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Clinical signs:

Large, giant breeds dogs

Excercise intolerance, "bunny hopping"

Diagnostics:

Physical exam: Ortolani sign

Radiographs: PennHIP gold standard

Treatment:

Medical: NSAIDs, weight loss, joint supplements (75% of young dogs have adequate function if treated conservately)

Surgical:

Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis if < 18 w only

Double or triple pelvic osteotomy if < 8-10 m

Femoral head ostectomy if <70 lbs

Total hip replacement if ≥ 4 y

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Ischemic injury to the capital eepiphisis that leads to colapse or the femoral head.

The bone will regrow but weaker.

- Genetic component with small breeds predisposition: Manchester terrier, yorkshire terrier and poodle.

10-20% are bilateral, but de mayority are unilateral.

Treatment:

-       Medical: NSAID’s (only work in 25% of cases)

-       Surgical:  Femoral head ostectomy or in some cases hip replacement

As they are small breed dogs they’ll learn non weight bearing lamnes so phisical therapy is important

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-Etiology: degeneneration of the ligament (chronic) uncommon to be acute.

Dx: Cranial drawer test and tibial compression test

+/- medial butress (inflamation in medial aspect of the stifle)

Rx: articular effusion (Red arrow), distension of the caudal joint caudally (Blue arrow).

Tx: NSAIDs,rest or surgical (TPLO, TTA) the goal Is to stabilize the joint NOT repair the ligament.

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Miniature dogs, yorkie, schnauzer

Dx:4 grades; 1 esporadic and back to normal position, 2 back and forth from normal to luxated position PAIN, 3 luxates but can be manually replaced, 4 luxates cant be mannualy replaced

Tx: medical: nsaids, rest, physiotherapy strenghten quads

Surgical: TIBIAL CREST TRANSPOSITION

soft tissue repair, and bone abnormalities

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Predisposing factors: joint instability, congenital joint disease, hip dysplasia, joint fracture, inflammatory arthropathy

Non inflamatory, non infectious, irreversible

Dx: XR: Stiffle effusion, decrease range of motion

Tx: nsaids, pain, weight loss, joint meds

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SX: Long bone pain

DX: XR: increased intramedular opacity

TX: pain management

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SX; Swollen distal limb metaphyseal pain

DX: XR: double physeal line

TX: pain management

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SX: Decreased range of motion

DX: XR:  stiffle effusion

TX: surgical debridement, joint medications, pain management