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1. Socioeconomic Disadvantage: African-American people in the USA have historically faced significant socioeconomic disadvantage, including limited access to education, housing, and employment opportunities. This disadvantage can contribute to higher rates of poverty and income inequality, which have been linked to higher rates of crime.

2. Racial Discrimination: Racism and discrimination against African-American people in the USA have been well-documented and can lead to social exclusion, lower self-esteem, and mental health issues. This, in turn, can contribute to higher rates of crime.

3. Police Brutality and Over-Policing: African-American people in the USA have been disproportionately affected by police brutality and over-policing, which can lead to mistrust and hostility towards law enforcement. This can contribute to a breakdown in the relationship between communities and police, which can in turn lead to higher rates of crime.

4. Cultural Factors: Some scholars have pointed to cultural factors, such as the glorification of violence in hip hop music and other forms of media, as contributing to higher rates of crime among African-American people in the USA.

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-men commit violent and sexual offences at far higher rates than women.
-Social learning theory posits that men are more likely than women to associate with antisocial peers.
-strain theory, which proposes that difficult circumstances or life stresses can produce anger and frustration that may lead to violence.
-Men in the criminal justice system are best described, on this view, as “risky thrill-seekers” while women caught up in the same system are more likely to be described as “at risk”.

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The police, especially in London, have claimed that rates of certain street crimes are much higher for young African-Caribbean people in the UK, especially males, than for the population in general.

Arrest rate is not an objective measure and couldn’t reflect their own racism.

The polices are aware of the inaccurate arrest rate.

The higher rate of African-Caribbean people committing crime might come from the police being racism and patterns.

Ex. The police put resources into certain areas to target certain offences

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Middle class people get caught with the least amount of crime

This is because middle class people have access to white collar crime unlike rulling class but whitecollar crimes are often not investigated

On the other hand, middle class people get caught less than rulling class as the police would rather spend their resources on crimes commited by the rulling class, as there are more monetary and reputation to be gained by the government when they prosecute the rulling class

White collar crimes are often not in official statistics because companies don't want to publicly show that they have been victim to white collar crime.

This might explain why middle and rulling class are statistically less likely to commit crime

Juvenile crime (Middle Class)

Juvenile in the middle class commit some petty such as underaged drinking, wild driving and petty theft but are not arrested as often as the working class

This is because the police saw them as harmless because their parents were more influential than the working class therefore the juvenile were arrested less.

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Crime committed by women often not get reported.

Females might have fewer opportunities to commit crime as in most households women usually spend time at home.

Women are less likely to be convicted of crime.

Socialisation plays a big factor on why girls commit less crime than boys. They are socialised differently such as girls shouldn’t show aggressiveness.

Women who commit a crime are often seen as against their true nature (wives and mothers).

Police might stereotype women who are committing a crime so they are more likely to caution them than charge against them.

As time passed, crimes committed by women increased because of changing positions in society and change in gender roles and attitudes.

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Crime in younger people

Most of the crimes are committed by young people at the age range of 15-25 years old.

Juvenile delinquency: a crime committed by a person whose age is under 18.

Juvenile courts and detention centres are where juvenile is dealt with.

They have separate courts for younger criminals as they don't want them to be influenced by older criminals.

Status offence: a crime committed because of their age. Eg. drinking underage.

High proportion of juvenile delinquency is non-violent and almost not repeated.

Committing crimes might be a way of testing the boundaries of their new status as an adult (even though they're underage).

Sometimes small scale crime is seen as a normal part of growing up.

Patterns of crime

Boys are more likely to commit a crime during young age because:

1. being shaped by masculinity to be aggressive.

2. Boys in minor ethnicities are more likely to commit a crime as they have a greater chance of living in poverty, lower qualification, and lower employment rate.

Strict parenting style leads to higher chances of juvenile delinquency.

Younger people might be influenced by older members of the house.

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- Crime is defined by the ruling class, and many actions are not defined as crimes.
- White collar crime such as public corruption, those who commit get treated less severely.
- Crime committed by those in power and authority includes state crime and corporate crime.
- In state crime, the laws of the country are ignored or broken. For example, terrorism, torture, genocide, and war crimes.
- Corporate crime is law breaking by businesses and companies. (A whole rather than individual)
- Examples (corporate crime), bribery and corruption, false and deceptive advertising, avoiding taxes, etc.)

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- Very little crime is committed by older people.
- Due to an increase in the ageing population, crimes by older people also begin to rise.
- The rise in crime by older people may be linked to growing economic problems and they feel less connected to their families and communities.

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Explanations of Crime Patterns by Social Groups

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Explanations of Crime Patterns by Social Groups