermont bans smoking in all indoor places. therefore they were one of the first States to pass a Clean Indoor air Act which banned tobacco products in almost all common areas indoor.

In 1994 Brown and Williamson documents released evidence that confirmed that tobacco executives had discovered smoking risks before the Surgeon General. made any declarations about this topic. This means that the people who were manufacturing tobacco knew about the health issues and addiction it had. Therefore,also in 1994 major U.S cigarette companies released a list of about 599 addictives used in the process of manufacturing cigarettes. As a result, Cigarette smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancers and 1/3 of all cancer deaths and 805 of chronic obstructive lung diseases and 20% of deaths of heart problems.

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Harm reduction coalition movement and DEA

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Harm Reduction Coalition, a prominent organization in this movement, was formed in 1993. Harm Reduction Movement: This broader movement included efforts to reduce the negative consequences of drug use through policies like needle exchange programs and decriminalization. It intersected with marijuana reform by promoting a more compassionate and health-focused approach to drug policy.

1993 marijuana

In 1993, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) continued its efforts to combat marijuana cultivation and distribution through the Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP). This program focused on eradicating both cultivated cannabis plants and wild-growing ditchweed. The DEA and cooperating agencies used advanced technologies, such as thermal imagery, to identify and dismantle indoor cultivation operations

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In 1994 the violent crime control and law enforcement act was signed by President Bill Clinton and this bill had a great impact on drug and alcohol policies. It also extended the war on drugs by funding more police officers, increasing penalties for drug related crimes and it promoted the zero tolerance policies in schools. Another thing that this bill brought was the three strike policies which as result caused longer sentences for drug offenders. The zero tolerance policies in schools meant that there will be automatic suspension/expulsion if a student got caught with dugs/alcohol on campus. But then also a lot of people were against these policies because they criminalized the students instead of actually fixing the real issue of substance abuse.

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Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994): This act included provisions to increase penalties for drug-related offenses and provided funding for drug courts .Medical Marijuana Movement: This movement gained momentum in the early 1990s, particularly in California. Proposition 215, passed in 1996, was a landmark initiative that legalized medical marijuana in the state. This movement was driven by activists, patients, and organizations advocating for the medicinal benefits of cannabis

In 1996: California legalized medical marijuana, which spurred further innovations in cultivation and distribution .

State Level

California Proposition 215 (1996): Also known as the Compassionate Use Act, this was the first state law to legalize medical marijuana, allowing patients and caregivers to possess and cultivate marijuana for medical use with a doctor's recommendation .

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In the year of 1995, an ecstasy pill put an 18-year-old student in a coma. The young adult decided to take an ecstasy tablet at her 18th birthday party, however, she collapsed 4 hours after swallowing the pill. However, the police believe that the pill she consumed must have been contaminated. To add on, due to consuming ecstasy, her brain suffered some damages causing it to swell up meaning the young lady was in a very critical state. The police investigation concluded that the tablet was probably a contaminated batch which the young lady bought at a nightclub. Overall, ecstasy has been very known to be sold at nightclubs which makes it easier for young adults to access.

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Heroin is made from made from morphine that is chemically processed that enters to the brain quickly and produces more immediate effect snorting it or it can be injected. 

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After heroin was released onto the market, a new type of opioid addiction began as a problem especially in urban areas using non medically. They were young Americans children of immigrants affecting the next opioid addiction faced epidemic in the year 1996. Non white populations is illicitly manufactured to low-income communities and many faced overdose deaths.

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In 1996 researchers find that evidence that tobacco damages a cancer-suppressor gene.

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In this time from the 1996-1998 is when everything comes out that tobacco causes health issues and the big one is lung cancer. That's when companies start revealing that in fact it causes health risks. Like how in 1997 Ligget tobacco company made a statement to the public and stated that tobacco causes lung cancer. In the year of 1997 is also the time were tobacco companies are being outraged with major lawsuits which ordered them to spend millions of dollars on anti-smoking campaigns. Therefore until now they focus on educating young people on the consequences of smoking tobacco.

In 1998 The Tobacco master settlement agreement is made which means that tobacco companies and states settled claims against the companies and this means that they are required to change marketing practices and pay billions to the state.

In 1998 something called the Surgeons General report comes out and this report examines the use of tobacco among US minority groups and concludes that cigarette smoking is one of the major health hazards within different racial and ethic groups. Like for example the cultural stereotyping In smoking Ads this means that some tobacco companies used advertising to link smoking with certain ethnic identities that exploited sterotypes and this ads suggested that was part of their identity.

Also on 1998, In the US 46 states welcome a 206 billion settlement with the tobacco industry which is used for healthcare costs for treating sick smokers.

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The Drug-Free Communities Act of 1997 was a significant piece of legislation aimed at reducing substance abuse among youth. It provided grants to community coalitions to support their efforts in preventing and reducing drug use. These coalitions typically included a variety of stakeholders, such as schools, law enforcement, healthcare providers, and local organizations, working together to create comprehensive strategies to address substance abuse in their communities. In 1999, The Institute of Medicine released a report titled Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, which acknowledged the potential medical benefits of marijuana and called for more research.

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In 1999, the national drug policy planned to reduce drug use in society and increase sponsorship for treatment and testing programs. “War on drugs” launched and began to prevent treatment options.

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Ecstasy, also known as MDMA, acts as a stimulant and hallucinogen which produces an energizing effect. This club drug is mainly used by adolescents and young adults considering it reduces inhibitions and promotes euphoria, and empathy. It’s usually consumed through the mouth since it's a gel like capsule, pills, tablets, or can occasionally be smoked. In the year of 1999, there was an increased intake of ecstasy among adolescents. Hence, ecstasy is more likely to be used by girls than by boys.

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Two main things that happen in 1999 was that star tobacco introduced a new cigarette that consist of low-nitrosamine tobacco and activated charcoal filter but they are unable to make a health claim. Also in 1999 The justice department sues the tobacco industry so they can recover billions of government money that was spent on smoking related health issues.

In 2000, is when the Surgeon General Report reducing the tobacco use is published. Also, Phillip Morris introduces a cigarette with a safer paper. Like the banded paper this is use on cigarettes to make them more likely to self-extinguish, it slows down the speed in which it burns.This reduces the number of fires started by cigarettes. Therefore New York puts in place fire-safety standards on cigarettes.

During the 20th century smoking was seem as an aura of glamour,sophiscation,sexiness, rebellious, and normal. This is how the media portrays it and influences young people to use it.

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Medical Marijuana: Several states had already passed medical marijuana laws by 2000, allowing patients with certain medical conditions to use marijuana with a doctor's recommendation. This trend continued to gain momentum as more states considered similar legislation.

Legal Challenges: Despite state-level progress, marijuana remained illegal under federal law. This created a complex legal landscape where state and federal laws were often in conflict, leading to legal challenges and debates over states' rights versus federal authority.

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By the early 2000s, ecstasy became the third most commonly used drudge among adolescents. Rates of ecstasy use have generally been higher among adolescents and young adults than in the general population. According to studies, about 10 million people in the United States had used ecstasy at least once in their lifetime, and about 17% were adolescents. Also, ecstasy has been more common among higher-income than among lower-income individuals.

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This Synthetic opioids can be mixed with heroin which amplifies its potency and potential danger. 

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The United States is experiencing epidemic increase to overdose. Since 2000s the rates of deaths has increased about 100% and Fentanyl, marks a rise in synthetic opioid to overdose deaths. It kills many people who don't even know they are taking it illegal in black market. For legal side Fentanyl is prescribed to people in surgery or pain relieve for late stage patients with cancer.

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During the 2000s, Pharmaceutical companies spent over $15.7 billion, and 60% of other drugs were sold rapidly. Some companies involved were Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Concord Biotech, Ovation Pharmaceuticals, Chemist Warehouse, Renovo plc and more.

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In the early 2000s, clinical research evaluated that it was medically safe and efficient. Studies found that one dose of LSD helped reduce risky alcohol use. These benefits were mainly noticed up to about 2 to 3 months. To add on, patients who were given alcohol treatment and taking LSD, 59% showed reduced levels of alcohol misuse compared with the 38% who did not take it. However, just because it helped reduce the risk of alcohol use, it doesn’t mean it was beneficial for an individual considering it’s still a club drug and an addictive drug.

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Cocaine is a powerful stimulant drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant, native to South America. It remains a recreational drug in the 1990s and 2000s, it remains prevalent due to increased production and demand.

Cocaine was widely used in medical applications and many daily-use products, like everyone knows its early use was in the popular product Coca-Cola. However, as the addictive properties of the drug became apparent, regulations began to be put in place. Subsequently, there were contradictions in people's opinions leading to few conflicts between state and federal laws as the harmful effects of these substances were not fully understood.

Smoking crack provides a quick, intense high, which is more addictive than other forms of cocaine use, leading to higher rates of dependency.

Crack cocaine, a form of cocaine that can be smoked, gained popularity in the 1990s. It was cheaper and more accessible than powdered cocaine, leading to widespread use, particularly in urban areas. The history of crack cocaine is a complex tale of socio-economic, criminal justice, and public health dynamics in the United States, serving as a significant chapter in the broader narrative around drug policy and social equity. The crack cocaine epidemic devastated many inner-city communities, contributing to increases in crime, unemployment, and family disintegration.