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The Bronze Age came after the Stone Age, which replaced the flint and stone material with bronze. This was used to make tools as weapons by mixing and melting tin and copper together. The Bronze Age ended in 1200 BC and was significant for making tools more stronger and durable. There was also an increase in farming and hunting for making the process more efficient.

Fun Fact! : The Bronze Age was the first time humans began working with metals.

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Replacing the Bronze Age, the Iron Age began in the Middle East and southeastern Europe where tools and weapons were now made from iron and steel. It ended in 550 BC and is important because it helped civilizations into permanent settlements and permanently reform human tools and weapons.

Fun Fact! : The Iron Age began in China later, in 600 BC.

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Pythagoras Contributes to the Development of Math (Pythagorean Theorem was Discovered): 800-400 BC

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Pythagoras Contributes to the Development of Math (Pythagorean Theorem was Discovered): 800-400 BC

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Pythagoras contributed to discovering the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, five regular solids, theory of proportions, sphericity of the Earth, and the identity of the morning and evening stars to name a few. At least with the Pythagorean theorem, the importance of this was that it led to Greeks being able to prove that numbers that could not be expressed as rational numbers existed.

Fun Fact! : Pythagoras was the first to prove the Pythagorean theorem, but it might have been known to Babylonians 1000 years earlier.

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Archimedes Discovers a way of Measuring the Density of Gold: Around 250 BC

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Archimedes Discovers a way of Measuring the Density of Gold: Around 250 BC

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Archimedes placed a craftsman crown and a real crown (made of pure gold) into two tubs of water. When the craftsman crown displaced more water, he created the Archimedes principle and Law of Floatation; objects with lower density will float in fluids with higher densities. The significance of this is that it created a way to calculate the volume of an object that may have an odd shape to it.

Fun Fact! : When Archimedes discovered this, he shouted "Eureka!"

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Arabic Numerals Instead of Roman Numerals Appear in Europe: 12th Century

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Arabic Numerals Instead of Roman Numerals Appear in Europe: 12th Century

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Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci) was responsible for when Arabic numerals were used in math. It was not until the 15th century that they were used more commonly, yet, the numerals did revolutionize math, commerce, and trade.

Fun Fact! : It was the Europeans who called them "Arabic" numerals.

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William Harvey Shows That the Heart Pumps Blood Around the Body: 1618-19

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William Harvey Shows That the Heart Pumps Blood Around the Body: 1618-19

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Discovered by unsuccessfully trying to force blood in a vein down a forearm and then successfully pushing the blood upwards with ease, Harvey proved valves in the veins make blood flow in the heart's direction and also circulate around the body and eventually back to the heart. This event introduced experimentation in medicine.

Fun Fact! : This discovery is known to be (one of) the best medical discovery of all time.

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The Dodo Bird Becomes Extinct: 1662 or 1681

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The Dodo Bird Becomes Extinct: 1662 or 1681

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Due to habitat loss, being hunted too regularly, and being outnumbered by the animals (rats, pigs, etc.) that were brought with humans when the dodo bird was first discovered, it became extinct. The importance of this is that it led to the Mauritian tree becoming extinct itself after it stopped sprouting seeds.

Fun Fact! : It is said that dodos probably had the same intelligence level as pigeons.

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Named after Edmond Halley, who discovered and first recorded sight of the comet in 1682, it orbits the sun every 75-76 years. It was seen in 1758, 1835, 1910, and 1986. This particular comet is important because "it was the first periodic comet to be recognized". It was also a first for astronomers, helping them understand comets could come back and re-orbit.

Fun Fact! : The first witnesses could have been by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC.

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Edward Jenner Vaccinates Against Smallpox: 1796

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Edward Jenner Vaccinates Against Smallpox: 1796

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By taking material from a cowpox store and injecting/inoculating it into James Phipps' arm, he was cured against smallpox. Jenner's invention protected people from monkeypox and smallpox infections, as well as preventing it from letting it return and spread. This also helped develop more vaccines.

Fun Fact! : Phipps was only 8 or 9 years old at the time.

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Charles Darwin Publishes a Theory on Evolution: November 24, 1859

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Charles Darwin Publishes a Theory on Evolution: November 24, 1859

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In his book, "On the Origin of Species", published in England, Darwin proposed that species change over time, new species come from preexisting species, and that all species have a common ancestor. This was significant to help stay ahead of diseases and better understand everything about organisms.

Fun Fact! : Every living thing came from and evolved from billion-year-old bacteria.

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Imagining a way for canals to be built faster, Nobel mixed nitroglycerine with sand called kieselguhr, which made a paste mixture that could be shaped into rods. To make the nitroglycerin safer, he added clay. Later, he also added blasting caps onto the dynamite so it could be exploded from a safe distance with a fuse. This invention, although used to, unfortunately, hurt people, likewise helped buildings and miners.

Glossary:
- Nitroglycerine: A powerful explosive; can also be called glyceryl trinitrate

Fun Fact! : When created, it was the first safer and stronger explosive compared to black powder.

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Frederick Banting Produces and Patents Insulin: January 23, 1923

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Frederick Banting Produces and Patents Insulin: January 23, 1923

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By tying up the pancreatic ducts of laboratory dogs until enzymes that produced cells corrupted and left sturdy islet cells alive to extract the remaining residue, he created insulin. This helped so many people with diabetes, who couldn't live long and couldn't have much done for them. After 55 years of working on this, when Banting released his creation, he said, "Insulin does not belong to me, it belongs to the world."

Glossary:
- Enzyme: A catalyst, which doesn't go through permanent change but increases the rate of a chemical reaction
- Islet cell: A cell in the pancreas that produces hormones

Fun Fact! : He sold his insulin to the University of Toronto for a dollar.

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The Birth Control Pill Becomes Available: May 1950-60

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The Birth Control Pill Becomes Available: May 1950-60

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Created by the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, specifically Gregory Pincus and John Rock, the pill, although shared in 1950, was more widely available in the '60s. Even though it wasn't perfect, giving high doses of hormones, dizziness, vomiting, increased risk of heart attacks, and an increased risk of strokes, it was a start. This was important because it gave women some freedom without being fearful of un-wantingly getting pregnant. Over 100 million women use the pill today.

Fun Fact! : The birth control pill was called "Enovid".

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Watson and Crick Discover DNA Structure: 1952-53

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Watson and Crick Discover DNA Structure: 1952-53

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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins helped Watson and Crick by using x-ray crystallography to figure out the image and shape of a DNA molecule. This allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to create a double-helix model (two linked strands that twist around each other, looking like a twisted ladder). This was an important milestone in scientific history because it helped further understand how the chemical process in cells is controlled by genes.

Fun Fact! : Other than that, this has helped find the roots of diseases, diagnose genetic disorders, create new drugs, etc.

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James Webb Space Telescope is Launched: December 24, 2021

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James Webb Space Telescope is Launched: December 24, 2021

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Launched at 7:20am EST on Christmas Eve, the $10 billion telescope can see 13.6 billion light years away, seeing planets at and beyond Mars, satellites, comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects. This is the farthest humans have seen.

Fun Fact: Since the launch in December, at least 19 small space rocks have hit the telescope, and it has slowed down.