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https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shabir-Bhat/publication/323018957_Effects_of_Social_Media_on_Mental_Health_A_Review/links/5a7c9e97aca272341aeb7472/Effects-of-Social-Media-on-Mental-Health-A-Review.pdf

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Before you post anything, check your mood. If you are upset or angry, it might be best to refrain from posting anything.

Avoid posting private information such as:

your full name

any type of photograph (even of your pet!)

your current location (some phones have automatic GPS apps built in that may need to be turned off)

home or school address or the address of any of your family or friends

phone numbers

Social Security number

passwords

names of family members

credit card numbers

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How could we live without our smartphones, laptops, and other devices that allow us to go online? That's how most of us keep in touch with friends and family, take pictures, do our homework, do research, find out the latest news, and even shop.

But besides the millions of sites to visit and things to do, going online offers lots of ways to waste time - and even get into trouble. But some people you meet online might try to take advantage of you, steal your personal information, or harass or threaten you (called cyberbullying).

You might know people who got into trouble for something they did online - whether it was sexting, bullying on a website or message app, or getting ripped off by someone they met online.

Because users can remain anonymous, popular websites and messaging apps might attract adults who pretend to be teens or kids. They'll sometimes ask visitors for pictures or information about themselves, their families, or where they live - information that shouldn't be given away.

Usually, people who ask for personal information like home addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses use this information to fill mailboxes and answering machines with ads. In some cases, though, predators use it to begin illegal or indecent relationships or to harm a person or family.

Being Smart Online

First rule: Check your mood! Are you feeling upset or angry? Then it's not the time to be messaging or posting on a social media site. People don't always make good decisions or think straight when they're stressed out or upset. If you have to, call someone or go for a run instead before you start venting online.

Second rule: When you're on a website, try to remain as anonymous as possible. That means keeping all private information private. Private information that you should never allow the public to see includes:

your full name

any type of photograph (even of your pet!)

your current location (some phones have automatic GPS apps built in that may need to be turned off)

home or school address or the address of any of your family or friends

phone numbers

Social Security number

passwords

names of family members

credit card numbers

Most trustworthy people and companies won't ask for this type of information online. So if others do, it's a red flag that they may be up to no good. Always check with a parent if you are unsure, especially when shopping online or signing up for a website or app.

Think carefully before you create an email address or screen name. Use a combination of letters and numbers in both that don't identify whether you're male or female.

When messaging or using video apps, use a nickname that's different from your screen name. That way, if you ever find yourself in a conversation that makes you uncomfortable, you can exit without having to worry that someone knows your screen name and can track you down via email. Some people who hang out with their friends online set up private groups where only they and the people they invite can interact.

Keep online friendships in the virtual world. Meeting online friends face to face carries more risks than other types of friendships because it's so easy for people to pretend to be something they're not when you can't see them or talk in person. It's safer to video message with someone first, but even that can carry some risks. Check with a parent that this is a safe thing for you to be doing. They may want to meet some of your contacts or sit in on a conversation before they allow you to do this by yourself.

If you ever get involved in any messaging or online chats that make you feel uncomfortable or in danger for any reason, exit and tell a parent or other adult right away so they can report it. You also can report it to the website of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children - they have a form for reporting this type of incident called CyberTipline. They'll make sure the info is forwarded to law enforcement officials for investigation.

What Is Cyberbullying?

It's not just strangers who can make you feel uncomfortable. Cyberbullying refers to cruel or bullying messages sent to you online. These might be from former friends or other people you know. They can also be sent anonymously - in other words, on a website where everyone has a screen name, so teens being bullied might not even know who is bullying them.

If you get these bullying messages online, it's often better to ignore them rather than answer them. Cyberbullies, just like other bullies, might be looking for attention or a reaction. Plus, you never want to provoke bullies. By ignoring them, you can take away their power. You also can try to delete or block bullies so you no longer see their texts.

Fortunately, most people never experience cyberbullying. But if you're getting cyberbullied and ignoring it doesn't make it stop, getting help from a parent, school counselor, or another trusted adult might be a good idea. That's especially true if the cyberbullying contains threats.

Other Things to Consider

Although email is relatively private, hackers can still access it - or add you to their spam lists. Spam, like ads or harassing or offensive notes, is annoying. But spam blockers can keep your mailbox from getting clogged. Many service providers will help you block out or screen inappropriate emails if your parents agree to set up age-appropriate parental controls.

If you don't recognize the sender of a document or file that needs to be downloaded, delete it without opening it to avoid getting a virus on your device. Virus protection software is a must for every computer and should be updated regularly. You also can buy software that helps rid your computer of unwanted spyware programs that report what your computer is doing. Some service providers make software available to protect you from these and other online annoyances, such as blockers for those in-your-face pop-up ads.

When you're out and about with your devices, keep them secure. Don't let other people use your phone unless you're with them. Don't leave your phone where someone else might pick it up, and turn your laptop or tablet off when you're not using it. Don't make it easy for other people to get a look at your personal information.

Finally, remember that any pictures or text messages that you send could be leaked as soon as you hit send. Think about whether the words you've written or the pictures you're about to share are ones that you would want other people reading or seeing. A good rule is that if you wouldn't want your grandmother to see it or read it, you probably shouldn't send it or post it.

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is it ok to give away personal information online

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How could we live without our smartphones, laptops, and other devices that allow us to go online? That's how most of us keep in touch with friends and family, take pictures, do our homework, do research, find out the latest news, and even shop.

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Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person.

- intimidation or mean comments that focus on things like a person's gender, religion, sexual orientation, race, or physical differences count as discrimination, which is against the law in many states.
- It also can make someone feel jumpy, anxious, or sad. If someone is already depressed or anxious, cyberbullying can make things much worse. Students who are cyberbullied can struggle to concentrate in school, which can affect how well they do there.
- Schools may dismiss bullies from sports teams or suspend them from school. Some types of cyberbullying may violate school codes or even break anti-discrimination or sexual harassment laws. So a bully may face serious legal trouble.

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What Is Cyberbullying?

Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. Online threats and mean, aggressive, or rude texts, tweets, posts, or messages all count. So does posting personal information, pictures, or videos designed to hurt or embarrass someone else.

Cyberbullying also includes photos, messages, or pages that don't get taken down, even after the person has been asked to do so. In other words, it's anything that gets posted online and is meant to hurt, harass, or upset someone else.

Intimidation or mean comments that focus on things like a person's gender, religion, sexual orientation, race, or physical differences count as discrimination, which is against the law in many states. That means the police could get involved, and bullies may face serious penalties.

Online bullying can be particularly damaging and upsetting because it's usually anonymous or hard to trace. It's also hard to control, and the person being victimized has no idea how many people (or hundreds of people) have seen the messages or posts. People can be tormented nonstop whenever they check their device or computer.

Online bullying and harassment can be easier to commit than other acts of bullying because the bully doesn't have to confront his or her target in person.

What Are the Consequences of Cyberbullying?

Sometimes, online bullying, like other kinds of bullying, can lead to serious long-lasting problems. The stress of being in a constant state of upset or fear can lead to problems with mood, energy level, sleep, and appetite. It also can make someone feel jumpy, anxious, or sad. If someone is already depressed or anxious, cyberbullying can make things much worse.

It's not just the person being bullied who gets hurt. The punishment for cyberbullies can be serious. More and more schools and after-school programs are creating systems to respond to cyberbullying. Schools may dismiss bullies from sports teams or suspend them from school. Some types of cyberbullying may violate school codes or even break anti-discrimination or sexual harassment laws. So a bully may face serious legal trouble.

Why Do People Do It?

Why would someone be a cyberbully? There are probably as many reasons as there are bullies themselves.

Sometimes, what seems like online harassment may be accidental. The impersonal nature of text messages, posts, and other ways of communicating online means it can be hard to figure out if someone is joking or not.

Most people know when they're being bullied, though, because bullying involves repeated insults or threats. The people doing the bullying know they've crossed a line, too. It's not a one-off joke or insult - it's constant harassment and threats that go beyond typical fun teasing or a nasty comment made in anger.

What Can I Do About Cyberbullying?

Sometimes, people are afraid or not sure if they're being bullied or not. So they don't do anything about it. If you're being bullied, harassed, or teased in a hurtful way - or know someone who is - you don't have to suffer in silence. In fact, you absolutely should report any upsetting texts, messages, posts, or emails.

Tell someone. Most experts agree: The first thing to do is tell an adult you trust. This is often easier said than done. People who are cyberbullied may feel embarrassed or reluctant to report a bully. Some may hesitate because they're not 100% sure who is doing the bullying. But bullying can get worse, so speak up until you find someone to help. Sometimes the police can track down an anonymous online bully, so it's often worthwhile to report it.

Most parents are so concerned about protecting their kids that sometimes they focus on taking major steps to stop the bullying. If you're being bullied and worry about losing your phone or computer privileges, explain your fears to your parents. Let them know how important it is to stay connected, and work with them to figure out a solution that doesn't leave you feeling punished as well as picked on. You may have to do some negotiating on safe phone or computer use - the most important thing is to first get the bullying under control.

You also can talk to your school counselor or a trusted teacher or family member. If the bullying feels like it's really getting you down (like if it's affecting your sleep or concentration), therapy can help. If you're not ready for that, you can still benefit from the support of a trusted adult.

Walk away. What you've heard about walking away from a real-life bully works in the virtual world too. Ignoring bullies is the best way to take away their power, but it isn't always easy to do - in the real world or online.

If you see something upsetting, try to step away from the computer or turn off your phone for a while. Don't respond, and never forward the message to someone else. Find something to distract yourself from what's going on. Do something you love that doesn't give you time to think about what's happening, like playing the guitar, going for a run, or losing yourself in a book or movie. You can also just chat with a parent or sibling or play with a pet.

Taking a break like this allows you to keep things in perspective and focus on the good things in your life. It also gives you time to figure out how you want to handle things.

Resist the urge to retaliate or respond. Walking away or taking a break when you're faced with online bullying gives you some space so you won't be tempted to fire back a response or engage with the bully or bullies. Responding when we're upset can make things worse. (Standing up to a bully can be effective sometimes, but it's more likely to provoke the person and escalate the situation.) Taking a break gives the power back to you!

Although it's not a good idea to respond to a bully, it is a good idea to save evidence of the bullying if you can. It can help you prove your case, if needed. You don't have to keep mean emails, texts, or other communications where you see them all the time - you can ask a parent to make a copy or save them to a flash drive.

Report bullying. Social media sites take it seriously when people post cruel or mean stuff or set up fake accounts. If users report abuse, the site administrator may block the bully from using the site in the future. If someone sends you mean texts or emails, report it to phone service or email providers (such as Comcast, Google, and Verizon).

Block the bully. Most devices have settings that let you electronically block the bully or bullies from sending notes. If you don't know how to do this, ask a friend or adult who does.

Be safe online. Password protect your smartphone and your online sites, and change your passwords often. Be sure to share your passwords only with your parent or guardian. It's also wise to think twice before sharing personal information or photos/videos that you don't want the world to see. Once you've posted a photo or message, it can be difficult or impossible to delete. So remind yourself to be cautious when posting photos or responding to someone's upsetting message.

If a Friend Is a Bully

If you know of a friend who is acting as a cyberbully, take him or her aside and talk about it. Without putting your friend down, stand up for your own principles: Let the bully know it's not OK.

Explain to your friend that bullying can have serious consequences: for the bully, for those being bullied, and even for bystanders like you and your friends.

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Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. Online threats and mean, aggressive, or rude texts, tweets, posts, or messages all count. So does posting personal information, pictures, or videos designed to hurt or embarrass someone else.

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Teaching Kids to Be Smart About Social Media

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Teaching Kids to Be Smart About Social Media

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Most teens use some form of social media and have a profile on a social networking site. Many visit these sites every day.

There are plenty of good things about social media - but also many risks and things kids and teens should avoid. They don't always make good choices when they post something to a site, and this can lead to problems.

So it's important to talk with your kids about how to use social media wisely.

What's Good About Social Media

Social media can help kids:

stay connected with friends and family

volunteer or get involved with a campaign, nonprofit, or charity

enhance their creativity by sharing ideas, music, and art

meet and interact with others who share similar interests

communicate with educators and fellow students

What's Bad About Social Media

The flipside is that social media can be a hub for things like cyberbullying and questionable activities. Without meaning to, kids can share more online than they should.

Most teens:

post photos of themselves online or use their real names on their profiles

reveal their birthdates and interests

post their school name and the town where they live

This can make them easy targets for online predators and others who might mean them harm.

In fact, many teens say they have:

been contacted online by someone they didn't know in a way that made them feel scared or uncomfortable

received online advertising that was inappropriate for their age

lied about their age to get access to websites

Concerns and Consequences

Besides problems like cyberbullying and online predators, kids also can face the possibility of a physical encounter with the wrong person. Many newer apps automatically reveal the poster's location when they're used. This can tell anyone exactly where to find the person using the app.

And photos, videos, and comments made online usually can't be taken back once they're posted. Even when a teen thinks something has been deleted, it can be impossible to completely erase it from the Internet.

Posting an inappropriate photo can damage a reputation and cause problems years later - such as when a potential employer or college admissions officer does a background check. And sending a mean-spirited text, even as a joke, can be very hurtful to someone else and even taken as a threat.

Spending too much time on social media can be a downer too. Seeing how many "friends" others have and the pictures of them having fun can make kids feel bad about themselves or like they don't measure up to their peers.

What Can Parents Do?

It's important to be aware of what your kids do online. But snooping can alienate them and damage the trust you've built together. The key is to stay involved in a way that makes your kids understand that you respect their privacy but want to make sure they're safe.

Tell your kids that it's important to:

Be nice. Mean behavior is not OK. Make it clear that you expect your kids to treat others with respect, and to never post hurtful or embarrassing messages. And ask them to always tell you about any harassing or bullying messages that others post.

Think twice before hitting "enter." Remind teens that what they post can be used against them. For example, letting the world know that you're off on vacation or posting your home address gives would-be robbers a chance to strike. Teens also should avoid posting specific locations of parties or events, as well as phone numbers.

Follow the "WWGS?" (What Would Grandma Say?) rule. Teach kids not to share anything on social media that they wouldn't want their teachers, college admissions officers, future bosses - and yes, grandma - to see.

Use privacy settings. Privacy settings are important. Go through them together to make sure your kids understand each one. Also, explain that passwords are there to protect them against things like identity theft. They should never share them with anyone, even a boyfriend, girlfriend, or best friend.

Don't "friend" strangers. "If you don't know them, don't friend them." This is a plain, simple - and safe - rule of thumb.

Make a Contract

Consider making a "social media agreement" with your kids - a real contract they can sign. In it, they agree to protect their own privacy, consider their reputation, and not give out personal information. They also promise not to use technology to hurt anyone else through bullying or gossip.

In turn, parents agree to respect teens' privacy while making an effort to be part of the social media world. This means you can "friend" and observe them, but don't post embarrassing comments or rants about messy rooms.

Parents also can help keep kids grounded in the real world by putting limits on media use. Keep computers in public areas in the house, avoid laptops and smartphones in bedrooms, and set some rules on the use of technology (such as no devices at the dinner table).

And don't forget: Setting a good example through your own virtual behavior can go a long way toward helping your kids use social media safely.

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Teaching Kids to Be Smart About Social Media

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Most teens use some form of social media and have a profile on a social networking site. Many visit these sites every day. There are plenty of good things about social media - but also many risks and things kids and teens should avoid.

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What Is Bullying?

Bullying is when someone is picked on by a person or group. Bullies might make fun of people who they think don't fit in.

Bullies might make fun of others for many things, including:

appearance (how someone looks)

behavior (how someone acts)

race or religion

social status (whether someone is popular)

sexual identity (like being gay, lesbian, or transgender)

Bullying can come in different types:

Physical bullying is when bullies hurt their targets physically. This might be shoving, tripping, punching, or hitting. Any form of touching that a person does not want can be bullying and possible sexual assault.

Verbal bullying is taunting or teasing someone.

Psychological bullying is gossiping about or excluding people to make them feel bad about themselves.

Cyberbullying is when bullies use the internet and social media and say things that they might not say in person. This can include sending mean texts, posting insults about someone on Twitter, or making rude comments on their Instagram pictures. Cyberbullies also might post personal information, pictures, or videos designed to hurt or embarrass someone else.

What Are the Effects of Bullying?

Bullies often pick on people over and over again. This can make teens:

feel afraid, stressed, depressed, or anxious

have thoughts about suicide or hurting themselves

have trouble with their schoolwork

have problems with mood, energy level, sleep, and appetite

What Kind of People Are Bullies?

Both guys and girls can be bullies. Bullies may be:

outgoing and aggressive. This kind of bully might make fun of you to your face or physically hurt you.

quiet and sneaky. This kind of bully might try to manipulate in secret. They might anonymously start a damaging rumor just to see what happens.

friendly and fake. This kind of bully might pretend to be your friend so that you tell them things, but then do hurtful things behind your back.

Many bullies are a lot alike. They:

like to be in control of others

are focused on themselves

have poor social skills and have a hard time getting along with people

might not care about people, or lack empathy

are often insecure and bully others to make themselves feel better

Some bullies don't understand normal social emotions like guilt, empathy, compassion, or remorse. These people need help from a mental health professional like a counselor, social worker, psychiatrist, or psychologist.

What Can I Do?

There are many things that you can do if you're being bullied or know someone who is. You can:

Tell a trusted adult. Adults in positions of authority, like parents, teachers, or coaches, often can deal with bullying without the bully ever learning how they found out about it.

Ignore the bully and walk away. Bullies like getting a reaction. If you walk away or ignore them, you're telling them that you don't care.

Walk tall and hold your head high. Using this type of body language sends a message that you're not vulnerable.

Don't get physical. You're more likely to be hurt and get into trouble if you try to fight a bully. Work out your anger in another way, such as exercising or writing it down (make sure you delete or tear up any emails, posts, letters, or notes you write in anger).

Try to talk to the bully. Try to point out that his or her behavior is serious and harmful. This can work well if you notice that a member of your own group has started to pick on or shun another member.

Practice confidence. Practice ways to respond to the bully verbally or through your behavior. Practice feeling good about yourself (even if you have to fake it at first).

Talk about it. It may help to talk to a guidance counselor, teacher, or friend - anyone who can give you the support you need. Talking can be a good outlet for the fears and frustrations that can build when you're being bullied.

Find your (true) friends. If you've been bullied with rumors or gossip, tell your friends so that they can help you feel safe and secure. Avoid being alone, especially when the bullying is happening a lot.

Stand up for friends and others you see being bullied. Your actions help the victim feel supported and may stop the bullying.

Join your school's bullying or violence prevention programs. Peer mediation is another way you may be able to work things out with a bully. If your school doesn't have these programs, start one of your own.

What If I'm the Bully?

Some people bully to deal with their own feelings of stress, anger, or frustration. Bullies might also have been bullied and now want to show their power by bullying someone else.

If you have bullied someone:

Try talking to a trusted adult to talk about why you have become a bully. Ask them for some advice on how you could change.

Try thinking of how the person being bullied feels. Imagine how you would feel if you were the target.

Even though people are different, it's important to treat everyone with respect.

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Bullying is when someone is picked on by a person or group. Bullies might make fun of people who they think don't fit in. Bullies might make fun of others for many things, including: appearance (how someone looks) behavior (how someone acts) race or religion social status (whether someone is popular) sexual identity (like being gay, lesbian, or transgender) Bullying can come in different types: Physical bullying is when bullies hurt their targets physically.

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https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/13/health/teen-girls-sadness-suicide-violence.html

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Teen Girls Report Record Levels of Sadness, C.D.C. Finds

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Adolescent girls reported high rates of sadness, suicidal thoughts and sexual violence, as did teenagers who identified as gay or bisexual.

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https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/ptsd.html?ref=search

PTSD: Someone with PTSD has been through or witnessed a traumatic event.

EFFECTS:

bad memories, called flashbacks, that make it seem like the trauma is still happening

bad dreams or trouble sleeping

avoiding things that remind them of the trauma

changes in mood, such as feeling sad, moody, angry, or detached

not enjoying things like before

feeling more easily scared, anxious, jumpy, sensitive, or startled

Trauma events that can lead to PTSD include:

physical or sexual abuse, or assault

school or neighborhood violence

natural disasters or fires

car accidents

military combat

sudden or forceful loss of a parent

arrests, evictions

being the target of hate, or threats of harm

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What Is PTSD?

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition brought on by a trauma.

Someone with PTSD has been through or witnessed a traumatic event. They have symptoms that last long after the trauma is over. These symptoms can be:

bad memories, called flashbacks, that make it seem like the trauma is still happening

bad dreams or trouble sleeping

avoiding things that remind them of the trauma

changes in mood, such as feeling sad, moody, angry, or detached

not enjoying things like before

feeling more easily scared, anxious, jumpy, sensitive, or startled

Therapy can help people recover from PTSD. They also need understanding, comfort, and support from people in their lives.

Not everyone who has been through a trauma will have PTSD. In fact, most won't. Most people find ways to cope and get past trauma. Therapy and support soon after a trauma can help.

What Is a Trauma?

A trauma is a stressful event that makes a person fear for their or other people's life or safety.

Trauma events that can lead to PTSD include:

physical or sexual abuse, or assault

school or neighborhood violence

natural disasters or fires

car accidents

military combat

sudden or forceful loss of a parent

arrests, evictions

being the target of hate, or threats of harm

An event can be a trauma for someone even if they don't go through the danger themselves. For example, seeing someone else be hurt or die from violence can be a trauma.

Hearing that someone close died by violence or suicide can be a trauma too. The grief can be intense with this type of loss. It is called traumatic grief.

Does Trauma Always Cause PTSD?

Traumas can lead to PTSD, but not always. Not everyone who has been through a trauma will have PTSD. In fact, most young people who go through trauma will not have PTSD.

But most will feel the effects of trauma. It's natural to react to a deeply stressful event. Most people will feel upset, have thoughts of the trauma, and other signs of distress. These may be called PTSD-like symptoms.

Most people do find ways to cope with what they've been through. Some will get past trauma quickly on their own. It helps to have extra comfort and support from people in their lives. Therapy can also help. As people cope and adjust, their symptoms get better.

PTSD develops when a trauma overwhelms a person's ability to cope. The deep stress of trauma keeps the brain's threat sensors too active. That makes it hard for the person to feel safe again. People with PTSD need extra help to move through the coping process. Therapy helps them do that.

Whether or not a person will have PTSD partly depends on:

how severe the trauma was, or how harmful

the help and support they get

if they have a lot of other stress in their life

if they have been through past trauma

if they have depression or anxiety

inherited risks like family history of depression and anxiety

After a trauma, a person may have PTSD-like symptoms that last for a short while, sometimes days or weeks. This may be called a stress reaction. Only if symptoms last longer than a month can it be diagnosed as PTSD.

How Is PTSD Treated?

PTSD doesn't usually go away on its own. Getting treatment and support can make all the difference.

Mental health providers (like psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health counselors) have the experience to work with patients with PTSD. Treatment for PTSD can include therapy and/or medicines to help with anxiety, mood problems, and sleep issues.

Therapy for PTSD is called trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). This type of talk therapy uses talking and learning activities, guided by a mental health therapist. It can help anyone who has been through a trauma, not just people with PTSD. Getting therapy soon after a trauma helps them cope well.

PTSD therapy often includes:

cognitive processing therapy (CPT) activities: to help with thoughts and feelings about the trauma

prolonged exposure (PE) activities: to help someone lower anxiety and learn to safely face things they avoid after trauma

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR): combined cognitive therapy with directed eye movements to reduce the power and pain of the trauma. This helps the brain reprocess memory of the trauma. There are therapists who specialize in this type of trauma therapy.

Trauma therapists also guide parents on how to listen and show they understand. The support of caring adults helps young people open up, feel safe, and do well.

How Does Therapy Help?

Trauma therapy gives people a way to safely share their feelings, tell their story, and get support. In therapy, they learn coping and calming skills to help them deal with anxiety after a trauma. This makes it easier to talk about what they have been through.

In therapy, people learn how trauma can affect their thoughts, feelings, and actions. They learn ways to adjust some of the difficult thoughts about the trauma. They learn to let go of any guilt or shame about what happened.

Slowly, people learn to face things they used to avoid. Therapy helps them gain courage and confidence. They use their strengths to cope and move forward.

How Can I Help Myself?

If you have been through trauma, or think you might have PTSD, here are things you can do:

Confide in an adult you trust. Reach out to someone who will listen and care. It's OK if you need extra time and support for a while. Pay it forward by being kind or helpful to someone else. Helping makes the helper feel good too.

Get treatment for PTSD or trauma. This can help you cope with what you have been through. It can help you discover strengths you never knew you had. Your parent, doctor, or school counselor can help you find the right person to work with.

Practice ways to relax. Make time every day to take a few slow breaths. If you can, make the exhale just a bit longer than the inhale. Try this: Breathe in while you count to 3. Breathe out while you count to 5. Take 3-4 breaths like this. It seems so simple. But it has a powerful benefit. It helps to reset the brain's threat sensor. The benefit adds up, so practice it often.

Do things that you enjoy. Trauma can make it harder to feel the positive emotions that naturally help you recharge. Play, laugh, enjoy nature, make music or art, cook. These activities can reduce stress, build your resilience. They even help you be a better learner when it's time to focus.

Know that you can do this. Believe in yourself. Everyone has the ability to adapt and grow, even with difficult challenges. It takes patience and effort. And there are people who will help you.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition brought on by a trauma. Someone with PTSD has been through or witnessed a traumatic event. They have symptoms that last long after the trauma is over.

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https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/managing-care-center/medical-care?ref=search

"I Think I Have a Mental Health Problem. Who Can I Talk To?" - If you are feeling stressed, anxious or sad, you aren ot alone.
- You can talk to a parent
~ A parent can help you set up a visit with your doctor or a therapist for a check-up. This lets you find out if you have a mental health problem or if something else is going on. You'll be able to learn what can help.

- Another adult
~a family member, such as a grandparent or another adult relative
~your school counselor, school nurse, teacher, or coach
~your doctor or a therapist
~an adult mentor, youth group leader, or a friend’s parent

- Your doctor or a therapist
~They can ask the right questions and listen
~They can identify any mental health problems
~They can tell you about treatment and support that will help.

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This section has tips on everything from taking care of your body to choosing the right health care providers.

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https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/bipolar.html?ref=search

Bipolar disorder causes extreme ups and downs in a person’s mood and energy.

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Bipolar Disorder (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth

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Bipolar disorder causes extreme ups and downs in a person’s mood and energy. With the right treatment, people with bipolar can learn to manage their moods.

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https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/cutting.html?ref=search

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Cutting & Self-Injury (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth

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It can be hard to understand, but people who self-injure sometimes do it because it actually makes them feel better. They are overflowing with emotions - like sadness, depression, or anger - that they have trouble expressing.

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"I'm Thinking of Suicide. How Can I get help?"

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"I'm Thinking of Suicide. How Can I get help?"

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https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/stop-suicide.html

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I'm thinking about suicide. With what is going on with my life, it seems to be the only choice I have. How can I get help?
- Jake*

If you have been thinking about suicide, it is important to get help right away.

If you need to talk with someone right now, resources are available 24/7 to help you by calling or texting:

988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: Call 1-800-273-8255 or text or call 988. You also can contact them through their website.

Trevor Lifeline for LGBTQ community: Call 1-866-488-7386 or text START to 678678. You can also contact them through their website.

These toll-free lines are staffed by people who are trained to help you without ever knowing your name or seeing your face. The calls are confidential.

If you feel you are in immediate danger of hurting yourself, call 911 or drive to the nearest emergency room.

If you do not need to talk with someone right now, plan to talk to someone you trust as soon as you can, preferably a parent or other caring, responsible adult in your life. Talk to someone like a coach, school counselor, religious leader, or teacher if you feel more comfortable talking to someone outside your family.

Start the conversation by saying, "I've been having a tough time lately, and I've been thinking about suicide. I need your help." Then, you can work together to find ways to get the help and support you need in this difficult time.

Remember, you are never alone and there are always ways to get help for yourself.
*Names have been changed to protect user privacy.

Date reviewed: October 2020

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I'm Thinking of Suicide. How Can I Get Help?

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I'm thinking about suicide. With what is going on with my life, it seems to be the only choice I have. How can I get help? - Jake* If you have been thinking about suicide, it is important to get help right away.

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https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/your-mind/mental-health?ref=search

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This section has information on mental health conditions that can affect teens.

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https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/bullying/599000#306685-toc

- People who are bullied are very likely to become depressed or anxious.
- People who bully others are likely to have mental health disorders as adults.

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Bullying is a way of harming others, both physically and mentally. Bullies intimidate, or frighten, other people. They also make people feel bad about themselves. Bullying...

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https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/eat-disorder.html

- Teens eat very little on purpose (anorexia) which can lead to low blood pressure, slow or irregular heart beats, and weak bones.
- People with anorexia might find it hard to focus and feel; Sad, alone, depressed, and have anxiety about gaining weight and thoughts of hurting themselves.
- People with bulimia may have these emotional problems such as; low self esteem, anxiety and depression, alcohol or drug problems and thoughts of hurting themselves.

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What Are Eating Disorders?

Eating disorders are problems that affect a person's eating behaviors as well as their attitudes and feelings about food - and about their body.

Eating disorders affect a person's mental health and can cause serious harm to a person's physical health.

There are several types of eating disorders.

What Are the Different Types of Eating Disorders?

Common types of eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID).

Anorexia. People with anorexia:

eat very little on purpose, leading to a very low body weight

have an intense fear of weight gain and fear looking fat

have a distorted body image and see themselves as fat even when they are very thin

People with anorexia are very strict about what and how much they will eat. They may think about food or calories almost all the time.

To lose weight, some people with anorexia fast or exercise too much. Others may use laxatives, diuretics (water pills), or enemas.

Bulimia. People with bulimia:

overeat and feel out of control to stop, called binge eating

do things to make up for overeating, such as:

make themselves throw up on purpose after overeating, called purging

use laxatives, diuretics, weight loss pills, fast, or exercise a lot to prevent weight gain

judge themselves based on body shape and weight

People with bulimia eat much more (during a set period of time) than most people would. If a person regularly binges and purges, it may be a sign of bulimia. Unlike people with anorexia who are very low weight, people with bulimia may be thin, average weight, or overweight. People with bulimia often hide their eating and purging from others.

Binge eating. People with binge eating disorder:

overeat and feel out of control to stop

eat large amounts even when they are not hungry

may feel upset or guilty after binge eating

often gain weight and may become very overweight

Many people with binge eating disorder eat faster than normal. They may eat alone so others don't see how much they are eating. Unlike people with bulimia, those with binge eating disorder do not make themselves throw up, use laxatives, or exercise a lot to make up for binge eating. If a person binge eats at least once a week for 3 months, it may be a sign of binge eating disorder.

ARFID. People with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder:

are not interested in food or avoid foods

lose weight, or don't gain expected amount of weight

are not afraid of gaining weight

don't have a poor body image

People with ARFID don't eat because they are turned off by the smell, taste, texture, or color of food. They may be afraid that they will choke or vomit. They don't have anorexia, bulimia, or another medical problem that would explain their eating behaviors.

How Do Eating Disorders Affect Health and Emotions?

Eating disorders can cause serious problems throughout the body.

Anorexia can lead to health problems caused by undernutrition and low body weight, such as:

low blood pressure

slow or irregular heartbeats

feeling tired, weak, dizzy, or faint

constipation and bloating

irregular periods

weak bones

delayed puberty and slow growth

People with anorexia may find it hard to focus and have trouble remembering things. Mood changes and emotional problems include:

feeling alone, sad, or depressed

anxiety and fears about gaining weight

thoughts of hurting themselves

Bulimia can lead to health problems caused by vomiting, laxatives, and diuretics, such as:

low blood pressure

irregular heartbeats

feeling tired, weak, dizzy, or faint

blood in vomit or stool (poop)

tooth erosion and cavities

swollen cheeks (salivary glands)

People with bulimia may have these emotional problems:

low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression

alcohol or drug problems

thoughts of hurting themselves

Binge eating can lead to weight-related health problems, such as:

diabetes

high blood pressure

high cholesterol and triglycerides

fatty liver

sleep apnea

People with binge eating disorder may:

have low self-esteem, anxiety, or depression

feel alone, out of control, angry, or helpless

have trouble coping with strong emotions or stressful events

ARFID may lead to health problems that stem from poor nutrition, similar to anorexia. People with ARFID may:

not get enough vitamins, minerals, and protein

need tube feeding and nutrition supplements

grow poorly

People with ARFID are more likely to have:

What Causes Eating Disorders?

There's no one cause for eating disorders. Genes, environment, and stressful events all play a role. Some things can increase a person's chance of having an eating disorder, such as:

poor body image

too much focus on weight or looks

dieting at a young age

playing sports that focus on weight (gymnastics, ballet, ice skating, and wrestling)

having a family member with an eating disorder

mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, or OCD

How Are Eating Disorders Diagnosed?

Health care providers and mental health professionals diagnose eating disorders based on history, symptoms, thought patterns, eating behaviors, and an exam.

The doctor will check weight and height and compare these to previous measurements on growth charts. The doctor may order tests to see if there is another reason for the eating problems and to check for problems caused by the eating disorder.

How Are Eating Disorders Treated?

Eating disorders are best treated by a team that includes a doctor, dietitian, and therapist. Treatment includes nutrition counseling, medical care, and talk therapy (individual, group, and family therapy). The doctor might prescribe medicine to treat binge eating, anxiety, depression, or other mental health concerns.

The details of the treatment depend on the type of eating disorder and how severe it is. Some people are hospitalized because of extreme weight loss and medical complications.

What if I Have an Eating Disorder?

If you think you may have an eating disorder:

Tell someone. Tell a parent, teacher, counselor, or an adult you trust. Let them know what you're going through. Ask them to help.

Get help early. When an eating disorder is caught early, a person has a better chance of recovery. Make an appointment with your doctor or an eating disorders specialist.

Go to all appointments. Treatment takes time and effort. Work hard to learn about yourself and your emotions. Ask questions any time you have them.

Be patient with yourself. There's so much to learn, and change happens a little at a time. Take care of yourself and be with people who support you.

Where Can I Learn More About Eating Disorders?

For more information on eating disorders, visit the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA).

For more help and support, the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD) offers these free resources:

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Eating disorders are problems that affect a person's eating behaviors as well as attitudes and feelings about food and their body. This article for teens describes how different eating disorders impact a person's health and emotions.