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Forensic Biology Techniques and Contributors 

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Forensic Biology Techniques and Contributors 

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Gloribelly Rayos

FORS 3371 - Forensic Biology

Professor Harder, Vicki

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Forensic entomology involves using insects to determine a person's time of death, as different types of insects are attracted to different stages of decomposition. The first time this method was used was in a case in 13th-century China.

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Forensic odontology is used to identify human remains with teeth and estimate dental age. It was used during the Salem Witch trials when accused witches presented bites on their arms, but it is also said that it was used since the Roman Empire in 66 AD.

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Forensic toxicology was introduced in 1813 by Mathiew Orfilia, which contributed to the forensic drug analysis of bodies. We can test a suspect and the victim to look for any controlled substances in their system.

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James M. Marsh was a British chemist who developed a method for testing the presence of arsenic in human tissue. The Marsh test, created and applied in 1836, was the first use of toxicology in a jury trial. It helps determine if a person was poisoned.

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Alphonse Bertillon was a French Police Officer who, in 1879, created the first system of physical measurements, such as photographs and record-keeping for files, to identify criminals.

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Hans Gross was an Austrian jurist and criminologist who helped establish the science of forensics in 1893 by providing technical evidence and methods that led to the creation of the “crime scene” with the cross-transfer of evidence such as dirt, fingerprints, carpet fibers, and hair.

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Karl Landsteiner discovered in 1901 that we as people have different blood types, leading to different blood groups, such as +-A, +-B, +-AB, and +-O. This information contributes to identifying who’s blood is on a crime scene: the suspect or the victim.

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Edmond Locard was a French criminologist who, in 1910, formulated the theory that when two objects come into contact, there is a transference of material between them, which leads to the connection between suspect and victim.

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Leone Lattes was an Italian Medical Examiner who developed a method to determine the blood type of a dried bloodstain using a saline solution to restore dried blood to its liquid form. This method created in 1915, is known as the Lattes Method.

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Forensic ballistic is a forensic science branch that examines firearms and ammunition to identify weapons used in crimes. In 1920 “Robert Churchill and Major Gerald Burrard in the UK began examining bullets and cartridge cases to link them to specific weapons.”

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Forensic botany is the use of natural-source objects such as plants, wood, seeds, and microbiology organisms to solve a crime. It was first used in 1935 to solve a crime when two pieces of wood were compared during a kidnapping.

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Forensic anthropology was created to gather information from the bones, such as who died, how they died, and how long ago they died. In 1938, law enforcement agencies started to have their own forensic anthropologists to identify skeletal remains.

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Alec Jeffreys discovered the technique of genetic fingerprinting in 1984, which greatly contributes to identifying a suspect at a crime scene using finger prints and DNA profiling.

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Digital Forensic strategies were first introduced in the '90s; examples of these strategies are text messages, images, and documents from cybercrimes such as cyberbullying, identity theft, and credit card fraud.

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Artificial intelligence is relatively new to forensic science; however, it is currently used (2024) to analyze a crime scene, compare fingerprint data, and draw conclusions about a case.