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Water and Sanitation System - Philip Schiavone

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Water and Sanitation System - Philip Schiavone

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Only 11,000 houses out of 47,000 had water pipes in 1847.

Up to 30 families shared a privy midden to go to the bathroom. It was rudimentary and sometimes went into water supplies. They were also rarely cleaned.

Privy Middens were done away with and pail closets were created.

Pail Closets were cleaned and waste was turned into manure.

Sewers flowed directly into rivers and early on were pretty ineffective. Factories also discharged their waste directly into rivers. (as seen in the attached image)

In the mid 1800s, clay sewer pipes rose to prominence although it was not much more effective.

The Water system improved later on with plumbed toilets and aqueducts.

Later on Manchester would have the first inter basin domestic water transfer system within the United Kingdom.

Many families had to collect rain water as the water supply was never enough.

In the 1890s, the Manchester Corporation had constructed a series of  sewers that carried waste away for treatment to a new sewage works in Davyhulme. In 1890, the Manchester Corporation decided that all new residential building would be built with indoor plumbing. Two years later, they offered to refit all old homes with indoor plumbing.

Sources:
https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/water-and-sanitation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800902000290

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Boddingtons Breweries: Formation and Growth-Alexis Galkovskiy 

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Boddingtons Breweries: Formation and Growth-Alexis Galkovskiy 

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Thomas Caister and Thomas Fray founded Strangeways brewery in 1788. They were grain merchants.

This brewery was built outside of Manchester. This allowed them to not pay taxes to the Manchester Grammar School.

A growth in industry and population led to a higher demand of beer.

Henry Boddington got hired at the Brewery in 1832. By 1848, he became partner in the business. Not long after, he became sole proprietor with his 3 sons working with him.

1870-1880 was a period of evolution and expansion for the company. By 1877, the brewery had become the largest in Manchester. The brewery owned 71 public houses and could brew 100,000 barrels a year.

It was the first business in Manchester to install phone links.

December, 1940, the brewery was struck and damaged by an air raid. They had to stop brewing beer for 7 months.

The beer style that the brewery is mainly known for is Boddington Bitter.

The logo of the company has bees in it to represent it being “the hive of industry.”

Was the highest selling canned bitter beer from 1992-2000.

https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/gned1478/chapter/boddingtons/

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-Invented the water frame that made it possible to spin cotton yard quick and mass produced it.
-Attempts from Lewis Paul and John Wyatt to make a efficient spinning machine but failed.
-Richard Arkwright kept a close eye on others efforts and their mistakes to make the perfect one.
- Arkwright developed a successful hair cutting and wig making business before his interest in cotton spinning
- Met John Kay in 1767 who helped him build machines and soon enough Arkwright developed his first prototype spinning machine.
-He discovered the correct spacing for the rollers that drew out the cotton fiber and hung weights to grip the bottom rollers.
-Build a factory system from his invention with his business partners in 1769 in Cromford, Derbyshire.
Extra info-
-Improved the existing carding machine and took out a patent for his improvement.
-Used a water mill for a power source  for the spinning frame.
-the spinning from frame was soon called the water frame when it became getting powered by water.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/sir-richard-arkwright-inventions-biography-facts.html

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Aryan Srinivasan - The Great Liverpool Fire

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Aryan Srinivasan - The Great Liverpool Fire

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On May 23 1866 a warehouse fire in Manchester nearly completely ruined the buildings of Liverpool road

Liverpool road buildings were crucial and incredible buildings in the time of the industrial revolution

The Liverpool roads fire marked one of the first MAJOR problems of the industrial revolution, a fault after major success in areas of industry boostage

Cotton warehouses 1 and 2 coughs fire and received immediate attention after the superintendent of the manchesters chief station pointed it out for help, without his help the warehouses would be completely burned, and not here today as remains

Firemen could not prevent the lower areas of warehouse 1, so it got burned completely, however 16 water jets helped to keep the remains, until both buildings collapsed completely

Henry Clark was the only one injured, and nobody died, despite the size of the fire

Pigs who were underneath in the courtyard where the buildings were falling were rescued, all but one survived

In replacement, a bonded warehouse was created in 1869

Extra facts:

https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18740825.2.34&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------

Buildings were worth a quarter of a million sterling

In 1877, WIlliam Cubitt tried to find ways to prevent more fires

Buildings were 500 feet in length and 180 feet in width, they weighed 2000 tons each

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The Jacquard loom was not patented by a British man but was patented by a french merchant and weaver, it was patented in 1804.

He revolutionized the way clothiers were stylized during that time period.

The developments of the Jacquard loom were improvements off of the work by Jacques de Vaucanson.

Jacques de Vaucanson worked with a loom as well and was able to make complex and highly detailed patterns.

Due to the discoveries by the Jacquard loom the highly wanted patterned cloth dropped in value.

Before the Jacquard loom’s invention they had to weave things through by hand with the help of a draw boy.

The thing that led to the success of the loom was the interchangeable cards to make the process more efficient.

The way it works:

The designer first paints the design onto a square paper. They then insert it into the loom, it translates it into a row of punch cards. For each painted square no hole is punched. Combined they equal the final product

Some people say that the Jacquard loom could be considered the ancestor to all computers due to its complex matrix system.

Sources:
https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/jacquard-loom
https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/science-and-technology/jacquard-loom/

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The Jacquard loom ties together two of Manchester's most important historic industries: textile manufacturing and computing. Read on to find out how it both revolutionised the production of patterned cloth and also inspired the development of early computing.

A revolutionary invention

When Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French weaver and merchant, patented his invention in 1804, he revolutionised how patterned cloth could be woven. His Jacquard machine, which built on earlier developments by inventor Jacques de Vaucanson, made it possible for complex and detailed patterns to be manufactured by unskilled workers in a fraction of the time it took a master weaver and his assistant working manually.

The spread of Jacquard's invention caused the cost of fashionable, highly sought-after patterned cloth to plummet. It could now be mass produced, becoming affordable to a wide market of consumers, not only the wealthiest in society.

Punch cards weaving patterns

To weave fabric on a loom, a thread (called the weft) is passed over and under a set of threads (called the warp). It is this interlacing of threads at right angles to each other that forms cloth. The particular order in which the weft passes over and under the warp threads determines the pattern that is woven into the fabric.

Before the Jacquard system, a weaver's assistant (known as a draw boy) had to sit atop a loom and manually raise and lower its warp threads to create patterned cloth. This was a slow and laborious process.

The key to the success of Jacquard's invention was its use of interchangeable cards, upon which small holes were punched, which held instructions for weaving a pattern. This innovation effectively took over the time-consuming job of the draw boy.

When fed into the Jacquard mechanism (fitted to the top of the loom), the cards controlled which warp threads should be raised to allow the weft thread to pass under them. With these punch cards, Jacquard looms could quickly reproduce any pattern a designer could think up, and replicate it again and again.

Step by step: how a Jacquard loom works

Card maker using a machine to translate a pattern onto punch cards, c. 1950.

First, a designer paints their pattern onto squared paper. A card maker then translates the pattern row by row onto punch cards. For each square on the paper that has not been painted in, the card maker punches a hole in the card. For each painted square, no hole is punched.

The cards, each with their own combination of punched holes corresponding to the part of the pattern they represent, are then laced together, ready to be fed one by one through the Jacquard mechanism fitted at the top of the loom.

When a card is pushed towards a matrix of pins in the Jacquard mechanism, the pins pass through the punched holes, and hooks are activated to raise their warp threads. Where there are no holes the pins press against the card, stopping the corresponding hooks from raising their threads.

A shuttle then travels across the loom, carrying the weft thread under the warp threads that have been raised and over those that have not. This repeating process causes the loom to produce the patterned cloth that the punch cards have instructed it to create.

The Jacquard loom in Manchester

By the 1820s, Jacquard technology had spread to Britain, where it greatly boosted Lancashire's burgeoning textiles industry, allowing Manchester and its surrounding cotton towns to produce the woven patterned textiles people craved.

From 7,000 to 8,000 Jacquard looms are now in this country... The best English designs are those in cotton goods... The Jacquard machinery is applicable to everything which is figured or flowered... every species of tissue (woven fabric) to which a loom can be applied, even to straw hats, horsehair or wire...

Manchester Guardian (14 December 1836)

JACQUARD LOOMS IN THE SCIENCE MUSEUM GROUP COLLECTION

Inspiring early computing

Jacquard's invention transformed patterned cloth production, but it also represented a revolution in human-machine interaction in its use of binary code-either punched hole or no punched hole-to instruct a machine (the loom) to carry out an automated process (weaving).

The Jacquard loom is often considered a predecessor to modern computing because its interchangeable punch cards inspired the design of early computers.

The Analytical Engine weaves algebraic patterns, just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves.

Suggestions for further research

Elliot, Francesca, Weaving numbers, Science and Industry Museum blog, 17 October 2017

Platt, Katherine, Ada Lovelace: Visionary of the computer age, Science Museum blog, 13 October 2015

How was it made? Jacquard weaving, Victoria and Albert Museum YouTube channel, 8 October 2015

Messrs. Barlow & Jones Ltd., Manchester and Bolton, The North West Film Archive on the BFI

Thinking machines: Stories from the history of computing, Science Museum website, 7 January 2019

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Programming patterns: the story of the Jacquard loom | Science and Industry Museum

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The Jacquard loom ties together two of Manchester's most important historic industries: textile manufacturing and computing. Read on to find out how it both revolutionised the production of patterned cloth and also inspired the development of early computing. When Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French weaver and merchant, patented his invention in 1804, he revolutionised how patterned cloth could be woven.

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The transition from traveling on horses to engine as a mode of transportation is shown through Manchesters Cockshoot and Co.

The Rolls Royce company was always a luxury company that was expensive and could not be afforded by the working class. They started out in Manchester in 1904.

The Crossley Brothers Ltd. Was one of the first companies to start to industrialize with the engine and they had a certain type of skill to them that made their engines cutting edge at the time.

Although Manchester was not known for its car industry it was one the the biggest car manufactures in the world after the First World War.

Cars were very special to acquire in the early days. The wealthier people would use cars as a hobby for touring,racing, and tinkering. Owning a car was their pride. They would even be happy to repair their own cars if they broke down.

Even know we can look at the engines of cars and see the similarity in it from now to back then. The technology for it can be traced and evaluated to see how it was used.

A negative affect of the production of cars in Manchester is the horrid air pollution. People suffered from the dangerous air pollution which would be coming from the chimneys.

Cockshoot and Co. first started off by building horse drawn carriages and then from there on they started with cars. From the beginning the transportation was made for the wealthy.

The painting of a crest was painted on automobiles as a symbol. Even after cars became more affordable the middle-class and upper-class still used this to show their status.

There was a newspaper company that would always have a column dedicated towards vehicles labeled as ‘ Cycling Notes’.

https://manchestermotoring.wordpress.com/

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•Manchester-based scientist who greatly advanced our understanding in multiple fields of research.
•formulated the Law of Partial Pressures, the pressure of a mixed gas is the sum of the pressures that each of its components would exert if occupying the same space.
•Set the first table of atomic weights.
•Contributed to the development of the periodic table of the elements.
•Developed a theory to explain color vision deficiency  which he also suffered from. Where vitreous humour, acted as a filter to certain colors.
•documented sightings of the aurora borealis
•was a former teacher