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Social stratification in the United States

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Social stratification in the United States

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Social stratification means defining people according to factors such as wealth, income , power and education.

Types of stratifications:

1. Caste : based on ascribed status. People who fall under this class are usually born into this class. They inherent from pass family members. A good example of this Prince William.

2. Class : based on achieved status. People who fall under this class have to work hard. Oprah Winfrey is an example.

I think it is possible for one to move their family from a poor background to the upper class. However this requires consistent hard work and sacrifices. This will take many years however if everyone in the family has the same ambitions and motivation. I have seen the movement in my family where my grandmother had studied from primary to school but was not able to finish her high school studies. She got married and had 7 kids, a farm and was a housewife. My mother was able to complete her high school studies and did not complete her college studies. She has a house, car, 3 kids and some investments. I have completed more than one courses and currently working on other qualification. I have worked for companies and currently working on getting my own house and car.

Our social backgrounds do have an impact on the our success and the classes that we find ourselves in. We all had to work really hard to get we are right now and where we are at the moment is not where we want to be. Maybe 3 to 4 generations to come they will fall under the ascribed status.

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The way people think that wealth of America is distributed is very different from the the actual distribution. American belief that the wealth is distrusted equally among the nation however from the graphs on the video it seem like the top class has the most wealth. The rich people are very rich and the poor are very poor. Most of the time the rich are usually associated as the powerful ones. They control most of the things and own many assets. In the video a family in top class is portrayed as a family that has all its needs and does not have to work hard for anything. A family in the middle class is able to meet their needs after working harder and making certain sacrifices. A family in the lower class find it very hard to meet their needs, they tend to work longer hours with little pay. Most families want to be able to afford and meet their needs without having to work longer or being under paid. I think even if they are not able to create generational wealth they are content with being able to provide for their families and spoil to their kids when they have the means. I think if they is one person who is very wealthy in a family he or she should be able to assist the other family members to meet their needs. As long their needs are met I think they will be able to manure their way to the middle class. The family member in the top class can sponsor family members in the lower class to do complete their college courses. I think in this way everyone will be able to get a fair chance to obtain skills that they can use to meet their needs and work their way up to the top class. In my family we also have people in different classes. My mom was fortunate enough to get a job that paid her well and she was responsible for paying for her other siblings fees. Now her siblings have qualifications and jobs that pay them well. They now assist me with anything I need. If all families could be like this I think the poor will not be very poor.

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According to Herbert J. Gans Poverty is has some positive functions that many people tend to ignore because society has associated poverty with the negative functions. He does not mean that people living in poverty do not deserve to live a life that upper class live. He points out the positive functions that poverty has. According to him there are 13 positive functions.The following are some of the reason.

Poverty ensures that the "dirty work" will be done. Most of the time people in the upper class have less time to do things such as housekeeping. The poor people can do this in exchange of wages.

Poor people contribute to large taxes which is good for the country because the country needs those taxes to for example build roads and schools.

Poverty creates jobs.

Upper class people are able to "recycle" goods by handing them to poor people preventing wastage.

We need the poor to reserve our culture.

In order for the rich is have power they need people below them .

Poor are able to adapt to change and it makes it easier to move them around.

I must say, all the reasons that he mentioned make sense. I have always associated poverty with negative functions. However I firmly believe that no one should be living in poverty. He tried his best to kind of pursue the reader to see poverty in a positive way however it is will be difficult to do so especially to people who have or are currently living in poverty. I assume that the writer might have not lived in poverty and does not understand poverty. It seems like the writer is just motivating the upper class to "use" the poor class to generate their wealth and the lower has to be the one that has to understand and "clean" up. What makes it worse is that society has categorized certain jobs as for the poor. No has to clean up anyones mess . Each person to their own mess.

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After participating in todays class activity I felt a bit emotional. I realized that as much as we all have similar or common goals our social backgrounds differentiate us. The things that some people had to go through to be where they are right now are overwhelming. During the activity I learnt that as much as much we try to run our away from some situations we have faced earlier in our lives they will always pop up. It is up to an individual decide how they want their social background to define them. Some of it might have not directed affected us but the people around or close to us.

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This level of class is one of the most hardworking and determined class according to me. Most of the people who are in this class have been or experienced sense of belonging to the lower class. According to Joan N Morris and Micheal D. Grimes tend to experience cultural shock and most belong to different minorities. I remember when I has to visit my fathers employer.I was instructed on how to address him and how to respond when asked question so that it did not look like I come from a family that does not know much. During childhood children have less exposure to activities such as museum visits and attending movies. I belong to this class because my parents work and have some investments but at times we face financial challenges that led to compromising certain activities. We are taught that the best way to succeed is to study hard and be independent. That is way I value education. My parents always made sure that they met my teachers and saw my school reports. The authors also mentioned the effects of racial and gender discrimination experience in the woking class group. As a black ,young lady, I was told that it will be challenging to get the job that I wanted because the industry was white male dominated. They were not trying to discourage me from achieving my goals but wanted to protect from unpleasant experiences. My former employee used to play this song " I am young gifted and black"..she was white. She had this belief that I could take advantage of that because f the new laws implemented few years ago, companies wanted people like me to show that they are diverse and complying to the new laws.

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Race is a group of people we share biological characteristics that are deemed social significant. Ethnicity is the culture, belief and values of a group.

Because of my skin color and family back ground. I fall under the black race. Both sides of my family there is never been a trace of other races. My great grandmothers lived long enough to share their backgrounds and inform me about my ancestors. From what I have heard and seen, there is no race of other races in my family. However I think we did some scientific research we will find some traces of other races. I usually use surnames to determine a persons race. Most South African Black surnames are associated with nature for example, my fathers surname is Ngwenya which means crocodile therefore he must be black. Most white South Africans I know are names after places or very similar to British and German surnames.

When it comes to ethnicity this becomes very diverse because regardless of our skin colors are beliefs and values differentiate us. I associate my self with the Nguni tribe. We speak different languages and practice certain ceremonies different. 5 different cultures make me. the Zulus, Ndebeles, Swati, Xhosa and Sotho.

When it comes to classifying people with mixed races and ethnicities I think its best we as an individual as. I have friends who are from mixed races that are very light in complexion but classify themselves as blacks. I think its entirely up to a person to choose which race they fall under.

With the Genz Z generation we can see a lot of diversity. There has been an increase in interracial marriages.This how the current generation is trying to bury the racism history and build mutual respect for people of different races and ethnicities.

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Clarence Page shares his experience living in the time where races was acceptable and the challenges he and his family faced during that era. The fact that he was young too young to understand the segregation and the reasoning behind it. As he grew up it became clear to him that he was living a life that was different to the one lived by his white friends. His family still ensured that they made him accept who was and irregardless of the segregation he should be content with who he was. According to Page there certain characteristic one has to have order to be classified white or black. If one does not meet those requirements they often face the question "are you black or white?" which might be insulting to others but some people mean no harm it is just that you might have not met the requirements that society has created for each group. Today we have many celebrations that different group partake in to celebrate their history and race. Page sees this as one of the greatest thing however he seems considered about what the other group may view these celebration. He closes by stating that he would like American to be " just Americans". He shows us that as much as he grew up and lives in segregated community he values unity and equality. Its okay for people to embrace their diversity but diversity should not divide us to the point where we become enemies.

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One way I have been affected by my social class

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One way I have been affected by my social class

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During my primary school years I could see that my family was totally different from my friends family. My friend would get lunch money every, which meant that your family had money back home and if you have a lunch tin or ate at the feeding scheme it meant your family could not afford.I would carry lunch every day and get money once a week. As time went by she met people from here class and I also made new friends with people from my class. We kind of grew apart but rented in high school. In high school we were fully aware of our differences but that did not matter anymore. She started to save the money she got from her parents for Friday because that's when I received money. After school we would go out and buy Mc Donalds. She would contribute the most but that did not matter anymore because we would share my lunch during the week.

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Raphael Ezekiel takes us through his experience as a person of a different of color in a white American society. He does this by physically putting himself around white Americans and assessing their behavior and body languages.During the experiment he received some remarks that made him uncomfortable and were provoking. As he continued with his study he realized that it easy for one to make remarks loudly and boldly about other races when they have the power to do so.This power has been instilled in them and they have been trained to think the way they think. All of his assessments and interactions with the White Americans and other races led him to this conclusion: that some people are not racist because they want to, it is because they have been trained to think about other races. He emphasizes the power our brain has to influence our behavior towards people around us. We can change this by changing they we think about different people around us. One can do this by identifying how they think and change the thoughts that might be influence one to make racist remarks.

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Ways I have been affected by my social class(Mandatory padlet)

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Ways I have been affected by my social class(Mandatory padlet)

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1. The community I grew up in is know for being unsafe and is classified as an lower class society. When I mention to anyone that knows about the place that I grew up there I get a weird shock expression. Some even ask me who I survived in that community. Because I am from that area people I meet , especially if they have been to the area once or twice, They ask how come I know much and was able to get the education that I have right now.

2. I have lost some friends due to my social class. My then friends would set up play dates or trips that I could not afford. They would come back and share stories about the trip and I felt out. I slowly moved away from them and started making friends from my area. I could afford the activities that we did with my friends from my area.

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People who belong in this class are usually know to have a lot of wealth and assets. In the article written by Stephen Highly people who belong to the upper class are known to have had private education or attended boarding school. The are certain traditions that are associated with this class and children in this class are expected to adhere to that and use it to maintain the family's wealth. Private schools are believed to have customs, norms, and high prestige that they need to manage the family fortune. People in this class tend to separate themselves from the rest of society and have a set of boundaries.Belonging to the upper class gives you access to power. You are able to make decisions that may have an impact on man people. My little sister got a scholarship that will cover 50% of her high school fee. She could not take it because some of the activities clashed with what we could do for her. The expectations were to high for our class and we would have been putting ourselves in a very challenging situation if she had accepted the scholarship.

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Sex is the biological difference between males and females and Gender is the cultural difference and social positions that society has constructed as female or male. These two words always get mixed. I have always thought that they mean the same thing however after the explanation in class and textbook explanation I now know when to use the word sex or Gender. Mr Harry made an example about the gender reveal parties.What we normally refer to as gender reveal parties are actually sex reveal parties. The word gender has been used to replace the word sex because the word sex is usually associated with bad negative and inappropriate to use.

Sexuality is a persons's capacity to experience sexual feelings and attractions.

Sexual orientation is the physical, emotional, mental and sexual attractions to a particular sex. In the time we live in it we find it very challenging to identity ones sexuality. Ones sexuality can change anytime and their sexuality is not based on their past sexual encounters. The acceptable sexual orientation that most countries believe is normal is heterosexual. However there has been an increase in other types of sexual orientations that the society has started to accept. The has been an increase in gay and lesbian marriages in churches and other movements that emphasis the importance of accepting and respecting other peoples sexual orientations.

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Homophobia fear, discomfort and prejudice against people.

Heterosexism : a system of beliefs, attitudes and institutional structures that discriminates against people who are not heterosexual.

Myths about homosexuality :

1) Promiscuity:being sexual with a lot of people.Society (Heterosexuals) believes that gays and lesbians are promiscuity. This is not driven by sexual orientation. It is driven by gender.

2) Butch/ Femme: if to men or women in a relation. One moat be a man and one must be a female.

The acceptance of homosexuality has been a long and challenging one. Some people from religious background find it difficult to accept. Homosexuality was referred to as divine Behavior. When things were not socially accepted they were associated with witchcraft. As time went by the it was associated as a mental disease. Now we have accepted it as normal way of living .

Family: a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption who usually live together. It is socially constructed.

Three types of families:

1. Family orientation: family that adopted , raise or born into

2. Family of procreation : choosing to have kids or adopt kids.

3. Family of affinity : group of people who live together either related or not that live together.

illegitimate children: children born out of marriage.

Trip-Partite instistute: 3 parts, mother, father and children.

Marriage is mostly knows as social institute.

Marriage is a religious

Marriage is a legal institution.

Structial functions : Functions of a family

1) Agent of socialization- Primary

2) Social placement/ Stratification

3) Regulation of Sexual Activity

Incest Tabo : being sexual with a family member.

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Target has different sections for boys and girls. The boys section has the dark blue color and the girls section has the pink color. This colors have been socially constructed to determine the sex of babies.The color pink gives a soft, sweet sense and creates a gentle, calm, bright mood. The color blue creates a dark, tough, aggressive and authoritarian set. The girls toys are mostly dolls, kitchen sets, and Disney princesses or characters.For example Moana and Barbie doll. The boy's toys are mostly super heroes, tools, and weapons. For example superman and batman. I think there are these difference due to what the society has set as exceptions of each gender. Girls are expected to be naturing, calm and do most on the housekeeping. Boys are expected to be aggressive, do the handy work and act as the heroes.These toys show us what society expect of a certain gender has to behave or act like. When a boy child for example starts crying for a doll his family might think that there is something wrong with him. They might try to influence him not to play with dolls by saying " that's for girls" or say "boys don't do that". What some might misunderstand is that there is nothing wrong with the boy child playing with a doll or vice versa. The child might have a naturing feeling that they would like to express at that moment which they might have received from family members. Girls too can be tough or aggressive at times and might want to express that by acting like Spiderman or. Batman.

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Tabos

Reasons they exist:

They exist because they decrease family jealousy.

increase exogamy( marrying outside) creating a web of connections in society.

The family perpetuates inequality.

Homogamy : Perpetuates and class inequality

Types of marriages

Arranges marriages: choosing patterns done by elder because marriage was very important to them and they would not allow feelings and other issues to interfere.

This is mostly done by royal families and very strict cultural societies. They benefited both families and created strong bonds. According to studies people in arranged are as content as people in chosen relationships. It is not time consuming to find the perfect match and saves you from heart breaks.

Chosen partners: Get many options. It's based on an individuals feeling and what they portray as "the one". The individual does not have to consult anyone but might seek some approval from family members.

Monogamy : one marriage. One marriage pattern at a time. Only get married once in your life time.

Polygamy: Marrying more than one person

Types of polygamy:

1) Polygyny: one husband with multiple wives

2) Polyandry: One wife with multiple husbands

Us/Europe/Japan - 2 kids per family

US in 1800/Stc America/Asia - 4 kids per family

Africa- 5 kids per family

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Divorce

Social :

increases independency

Easier to get

much more acceptable

Romantic love

More likely to marry

less social support for marriage

Personal risk factor:

Addiction

Young

Poor

unplanned pregnancy

Divorced before

Deviance- violations of social norms.

Socially constructed

Examples of deviant behaviors, drinking snd driving , public drinking

Stractural function

- functions of deviance( usually associated with negative behavior

advantages:

It strengthens cultural norms and values.

deviance clarifies more boundaries.

Promotes social unity bring the non deviants together.

encourages social change.

S.F Merton- Structural Strain Theory. He looks at an individuals whole life.

cultural goals

Accepted cultural means.

If you accept the cultural goals and accept cultural means = conforming/ No- deviant

If you accept the cultural goals and reject cultural means = Innovation

If you reject cultural goals and accept the cultural means = Ritualism

If you reject the cultural goals and reject cultural means = retreatism

There are some people who suggest other cultural goals and suggest other cultural means = Rebellion.

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Henslin shares with us his experience growing as a boy in his society, the observation he did and the experiences of others. He explains how's sex separation starts before a child is born. The sex of a baby will determine how he or she will be treated in society. The girl pink is used to for girls and blue for boys. Some parents tend to be very strict when dressing up their kids. They dress their kids in such a way that it is easy to determine the child's gender. He explains how as a boy child, boundaries are set however parents tend to not get upset that much when the child oversteps the boundary. It expected of boys to behave in an aggressive way. When the child is introduced or meets people for they first time they are expected to behave in a certain way, as the visitors settle in the child can slowly move back to behaving the normal he does. Henslin continues to explain that boys know how that girls are treated differently from boys. He has seen how he was allowed to play at certain areas that girls were not allowed to because according to society being family members and community it is not safe for girls. Puberty make sit even worse because that when the differences between a girl and a boy are clearly visible. Boys are expected to be tough, aggressive and masculine. This type of behavior is expected to continue even in marriages. He closes by expressing the challenges that married men face due to what the society has portrayed the acceptable manly behavior.

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participant 1 (answers)

1. "I'm Mexican "

2. " I know because of my parents, where they were born."

3. " I learned from my parents."

4. " ask about their parents grandparents and where they were born."

5. " Ask where their parents were born."

Participant 2

1. "Black"

2. " I identify with the black culture, traditions and values. I was born and bred in a black community and society therefore I have experienced life as a black person."

3. " I learnt through the Apartheid era which was a period of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. I was told that "white" people are superior and even post apartheid."

4. " Physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture or facial features can be indicative of their race."

5. " Through behavioral characteristics such as accent, dialect, language . Or even music , clothing, food and spiritual practices

Participant 3

1. "African American/Black"

2. "Its a social construct that was assigned."

3. "I learned early on about black :white"

4. "As a physician, it is rarely pertinent for me to know what race a person is as it is not a biologically meaningful catergory;"

5. "By my skin color."

Part"icipant 4

1. African American"

2. " From observing my parents grandparents."

3. " Growing up in the midwest, we were classified as black. The message from school was that black was inferior to white."

4. "Physical observations, skin colour, hair texture and facial features."

5. " Primarily by observing skin color"

Participant 5

1. "Black"

2. " I used to identify as an African American but in this country that technically is reserved for someone born in Africa who muse to the Unites States and becomes a citizen.

3. " Most of my early experiences learning about race came from my parents. That allowed me to better navigate my experiences with race outside of my family. The first time I realized I was different from my white friends was in 3rd grade. I remember seeing my brown hand next to their white hands, while sitting together at a table."

4. " I try to think about others with regard to their ethnicity , rather than their race. Race is often decided by visual cues but two people can look similar but come from very different cultures, speak different languages and old very different beliefs.

5. " I'm sure it's different for everyone but probably by how I look, speak, act and dress.

From the responses above, I can say that race means the group that one belongs according to the society. When we say that race is socially constructed we mean that society has create and divided people according to groups that it feels it feels like they belong to. Society has used skin color, cultures, facial features etc to group people and classify as in belong to a particular group. For example , my skin colour is brown, my eyes are brown, my hair texture is 4C so according to society I am black / African American to others.

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S.I Labeling theory

Primary deviance leads to labeling which also leads to secondary deviance.

Retrospective labeling

Self-Fulfilling prophecy studies show that if you start believing something about yourself it tends to come true

Other -fulfilling prophecy - other peoples beliefs about us will change our behavior.

Szasz - The myth of Mental Illness

he says that mental illness does not exit. It is say society labels people mentally ill to strengthen their own boundaries.

Social construction of deviance

Deviance changes due to different cultures times etc.

1) The norms, laws reflect the interest of the elite.

2) The site can always resist the deviant labels.

3) Links between capitalism and deviance.

Resocialization :

Total institution: Goffman

sending a person to a place that will change them into a totally different person. example is prison, Asylums, Military. Also residential Rehab, Monasteries, convents.

- In total institutions there are daily routines.

- standardized clothing and living course.

- daily life is supervised.

- Formal rules guide your behavior.

Steps to change you :

1. Erode your current identity.

name

2. Build a new identity using rewarded punishment.

time out

extra chores

get better sentence due to good behavior.

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One way which I have been socialized in my gender.

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One way which I have been socialized in my gender.

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When I was applying for my drivers license I wanted the truck license. When I mentioned that some of my family members , they said that I should get the small cars license because truck driving is for older men. The reason why I wanted to get the big trucks license is that the truck industry is good paying and since I love traveling in a way I will be doing something that I like while earning money. What motivated me the mosts is when I saw a video of women driving a three trailer truck. The comments on that video were mostly from men. Most of them felt intimidated. Some even said that it was their first time seeing a woman drive 3 trailer trucks. Most men, especially my uncles tried discouraging me. They would say that truck driving is not safe for women and that I am too young to be driving trucks. I had planned for it to be a temporary thing. It was something I would do for a year or so since I had planned to go back to school. So, I did get the truck driving license however it is not the big truck license that I wanted. I did got the opportunity to work in the truck driving industry because I received an internship that was very good for my career path.

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On becoming Female : Lesson learned in School

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On becoming Female : Lesson learned in School

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The article tackles what middle school girls face when growing in the society we live. Eder first starts with attractiveness and appearance. These are one of the most important topics to women. Society has made it very challenging for some women to accept their bodies as they are. Most girls in middling go through body changes. While go through this change girls also face the social pressure of having a certain body so that they can be accepted or meet the societal standards. Through Eder's article we can say that irregardless of what society has portrayed as attractive, it will never fully satisfy the whole society."One Judge noticed that the girl they were discussing had a cute smile. Another Judge disagreed." I think with the evolving of things in society, in the generation we live in, appearance has changed. We now have modeling careers that accommodate different body shapes and sizes. For example , plus size modeling.

Eder goes on to write about what boys find as attractive in girls. Most of which are what boys see on girls that make them sexually appealing. Gossip is another way girls express their insecurities with bodies. The conversations that some girls have about their bodies is to justify their feelings about their insecurities. I relate to this because I went to an all girls primary and high school. Friendships were about what people have in common in terms of appearance and status. Through gossip I would find out how people viewed my body and sometimes felt comfortable around a certain group. As a female I think society especially media has influenced females appearances tremendously. It is easy for one to trend because they were wearing a wig incorrectly.I think things are slowly changing. We are slowly becoming content that werewolf never have the perfect appearance and due to different social backgrounds, appearances and attractiveness will be viewed differently.

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The authors start of the article by explaining how girls and boys are separated at school according to their observations and studies. Boys are known to have aggressive behavior while girls are known to be kind and naturing. This can be also be seen through the games that each gender plays. Boys tend to love sports, play outside in ope areas while girls would prefer smaller places, playing dress up or cooking. The article explores the how heterosexual dating starts at younger ages. It is mostly associated as "liking" or someone or "he has a crush on me". This article ends off by highlighting the fact that we can identify the differences in gender at an early age. We are aware of sexual relationships and how different genders roles interact around each other. I remember how it was a huge deal that one of my friends "liked" one our male classmates. It became a topic during lunch breaks. The " relationships" usually involved hugging and kissing on the chick. By the age of 6 and 7, I think we become aware of what romantic relationships and how one should express themselves to show that they "like" you.

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Tannen's article unpacks communication between men and women. The tends be a lot of miscommunication between women and female due to our differences and how we view things differently. One of the things that lead to miscommunication between the two genders is apologies. Women tend to apologize the most and some of the apologize are not because they have done something wrong but just to ensure " both speakers are on equal foot." Women tend to be softer than men. Criticism from men tend to be straight and can come across as insensitive to some people. Another misunderstood item of communication is the two words "Thank you".Women tend to use "thank you" from the beginning to the end of a speech. When that "thank you's" are not returned they may be offended.

In verbal fights men always want to make sure that they win the argument because it may portray them as weak if they do not defend themselves. On the other hand women tend see it as a personal attack and being to question and criticizing their ideas. When receiving praises women want positive comment and reassurance. Women and menses elf humor differs. Men's tense of humor tends to be teasing and mocking while women sense of humor tends to be self-mocking. it common fro women and men to misunderstand each other's joke. Tanner closes off the article by stating that there is no "right" way to communicate. It requires parties to understand each others differences and find a common ground to communicate.

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Katz, The importance of being beautiful 

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Katz, The importance of being beautiful 

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Beauty is one of the most important things to women. Being attractive gives them a sense of confidence and builds their self- steam. Sadly our definition of beauty differs. Society has social stratification that a person should have to meet the the society's definition of beauty. People who are found to be stigmatized as dishonest, anti-social and sneaky people while attractive people assumed to be trustworthy, modest and sociable. This is also seen in the early ages of children. According to Katz, children themselves also treat each other. Unattractive children usually accused of being bullies and naughty. This stereotype remains the same through high school to college. In marriage beauty matters because one can be treated differently if their spouse are attractive. Some even question why one good looking person would marry some who is a total opposite. Beauty also has an impact in ones career and old age. Depending on each society defines as beauty the treatment of one could be different in their work place. After reading this article I can say that things might have changed a bit however some people still get better options due to their beauty or physical looks. I think with the laws that have mean implement they have made things easier for everyone and reduced any discriminations and unfair treatments to ensure equality.

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economic issues and social issues can be conservative and liberal. Conservative means do not want change and liberal means pro-union and want change.

Power Elite

small group of people that controls.

Pledge - an oath taken

Allegiance - loyalty

Republic - supreme power/government

Indivisible - unity or undivided

Liberty - state of being free with society

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Chapter 14..14.1 and 2: Relationships, Marriages and families 

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Chapter 14..14.1 and 2: Relationships, Marriages and families 

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Marriage is a legal social contract that is recognized and is based on sexual relationships. This social contract creates families. Family is a socially organized group that form emotional and services as a economic unity of society.

A family orientation refers to a family a person is born in and family procreation refers to family formed through marriage.

The generally accepted family structure in most counter world wide contains a mother, father and kids.This is known as the nuclear family. Due to the changes on society and other reasons this has changed. There has been an increase of single parents, foster parents and blended families. Although this not seem normal to other people this is becoming the new normal. I had a school mate that was a foster child. Her parents were lesbians. At that time it was difficult for me to understand because I come from a family that consists of parents that are in a heterosexual relationship. She was sometime treated differently because of her family structure. As time went by same sex marriages started to be recognized. Today I fully understand how one can come from a different family structure but be "normal".

Marriage is a very important thing in my family. At some point in my life I am expected to get married. With the high divorce rates in the era we live in I sometimes get demotivated. However, coming from a family with a lot of members that are married I see the significance it carries and its value. One of my uncles is in a same sex marriage. This was very difficult for my family members to digest but for me it was easy. We are expected to be in opposite sex marriages. He was able to stand the criticism and rejection from some of our family. What I learnt is that at times you need to go against what the society has labeled the "normal way" if it costs your happiness. It does not make sense to be in a heterosexual marriage to meet the social standard while you are truly content and happy in a homosexual marriage.

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Military work as always been know as work form men. According to Miller some men find it hard to submit to women in authority. They feel like they are weak and its some against their nature. As we see more women getting employed in the military one of the concerns that come up is gender harassment. Some men may use the mistakes that women make to use to criticize their ability to work in the military. Women seem to feel that they need to prove that they capable to work in positions designed for men. Some men may sabotage women in order to demotivate them from working in male dominant industries. According to society, women are meant to be nurses or be housewives. Miller states that men feel like women are incapable working in militaries due mental, physical and emotional limits. Men also expressed their feels about the privileges that women get. They feel it is all unfair and believe that some women use this to their advantage.

I think if we could break the social norms about different genders it will be easy for society to accept women in male dominant industries. Yes, some women will not be able to fully complete tasks like men however they provide skills that are needed. We need to understand that due to nature, not the social norms, women and men will different. Hence we still have more leave days and could be less productive on some days. I think acceptance is one of the challenges that men in military face. The fact that women can accomplish the same tasks as them intimidates it them instead of motivating them. After reading this article I am very proud of all the women in the military, the challenges and social criticism they face/faced is a lot. As a society we need to start developing norms that will accommodate all genders and provide equal privileges. We as women should also come to accept that some tasks may be challenging for us because of nature. Some men do not mean to be gender bias it is just how nature is. The only thing that is limiting women is nature not the social constructed norms and beliefs.

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The website I viewed is designed for females. There are women from different races. Most women on the top first picture are lighter skinned and. They are in between medium and small in terms of the body size. They all belong to the upper class level. Some of them are well-know people. They have different types of hair. There are quite a few of black or dark skin women on the website. For melanin women they need to scroll down a pass quite a few products and pictures to get to a section that is designed to accommodate them. I thing we have these difference because each different societies have established their own definition of beauty. Some societies may define being lighter skin beautiful others may find dark skin beautiful. Due to the differences in the society one might believe that they need to be for example have straight hair to be accepted by the society. The great thing about this website is that it accommodates different types of hairstyles and colors which might portray the importance and beauty of being different. It would have been nice to accommodate women with melanin skin on the top of the page with the other women because they might feel excluded and some not even scroll down to check out the products being sold.

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Kara Nesvig, Kaleigh Fasanella, Sara Miranda, and Talia Gutierrez

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Jennifer Hussein, Angela Trakoshis, and Sarah Han

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Allure - Beauty Tips, Trends & Product Reviews

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Discover new hair ideas, makeup looks, skin-care advice, the best beauty products and tips, trends, and more from Allure, the first and only dedicated beauty magazine.

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The Tv show I watch daily has different family structures. Most families are made up of a father , mother and children. There is a family with divorced parents. The parents co-parent without any challenges or fights. I think these family structures are meant to show us what family structures are accepted or are "normal" in society. A desirable family structure is one where both parents are married and are in a heterosexual relationship. The divorced parents are depressed most of the time ( in the show) and are facing a lot of challenges. I would also like to create my own family and I hope life will not lead me to a point that I have to be a single parent. From the show it looks depressing and mentally draining. On the other hand the other family is always happy. Their kids are graduating from colleges and they always have fun activities planned.

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Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime and Social Control

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Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime and Social Control

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Deviance is the violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms whether codified law or folkways. It has a negative connotation have may have a positive connotation according to sociologist.

Behavior can be labeled deviant depending on the location, audience and other factors.

To limit negative deviant behavior society has developed social control. These controls. Sanctions are means of enforcing rules.

Different type of Sanctions:

Positive sanctions- rewards given for conforming to norms.

Negative norms - violating norms.

Sanctions can also be classified by sociologist as formal and informal.

informal sanction: merge to face-to-face interactions

formal sanctions : ways to officially recognize and enforce norm violation.

Theoretical perspective on deviance and crime

According to the social disorganization theory, crime is likely to occur in communities that do not have social control.

According to Emile Durheim, deviance is needed in order for a society to become successful.

According to Robert Merton, accepted social goals define whether a person conforms or deviates.

Conflict theory

Factors that contribute to crime and deviances. One of the main factors that are different economic classes.

It is believe that people in the lower class are the ones who commit the most crime. This could be due to unemployment and no access to some resources.

Crime : negative deviance that and violation of established norm.

Types of Crime:

Violent crimes: based on the use of force or threat of force e.g murder. rape.

Non-violent crimes: destruction or theft of property but do not use threat or violence. e.g property crimes.

Street crime : crimes organized committed by ordinary people against other people or organizations.

corporate crime: committed by white collar workers in a business environment.

victimless crimes: crime committed where no one is harmed.

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The dynamic of American families have changed over the past century. In the past families would include both parent s and children. In the era we live in most families consist of single parents, same sex parents or Forster parents. Coontz compares modern families to families before the 1950s. The difference is visible. Families before the 1950s would have the father being the main provider of the family. The mothers were house wives. Most families in the 1950s seemed happy and content. Families in the modern days are likely to be depressed and unhappy. The differences in this is due to rights women gained and the change in society. Women in the past could not go any where even if they were unhappy because they solely depended on their husbands. These days we have a lot of indecent women who leave anytime they feel like they are mistreated or unhappy. Corned highlighted many difference between modern families and families before the 1950. Life expectancy, no child labour and women's right to work are some of the factors that contribute to the differences. Yes, differences might there however I think that the families before 1950 were in a way depressed as the modern families. The problem is we have social media and freedom things are no more "swept under the rug". I believe that limited access to certain things led to families being together for a long time. They learnt how to compromise and it seemed taboo to voice out. Another thing is that it was embracing for one to separate from their partners. You would have "failed" your society and community. In this era, society has made it acceptable to divorce or separate from your partner.

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Education is the social institution through which people in society learn basic academic knowledge, cultural norms and learning skills.

Types of Education:

Informal : learning about norms, cultural values, expected behavior by participating in a society.

Formal : learning the academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum.

Theoretical Perspective on education

Functionalism

- education is important according to society.

manifest function : intended functions of social processes and polices that are designed to be beneficial.

Latent function : functions that are not intended but are still beneficial to society.

Issues in Education

Equality

accommodation of students with disabilities

Transportation of students to schools

Different views on standardized testings

Being able to attend a school of your choice.

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Functional Illiteracy -

S.F Functions of Education

1) Social Stratification

2) Social Mobility

3) Social integration- bringing different people together.

4) Transmission of Knowledge.

5) Research and development

6) Keep unemployment low, childcare, find a mate

S.C

1) Education benefits capitalism

2) Hidden Curriculum

3) Tracking - grouping student based other ability

4) Inequality between schools.

Education in particular colleges turns social privilege into personal merit.

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Henslin, Eating your friends is the Hardest 

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Henslin, Eating your friends is the Hardest 

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This one of the interesting reads. I strugglingly reading the whole story because the thought of eating human body is disturbing. Henslin gives us 19 points on why we have labeled human body not for human consumption.

Society has constructed human body as something that has to be respected nd made it taboo to eat. We have given the human body meaning. The survivors were able to eat the human bodies first changing the meaning and symbolic meaning of the bodies.Different situation make us change the meaning of something. For the survivors they had to change their perspective of the human body from a friend to edible meat. They were able to do so because they did as group and the new definition was suitable in the situation they were in.

When we start giving a new meaning to things or viewing things different we slowly become accustomed to it. It usually take time but eventually and due to the need we get used to it. That's why the survivors were able to eat larger parts and different parts of the bodies. They start out by eating smaller pieces , some were rejecting the offer. As time went by they became accustomed to their new way of surviving and some even offered their own bodies. Henslin article shows us how we can change a norm or belief due to circumstance. The transition is challenging however it is doable.

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Zimbarado, The pathology of imprisonment 

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Zimbarado, The pathology of imprisonment 

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Zimbarado's article shows us the how power can change a person character and how mentally challenging it can be for one to loose their say and powers. The experiment that Zimbarado conducted shows us how one can easily be detached to themselves. This shows us how laws and regulations are needed in society ignore to control. Putting order ensure that deviant negative behave is punished. The establishment of laws ensure that all rights of the people are protected.What Zimbarado is emphasizing is that irregardless of what crime prisoners have committed. They still have rights and have to be treated equally like other citizens.

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According to my culture. I am not allowed to call elderly people with their first names. It is disrespectful according to norms. If one has a child we would called them "the mother or father of..the child's name. For example. My name is Trish so my moms would be called MakaTrish which means Trish's mother vice ves when calling or referring to my dad. We usually use the first born child name to refer to the parent. If you do not have kids we become uncle or aunty. For example my moms little is aunty Mini. Even the security guard back at him we call him uncle even though we are not related.I had a phone call with my dad's employer and I had to use my dad's name and state my dad's name a copal of times. It felt weird because I'm not used to my dads name. I hard say it and most people don't call him by his first name. It felt weird and I was not comfortable saying his name. He later joined the call and I had to say his name due to the task we were completing. I am sure it was his first time hearing me say his name.

This norm has been there for quite a long time. Most Southern African countries I have visited relate to this norm. It was a norm established by our ancestors creating a more appropriate and way to address people who are older than you.

Depending on the environment and situation that moment I may say his name when I'm introducing him to people or work place because not everyone will know who my dad is they would need his name.

Calling my dad with his first name seems a bit disrespectful to me. Some people may do it but not me. When I call him dad or when other people refer to him as Babaka Trish ( which means Trish's father) I feel like they are giving him respect.