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Hall of Bulls, Lascaux II

16,000-14,000 BCE

The paintings depict animals that were important to the survival of the people who lived there, including bulls, horses, deer, bison, and cows.

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Stonehenge

3,000 BCE

A prehistoric temple that was built to align with the sun's movements. It was a place to honor ancestors and mark important calendar events.

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Bull’s head from ceremonial lyre

2600 BCE

Represents the power of the king as well as the god Shamash

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The Stele of Hammurabi

1792-1750 BCE

The stele commemorates King Hammurabi, the king from Babylon, as being given the authority to decide justice and lead the people of Mesopotamia

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Lion Hunts of Ashurbanipal

645 BCE

Only the king was permitted to kill lions and doing so signified his power and ability to keep nature at bay

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2649–2130 B.C.

West wall of the chapel of Nikauhor and Sekhemhathor

The mastaba of Nikauhor belongs to the group of mastabas outside the northern enclosure wall of the Djoser complex, which was excavated in 1907/08 by Quibell.

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From left to right:

(A) Left section:
The two figures in the upper register are identified as:
n.j-anx-ptH, Niankhptah
spr-nfr, Sepernefer

(B) False Door:

1. Top, Left side:
[zAb-sHD-]zXA.ww smAa-wDa-mdw
...[Hm-nTr-raw]-m-nxn-raw
...Hr.j-zStA
...[jmAx.w] xr nTr aA ra nb
...jr.j-jx.t-nswt n.j-kA.w-Hr.w

[Juridical inspector] of scribes who makes the judgment right,
...[Priest of Re] in Nekhenre (The Sun Temple of Userkaf)
...privy to the secrets
...revered before the great god every day
...custodian of the king's property Nikauhor

2. Top, Right side:
...Hr.j-sStA
...Hm-nTr-[raw]-m-nxn-raw
...mrr.w-n-nb=f
...[jmAx.w] xr nTr=f
...jr.j-jx.t-nswt n.j-kA.w-Hr.w

...privy to the secrets
...[Priest of Re] in Nekhenre (The Sun Temple of Userkaf)
...beloved of his lord
...revered before his god
...custodian of the king's property Nikauhor

3. Figure on the left:
zA=f sms.w zAb-zXA.w wab-nswt kA-nfr
His elder son, the senior scribe, wab-priest of the king, Kanefer

4. Figure on the right:
zA=f sms.w zAb-zXA.w wab-nswt kA.w-Hr.w
His elder son, the senior scribe, wab-priest of the king, Kauher

(C) Middle section, woman seated in front of an offering table

1. Above the figure:
jr.jt-jx.t-nswt Hm.t-nTr jmAx.wt xr nTr sxm-Hw.t-Hr.w
Custodian of the king's property, Divine Priestess, revered before god, Sekhemhathor

2. Below the table:
xA t' xA Hnq.t xA kA.w xA Apd.w Ss
A thousand of bread, a thousand of beer, a thousand of bulls, a thousand of fowls, alabaster

3. Daugther's figure on the left:
jr.(jt)-x.t-nswt zA.t ...Custodian of the royal property, the daughter...

4. Daughter's figure on the right:
jr.(jt)-x.t-nswt Htp-Hr-s...Custodian of the royal property, the daughter, Hetepheres...
(D) Three registers:
1. Upper Register (men playing musical instruments and games):

a. left pair (men playing the senet board game):

jT.t m zn.t
Taking from the Senet

jr (j)x.t sn.nw
Do (some)thing, (my) friend

mk (j)x.t sn.nw
Here's (some)thing, (my) friend

b. second pair from the left (men with harp):

sqr m b(n).t
Playing (literally: striking) the harp

Hs.t n b(n).t
singing with the harp

c. third pair (men with flute)

zbA m mA.t
Playing (literally: blowing into) the flute

Hs.t n mA.t
Singing with the flute

d. fourth pair (men with clarinet)

zbA m mm.t
Playing (literally: blowing into) the clarinet (or a similar musicial instrument)

Hs.t sn-nTr
Singing the Sen-Netjer song*

* note: for the sen-netjer song, see Altenmüller 1978 and Buchberger 1995

2. Middle Register:

sHD-Hm(.w)-kA nfr-Hr-n-ptH, Inspector of (funerary) priests, Neferherenptah
Hm-kA ...(funerary) priest....
Hm-kA n.j-k(A).w-Hr.w, (Funerary) priest, Nik(a)uhor
wdp.w....,the attendant...
wdp.w dns, the attendant, Denes
wdp.w b[j].w, the attendant, Biu
...
af.tj... the brewer...

3. Lower Register:

pD ds
Sharpen the knife!

sxp.t stp.t
Bringing the choicest (parts)
(E) Right False Door:
1. On the drum above the niche:
sxm-Hw.t-Hr.w
Sekhemhathor

2. On the left:

[zAb-]sHD-zXA.ww Hm-nTr-mAa.t
Hm-nTr-[raw]-m-nxn-raw
(n.j-)kA.w-Hr.w

[Juridical] inspector of scribes, Priest of Maat
Priest [of Re] in Nekhenre (The Sun Temple of Userkaf)
privy to the secrets, (Ni)kauhor

Hm.t=f mr.t=f jr.jt-jx.t-nswt Hm(.t)-nTr-Hw.t-Hr.w-nb(.t)-nh.t
Hm(.t)-nTr-nj.t-wp.tjt-wA.wt mH.tjt-jnb
jmAx(.yt) xr h(j)=s sxm-Hw.t-Hr.w

His beloved wife, custodian of the king's property, priestess of Hathor, mistress of the sycamore
Priestess of Neith opener of ways who is north of the wall
revered before her husband, Sekhemhathor

3. On the right:

zAb-sHD-zXA.ww Hm-nTr-mAa.t
wab-nswt Hm-nTr-Wsr-kA=f Hr.j-sStA
(n.j-)kA.w-Hr.w

Juridical inspector of scribes, Priest of Maat
wab-priest of the king, priest of Userkaf, privy to the secrets
(Ni)kAuher

Hm.t=f mr.t=f jr.jt-jx.t-nswt Hm(.t)-nTr-Hw.t-Hr.w-nb(.t)-nh.t
Hm(.t)-nTr-nj.t-wp.tjt-wA.wt mH.tjt-jnb sxm-Hw.t-Hr.w

His beloved wife, custodian of the king's property, priestess of Hathor, mistress of the sycamore
Priestess of Neith opener of ways who is north of the wall Sekhemhathor

Niv Allon, 2017

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West wall of the chapel of Nikauhor and Sekhemhathor | Old Kingdom | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Location The mastaba of Nikauhor belongs to the group of mastabas outside the northern enclosure wall of the Djoser complex, which was excavated in 1907/08 by Quibell. He writes: "The west wall has been sold to the Metropolitan Museum of New York

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1550–1070 B.C.

In this life-size statue, Hatshepsut is shown wearing the nemes-headcloth and the shendyt-kilt. These are part of the ceremonial attire of the Egyptian king, which was traditionally a man's role.

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2700–2400/2300 BCE

This is a very rare type of vase represented throughout the Early Cycladic II period. “Herakleia” islet is mentioned as its find place. Its closest parallel is a vase from Chalandriani on Syros.

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1500-1450 BCE

Minoan Octopus

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Illustration

A Minoan octopus, detail from a New- Palace period (1500-1450 BCE) Cretan Clay askos with 'Marine Style' decoration, (Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Crete)

About the Author

Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.

License & Copyright

Uploaded by Mark Cartwright, published on 04 September 2017. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.

Cite This Work

APA Style

Cartwright, M. (2017, September 04). Minoan Octopus. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7223/minoan-octopus/

Chicago Style

Cartwright, Mark. " Minoan Octopus." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified September 04, 2017. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7223/minoan-octopus/.

MLA Style

Cartwright, Mark. " Minoan Octopus." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 04 Sep 2017. Web. 18 Aug 2023.

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A Minoan octopus, detail from a New-Palace period (1500-1450 BCE) Cretan Clay askos with 'Marine Style' decoration, (Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Crete)

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1500 BCE - 1200 BCE

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Mycenaean bridge-spouted jug displaying a Minoan influence (1500-1450 BCE). Found in the Kalkani tomb, Mycenae. Archaeological Museum Mycenae.

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c. 800 BCE - 500 BCE

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Twin Kouroi of Argos - named Kleobis and Biton - sculpted by Polymedes (c 580 BCE), mature archaic style. Delphi Archaeological Museum, Greece.

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5th and 4th centuries BC

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An illustration by Maia Kobabe showing Classical Greek temple. From the novel The Jericho River by David Tollen.

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c. 3rd century BCE

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An elephant and a griffon attack warriors with so-called Celtic shields, a common theme on Hellenistic faience ware. The image is based on a faience shard perhaps from Memphis, c. 3rd century BCE, now…

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1st century CE

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A bronze portrait of a woman, Roman, 1st century CE, Emporiae. (Archaeological Museum, Empuries, Spain)

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1st-2nd century CE

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Roman glass perfume bottle. 1st-2nd century CE. Provenance unknown. (Archaeological Museum of Pavia, Italy).

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6th century

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Illustration

by Hardscarf
published on 21 November 2013

The oldest known icon depicting Jesus Christ (6th century) in Saint Catherine's Monastery, Egypt.

License & Copyright

Based on Wikipedia content that has been reviewed, edited, and republished. Original image by Hardscarf. Uploaded by Cristian Violatti, published on 21 November 2013. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.

Cite This Work

APA Style

Hardscarf, . (2013, November 21). Jesus Christ Pantokrator. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2157/jesus-christ-pantokrator/

Chicago Style

Hardscarf, . " Jesus Christ Pantokrator." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified November 21, 2013. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2157/jesus-christ-pantokrator/.

MLA Style

Hardscarf, . " Jesus Christ Pantokrator." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 21 Nov 2013. Web. 14 Apr 2024.

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The oldest known icon depicting Jesus Christ (6th century) in Saint Catherine's Monastery, Egypt.

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painted c. 1131 CE

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Server Costs Fundraiser 2023

Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Thank you for your help!

Illustration

by Unknown Artist
published on 21 June 2018

The Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child known as the Vladimir Icon, painted c. 1131 CE in Constantinople. Restoration following fire damage means that only the faces are original. (Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)

License & Copyright

Based on Wikipedia content that has been reviewed, edited, and republished. Original image by Unknown Artist. Uploaded by Mark Cartwright, published on 21 June 2018. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Public Domain. This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.

Cite This Work

APA Style

Artist, U. (2018, June 21). The Vladimir Icon. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/8959/the-vladimir-icon/

Chicago Style

Artist, Unknown. " The Vladimir Icon." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified June 21, 2018. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/8959/the-vladimir-icon/.

MLA Style

Artist, Unknown. " The Vladimir Icon." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 21 Jun 2018. Web. 17 Feb 2023.

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Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world.

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constructed between 1660 and 1665 CE

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Illustration

by Belt93
published on 30 November 2019

Four medals showing beautifully designed names of the first four Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632 - 634 CE), Umar (634 - 644 CE), Uthman (644 - 656 CE) and Ali (656 - 661 CE). In the Dome of the New Mosque, in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. The New Mosque was constructed between 1660 and 1665 CE, during the Ottoman Period.

License & Copyright

Based on Wikipedia content that has been reviewed, edited, and republished. Original image by Belt93. Uploaded by Syed Muhammad Khan, published on 30 November 2019. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.

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Calligraphic Names of Rashidun Caliphs in Hagia Sophia

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Four medals showing beautifully designed names of the first four Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632 - 634 CE), Umar (634 - 644 CE), Uthman (644 - 656 CE) and Ali (656 - 661 CE). In the Dome of the New...

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dated to c. 820 CE,

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The exquisitely carved animal head number two (there are five in total) found with the Oseberg Viking ship, dated to c. 820 CE, in a ship burial setting in Oslo fjord, Norway. The heads are housed in…

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1861 CE

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The Coronation of Charlemagne, 1861 CE, by Friedrich Kaulbach (1822-1903 CE). The painting depicts the crowning of Charlemange (742-814 CE) as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III (r. 795-816 CE) on 25…

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ca. 950–1000

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Brooch with Intaglio of an Emperor | Ottonian (Rhineland (?)) (setting); Byzantine (intaglio) | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Antique Jewelry sale, Hôtel Drouot, Paris (Spring 1957, to Stiskin) ; Edouard Stisken, Paris (sold 1957 through Nicholas Landau, Paris) ; [ Albert Salmona, Paris (sold 1957)] ; Dr. Dietrich von Kobyletzki, Gelsenkirchen, Germany (1957–1988) ; [ Ward & Company Works of Art American, New York (sold 1988)]

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constructed between 1087 and 1107

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Abbey Church of Sainte Foy, Conques, France

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first constructed in the 13th century CE

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Arched Ceiling Detail at Chartres Cathedral

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A detail of the gothic arched ceiling at Chartres Cathedral. The colours are a restoration that reproduces the original colour scheme of the cathedral when it was first constructed in the 13th century…

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c. 1475 CE

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Illustration

by gallerix.ru
published on 09 November 2020

A painting of Saint Jerome in his study by Antonello da Messina, c. 1475 CE. (National Gallery, London)

License & Copyright

Based on Wikipedia content that has been reviewed, edited, and republished. Original image by gallerix.ru. Uploaded by Mark Cartwright, published on 09 November 2020. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.

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Saint Jerome in his Study by Antonello da Messina

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A painting of Saint Jerome in his study by Antonello da Messina, c. 1475 CE. (National Gallery, London)