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Born in 384B.C. In Stagira in northern Greece.

Died in 322B.C. And he was requested to be buried with his wife

Aristotle is cool because he is famous for his treatise on animals (party of animals. Movement of animals) cosmology.

He is the founding father of marine biology

His most greatest accomplishment for marine biology is that he legit is the one who created this thing.

Citation:https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/aristotle

https://www.marinebio.org/creatures/marine-biology/history-of-marine-biology/

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Magellan Health

-Magellan was born February 4, 1480 and died April 27, 1521.

-Magellan is an explorer and is known for circumnavigating the whole Earth.

-He was a Portuguese explorer and set sailed Sept. 20, 1519.

-Magellan's greatest accomplishment for marine biology was his great discovery the Strait of Magellan.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan

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Ferdinand Magellan, (born 1480, Sabrosa or Porto?, Portugal-died April 27, 1521, Mactan, Philippines), Portuguese navigator and explorer who sailed under the flags of both Portugal (1505-13) and Spain (1519-21). From Spain he sailed around South America, discovering the Strait of Magellan, and across the Pacific. Though he was killed in the Philippines, one of his ships continued westward to Spain, accomplishing the first circumnavigation of Earth. The voyage was successfully terminated by the Basque navigator Juan Sebastián del Cano.

Early life

Magellan was the son of Rui de Magalhães and Alda de Mesquita, members of the Portuguese nobility. At an early age he became a page to Queen Leonor, wife of John II (reigned 1481-95) and sister of Manuel I (reigned 1495-1521), in Lisbon. In early 1505 he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India, whose expedition King Manuel sent to check Muslim sea power along the African and Indian coasts and to establish a strong Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean. During a naval engagement at Cannanore (now Kannur) on the Malabar Coast of India, Magellan is said by the chronicler Gaspar Correia (also spelled Corrêa) to have been wounded. Though Correia states that during this early period of his Indian service, Magellan acquired considerable knowledge of navigation, little is known of Magellan's first years in the East until he appears among those sailing in November 1506 with Nuno Vaz Pereira to Sofala on the Mozambique coast, where the Portuguese had established a fort.

By 1507 Magellan was back in India. He took part, on February 2-3, 1509, in the great Battle of Diu, in which the Portuguese defeated a Muslim fleet and thereby gained supremacy over most of the Indian Ocean. Reaching Cochin (now Kochi, India) in the fleet of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, he subsequently left for the Malay city-state of Malacca (now Melaka, Malaysia). Magellan is mentioned as being sent to warn the commander of the Portuguese ships in Malacca's waters of impending attack by Malays. During the subsequent fighting he saved the life of a Portuguese explorer, his close friend Francisco Serrão. (Serrão, possibly a relative of Magellan's, had sailed with Magellan to India in 1505.) Magellan attempted to return to Portugal afterward but was unsuccessful. At a council held at Cochin on October 10, 1510, to decide on plans for retaking Goa-which the Portuguese had captured earlier in the year but then lost-he advised against taking large ships at that season. Nevertheless, the new Portuguese governor in India, Afonso de Albuquerque, did so, and the city fell to the Portuguese on November 24. Magellan's name does not appear among those who fought.

The Portuguese victories off the eastern coast of Africa and the western coast of India had broken Muslim power in the Indian Ocean, and the purpose of Almeida's expedition-to wrest from the Arabs the key points of sea trade-was almost accomplished. Yet without control of Malacca, their achievement was incomplete. At the end of June 1511, therefore, a fleet under Albuquerque left for Malacca, which fell after six weeks. This event, in which Magellan took part, was the crowning Portuguese victory in the Orient. Through Malacca passed the wealth of the East to the harbours of the West, and in command of the Malacca Strait the Portuguese held the key to the seas and ports of Malaysia. It remained only to explore the wealth-giving Moluccas (now part of Indonesia), the islands of spice. Accordingly, early in December 1511 they sailed on a voyage of reconnaissance, and after reaching Banda they returned with spice in 1512. The claim made by some that Magellan went on this voyage rests on unproven statements by Italian geographer Giovanni Battista Ramusio and Spanish historian Leonardo de Argensola, and the want of evidence argues against its acceptance. However, it is known that Magellan's friend Serrão was in command of one of the ships and that he later sent Magellan helpful information from the Moluccas about those islands.

By mid-1513 Magellan was back in Lisbon, but he soon joined the forces sent against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor (Azemmour). In a skirmish that August he sustained a leg wound that caused him to limp for the rest of his life. Returning to Lisbon in November 1514, he asked King Manuel for a token increase in his pension as a reward. But unfounded reports of irregular conduct on his part had reached the king: after the siege of Azamor, Magellan was accused of having sold a portion of the war spoils back to the enemy. Refusing Magellan's request for a reward, Manuel ordered him back to Morocco. Early in 1516 Magellan renewed his petition; the king, refusing once more, told him he might offer his services elsewhere.

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Ferdinand Magellan | Biography, Voyage, Map, Accomplishments, Route, Discoveries, Death, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese navigator and explorer. From Spain he sailed around South America, discovering the Strait of Magellan, and across the Pacific. Though he was killed in the Philippines, one of his ships continued westward to Spain, accomplishing the first circumnavigation of Earth.

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Magellan Health

-Magellan was born February 4, 1480 and died April 27, 1521.

-Magellan is a Portuguese explorer and is well known for circumnavigating the whole world.

-Magellan set off to explore September, 20, 1519.

-Magellan's accomplishment for Marine biology was having a great discovery of the Strait of Magellan.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan

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Ferdinand Magellan, (born 1480, Sabrosa or Porto?, Portugal-died April 27, 1521, Mactan, Philippines), Portuguese navigator and explorer who sailed under the flags of both Portugal (1505-13) and Spain (1519-21). From Spain he sailed around South America, discovering the Strait of Magellan, and across the Pacific. Though he was killed in the Philippines, one of his ships continued westward to Spain, accomplishing the first circumnavigation of Earth. The voyage was successfully terminated by the Basque navigator Juan Sebastián del Cano.

Early life

Magellan was the son of Rui de Magalhães and Alda de Mesquita, members of the Portuguese nobility. At an early age he became a page to Queen Leonor, wife of John II (reigned 1481-95) and sister of Manuel I (reigned 1495-1521), in Lisbon. In early 1505 he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India, whose expedition King Manuel sent to check Muslim sea power along the African and Indian coasts and to establish a strong Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean. During a naval engagement at Cannanore (now Kannur) on the Malabar Coast of India, Magellan is said by the chronicler Gaspar Correia (also spelled Corrêa) to have been wounded. Though Correia states that during this early period of his Indian service, Magellan acquired considerable knowledge of navigation, little is known of Magellan's first years in the East until he appears among those sailing in November 1506 with Nuno Vaz Pereira to Sofala on the Mozambique coast, where the Portuguese had established a fort.

By 1507 Magellan was back in India. He took part, on February 2-3, 1509, in the great Battle of Diu, in which the Portuguese defeated a Muslim fleet and thereby gained supremacy over most of the Indian Ocean. Reaching Cochin (now Kochi, India) in the fleet of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, he subsequently left for the Malay city-state of Malacca (now Melaka, Malaysia). Magellan is mentioned as being sent to warn the commander of the Portuguese ships in Malacca's waters of impending attack by Malays. During the subsequent fighting he saved the life of a Portuguese explorer, his close friend Francisco Serrão. (Serrão, possibly a relative of Magellan's, had sailed with Magellan to India in 1505.) Magellan attempted to return to Portugal afterward but was unsuccessful. At a council held at Cochin on October 10, 1510, to decide on plans for retaking Goa-which the Portuguese had captured earlier in the year but then lost-he advised against taking large ships at that season. Nevertheless, the new Portuguese governor in India, Afonso de Albuquerque, did so, and the city fell to the Portuguese on November 24. Magellan's name does not appear among those who fought.

The Portuguese victories off the eastern coast of Africa and the western coast of India had broken Muslim power in the Indian Ocean, and the purpose of Almeida's expedition-to wrest from the Arabs the key points of sea trade-was almost accomplished. Yet without control of Malacca, their achievement was incomplete. At the end of June 1511, therefore, a fleet under Albuquerque left for Malacca, which fell after six weeks. This event, in which Magellan took part, was the crowning Portuguese victory in the Orient. Through Malacca passed the wealth of the East to the harbours of the West, and in command of the Malacca Strait the Portuguese held the key to the seas and ports of Malaysia. It remained only to explore the wealth-giving Moluccas (now part of Indonesia), the islands of spice. Accordingly, early in December 1511 they sailed on a voyage of reconnaissance, and after reaching Banda they returned with spice in 1512. The claim made by some that Magellan went on this voyage rests on unproven statements by Italian geographer Giovanni Battista Ramusio and Spanish historian Leonardo de Argensola, and the want of evidence argues against its acceptance. However, it is known that Magellan's friend Serrão was in command of one of the ships and that he later sent Magellan helpful information from the Moluccas about those islands.

By mid-1513 Magellan was back in Lisbon, but he soon joined the forces sent against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor (Azemmour). In a skirmish that August he sustained a leg wound that caused him to limp for the rest of his life. Returning to Lisbon in November 1514, he asked King Manuel for a token increase in his pension as a reward. But unfounded reports of irregular conduct on his part had reached the king: after the siege of Azamor, Magellan was accused of having sold a portion of the war spoils back to the enemy. Refusing Magellan's request for a reward, Manuel ordered him back to Morocco. Early in 1516 Magellan renewed his petition; the king, refusing once more, told him he might offer his services elsewhere.

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Ferdinand Magellan | Biography, Voyage, Map, Accomplishments, Route, Discoveries, Death, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese navigator and explorer. From Spain he sailed around South America, discovering the Strait of Magellan, and across the Pacific. Though he was killed in the Philippines, one of his ships continued westward to Spain, accomplishing the first circumnavigation of Earth.

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Amerigo Vespucci

Born on 1454 In Florence Italy

Died on 1512 in Sevilla Spain

Vespucci was a merchant and explorer navigator. Fun fact America was named after Amerigo Vespucci.

Vespucci's exploration fell between 1497 and 1504. Vespucci was exploring the East coast of south America between 1499 and 1502.He explored Brazil and even went as far as the Platte River in Argentina. He found that south America went further in south than how Europeans expected. The reason for this journey is because they needed to find a practical passage to Asia.

Vespucci's greatest accomplishment to Marine Biology was going on voyages through many oceans and discovering new lands and sea creatures.

Citations

https://www.britannica.com/summary/Amerigo-Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci - New World Encyclopedia

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Vasco Da Gama

Vasco Da Gama was born in Sines, Portugal in 1460 and died in India on december 24 1524. He had bridge honored for him called the Vasco Da Gama bridge located in Lisbon and was the longest bridge in Europe at the time of its inauguration in 1998.

Altogther Da Gama had three voyages.

In 1495 when King Manuel ascended to the throne, the Portuguese court shifted in favour of friends and patrons of the Da Gama family. The project was to send a Portuguese fleet to India to open the sea route to Asia, and also to trade with India and other Eastern states. Gama was appointed to lead the expedition.

Da Gama first voyage he sailed from Lisbon on July 8, 1497 with a fleet of four vessels, two medium-sized three-masted sailing ships, each of about 120 tons, named the "Sao Gabriel" and the "Sao Rafael". On this voyage Da Gama had to push through rough weather and even had to take some detours. Many of the crew man were sick with scurvy, but in the end they pushed through.

Da Gama made a huge difference to marine bio but not all that he did was good. During the second voyage after seizing the cargo he captured ships and set it on fire killing 200 to 400 passengers.

Da Gama greatest accounshiment for marine biology was that he was first to set sail from Europe to India by rounding Africa cape of good hope.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama/The-second-voyage

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who - Rachel Carson

born - in 1907 in Springdale, Pennsylvania

died - in 1964 in Maryland

when were they working - in 1936 Carson took a position as aquatic biologist with the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, she was known for about aquatic life. She became most famous during the 1950's and received many awards for her writings during that time. She wrote about the dangers of pollution, and on other aquatic information. She also influenced the creation of the EPA.

greatest accomplishment - Carson's greatest accomplishment was winning the presidential medal of freedom because of her book called, "The Sea Around Us".

citations

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/rachel-carson

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rachel-Carson

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Rachel Carson catalyzed the global environmental movement with her 1962 book Silent Spring.

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Francis Drake

Born: 1540-43 in Tavistock, UK

Died: January 28, 1596 in Portobelo, Panama

When Francis Drake was around 18 years old, he enlisted in the Hawkins family fleet.

This prowled for shipping to seize off the French coast. In the 1560s, he advanced to the African trade and by 1568, he had command of his own ship on a Hawkins venture of illicit slave-trading in the Spanish colonies of the Caribbean.

When Drake made his voyage to the West Indies, his ship was attacked by the Spanish and many of his men were killed. Despite the violent attack from the Spanish, he escaped and returned to England to command a small vessel with an even greater determination to have his revenge on the Spanish. Although this voyage was unsuccessful, it got Queen Elizabeth's attention, who had herself invested in the slave-trading venture.

His greatest accomplishment was being on the voyage to circumnavigate the globe for the first time. He became very wealthy and returned to Plymouth Harbour where his fortune was permanently made. Soon after, Queen Elizabeth personally bestowed knighthood on him.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-Drake

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Fridtjof Nansen

He was born on October 10, 1861 and died on May 13, 1930 of a heart attack. Fridjof was an oceanographer, statesman, and humanitarian. He was the leader of explorations to the Arctic in 1888, 1893, and 1895.

His most significant accomplishments were opening the doors to Arctic exploration and winning a Nobel Peace Prize for his international relief work for the League of Nations as their High Commander for Refugees.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fridtjof-Nansen

https://www.unhcr.org/us/news/stories/passion-vision-and-action-fridtjof-nansen-humanitarian-extraordinaire

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-Robert was born in 1942 and is still alive today.

-He was born in Kansas before moving to San Diego at a young age.

-It was in San Diego where he found his love for the ocean

-He attended the University of California Santa Barbra where he earned a degree in chemistry and geology

-In 1967 Robert was assigned to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Research Institution where he became a full time marine scientist in 1974.

-He was an American Oceanographer and marine geologist.

-He is best known for finding the wreck of the titanic in 1985.

-He used diving submersibles for deep sea archaeology

-He took part in an expedition that discovered active hypothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Ballard-American-oceanographer

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Marco Polo

Born in Venice, Italy during 1254

He died in Venice on January 8th, 1324.

Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant and adventurer. He helped establish trade relations between the Mongol Empire and the Republic of Venice.

His family traded in the Middle East for a long time. The Polo's managed their affairs well at Berke's court.

He traveled to Asia in 1271. In China he discovered the use of paper money, postal system, coal, eyeglasses, and architecture.

His greatest accomplishment was his book, its title is "The Travels of Marco Polo." He traveled throughout the east and served the Mongol emperor.

citation:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marco-Polo

study.com

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Captain james cook was born on October 27, 1728 in Yorkshire England and died on February 14th 1779 in Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii. Cook was a British naval captain, navigator, and explorer. He conducted multiple expeditions such as Canada, the Pacific Ocean, and the Arcrtic. In 1768, the Royale Society and Admiralty organized the first scientific expedition to the Pacific and appointed James Cook as commander. They were observing the planet Venus transit across the sun. One of Cook's greatest achievements was being one of the first Europeans to cross the Australian coastline.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Cook

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Sylvia Alice Earle

Born August 30, 1935 and is currently 88 years old.

She went to Duke university and has one brother

She has led over 100 expeditions and logged more than 7,000 hours underwater. She has authored more than 200 publications and lectured in 90 countries.

She hold the records for the deepest walk on the seafloor and is a world - renowned expert on marine biology

She is known for her long voyage to the indian ocean and her research on marine algae

https://explorers.nationalgeographic.org/directory/sylvia-alice-earle

https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+Sylvia+Alice+Earle+known+for&oq=what+is+Sylvia+Alice+Earle+known+for&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOdIBCDc3OTVqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://www.google.com/search?q=what+did+sylvia+explore&oq=what+did+sylvia+explore&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOdIBCDU5OTZqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

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Charles Darwin was born in England on February 12, 1809, and died in Kent on April 19, 1882. He was a naturalist known for his theory about evolution by natural selection.

During his voyage on HMS Beagle from 1837 to 1839, Darwin conducted extensive studies across almost every continent. His most famous discoveries were made on the Galapagos islands, where he studied finches and their beak sizes, leading to the formulation of his theory of natural selection by evolution.

His most remarkable accomplishment in marine biology was his theory for how coral reefs are formed.

https://www.embrc.eu/newsroom/news/charles-darwin-marine-inspiration-conception-rosetta-stone-biology#:~:text=He%20came%20up%20with%20a,moments

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin/The-Beagle-voyage

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Eugenie Clark was born May 4, 1922 and died in February 25, 2015. She was known for her works in shark behavior.

She started her work in 1946 and retired in 1999. She studied different fish and sharks. She made her own Marine Lab in Florida.

Clark found five new species of fish and came out with a book called "Lady with a Spear" as well as a few other books. She found out that sharks do not need to swim to breath.

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Eugenie Clark grew up spending her weekends at the aquarium. Her father died when she was two, so her mother had to get creative with babysitting. When Clark was around nine years old, her mother would drop her off at the New York Aquarium before heading to work at a newspaper stand. Wandering around the old aquarium, Clark developed a love for all things ocean and wished that she could swim with the sharks in the glass tanks.

As an adult, she brought this dream to life and conducted 72 submersible dives and countless more using Scuba gear, where she studied marine life, including sharks. She was one of the only ichthyologists, or fish biologists, of her time to study living specimens in this way.

(Flickr user Asbjørn Hansen)

While diving, Clark studied animal behavior and visited places very few people had explored, such as the Red Sea. There she discovered several fish species, including one that releases a natural shark repellant when threatened. Known as the Moses sole, the fish makes hungry sharks not only stop in their tracks, but then proceed to thrash their heads from side to side. Clark studied potential human uses for the repellant, but found that it would not be effective long enough to be useful in products like sunscreen.

The talks she gave about her experiences in the Red Sea fascinated audiences of all ages. People flooded conference rooms to hear her tales of the strange creatures she encountered. Clark wrote a book about her time in the Red Sea, called "Lady with a Spear." The book inspired philanthropists Anne and William Vanderbilt to fund a small laboratory in Florida where Clark could conduct research, now known as Mote Marine Laboratory.

(Courtesy of Mote Marine Laboratory)

At the laboratory, Clark was able to further engage the public. She spent a good amount of time teaching about sharks, and tried to clear them of their bad reputation. She gave lectures to the public, taught at the University of Maryland, and even rode on the back of a 50-foot whale shark (we don't recommend following her example on this one!). She didn't slow down either, completing her last dive at 92 years old, the year before she died.

Her childhood curiosity led to a prolific lifelong career. Wandering the aquarium as a child, Clark didn't know she would spend much of her life underwater, explore the depths of the Red Sea, or come face-to-face with "gangsters of the deep," as she referred to sharks. Clark's research changed the way we view sharks today, and her deep dives have given us insight into the world around us. Now young girls from around the world can press their noses up to glass aquarium tanks and gaze upon the several species of fish named after Eugenie Clark-fondly remembered as "The Shark Lady."

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Eugenie Clark grew up spending her weekends at the aquarium. Her father died when she was two, so her mother had to get creative with babysitting. When Clark was around nine years old, her mother would drop her off at the New York Aquarium before heading to work at a newspaper stand.

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William Beebe

Born on July 29, 1877 (Brooklyn, NY)

Died on June 4, 1962

He is known for being a deep sea, ocean explorer. He was also a writer on natural history, and a biologist.

William reached Mexico, Asia, and the Galapagos Islands, and even in the jungles of South America to study sea life by a 5,000 pound cast iron Bathysphere.

His greatest accomplishment was when he made his record-breaking descent of 3,028 feet. He also discovered bioluminescent fish.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Beebe

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Ferdinand Magellan

Born in 1480 Portugal

He sailed under the flags of both Spain and Portugal

He lead the first expidition to circumnavigate the globe. His crew succeeded, even though Magellan himself died in the Phillipines before completeling the journey.

He discovered the Strait of Magellan

Died on April 27, 1521

Ferdinand Magellan | Biography, Voyage, Map, Accomplishments, Route, Discoveries, Death, & Facts | Britannica

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Nico B Alex W

Christopher Columbus

Born between August 26th and October 31st of 1451 in Genoa, Italy.

Died May 20th 1506 in Valladolid, Spain.

Opened the way for European exploration of the Americas.

4 transatlantic voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502 in search of India but found America's instead.

Inspired new expeditions and revolutionized navigation while committing genocide and spreading disease.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus

https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/christopher-columbus/

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Christopher Columbus | Biography, Nationality, Voyages, Ships, Route, & Facts

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Christopher Columbus, the intrepid Italian explorer, embarked on a historic voyage across the Atlantic in 1492 and opened up new horizons for European exploration and colonization.

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Sylvia Earle was born on August 30, 1935. In Gibbstown, New Jersey. She is a oceanographer and explorer known for her research on marine algae and her books and documentaries designed to raise awareness for pollution and overfishing to the worlds oceans. Earle attended Florida state university and majored in botany, she graduated in 1955. She later attended Duke university and got her masters in Botany as well. Earle accepted her first position as resident director of Cape Haze Marine Labortories in Sarasota Florida. From there she discovered under sea dunes off the coast of the Bahamas, she led the first all-female team of woman as part of the Tektite experiment. This experiment was designed to explore deep ocean habitats and test the viability of them. Her greatest accomplishment was on September 19, 1979 when she set the world diving record descending 381 meters (1250 feet) beneath the pacific oceans surface.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sylvia-Earle

https://explorers.nationalgeographic.org/directory/sylvia-alice-earle

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Don Walsh

Born: November 2, 1931

died: November 12 2023

He was in the Navy and was the first person to descend in the deepest part of the ocean

Greatest accomplishment was exploring the Mariana

He was president of international Marine incorporated

He served onboard San Diego based submarines and commanded one in 1968

From 1959-1962 he was officer-in-charge at the navy electronics laboratory in San Diego

When he went to the Mariana Trench he went over 35,000 deep into the ocean.

Don Walsh - Explorer Home

Unsinkable Don Walsh

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Christopher Columbus- Born in October, 1452 in Genoa, Italy.

Died May 20, 1506 in Valladolid, Spain. Due to Arthritis.

Made 4 trips across the Atlantic ocean from Spain.

Columbus was looking to find a new route to Asia, but "discovered" the :New World" (The Americas).

By traveling to the Americas, Columbus encouraged others to travel across the Atlantic ocean and discover new things.

Columbus was awarded the title "Admiral of the Ocean Sea," in April 1492.

Since then there have been many books about his adventures across the Atlantic.

Which is why Columbus is such an important person in History.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus

https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/christopher-columbus

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Christopher Columbus | Biography, Nationality, Voyages, Ships, Route, & Facts

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Christopher Columbus, the intrepid Italian explorer, embarked on a historic voyage across the Atlantic in 1492 and opened up new horizons for European exploration and colonization.

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(Jane and Abby)

Eugenie Clark was a very important marine biologist.

She was born May 4th 1922 in New York City and learned to swim before age 2.

She died February 5th 2016 t lung cancer.

She did her last dive at age 92, the year before she died.

She contributed greatly to the knowledge of Sharks and other marine animals.

In 1989 she wrote a book on sharks called The Lady and the Sharks

She explored sharks and their behavior and taught about sharks in hopes of clearing their bad reputation.

Her greatest accomplishment was discovering that some sharks don't have to swim to breathe

Citation -

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The 'Shark Lady'

Dr. Eugenie Clark was a scientific pioneer who greatly contributed to people's knowledge of sharks and other fish, and who worked tirelessly to improve sharks' reputation in the public eye. Image courtesy of Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium.

Few women, let alone those of Japanese American descent, were working in the male-dominated field of marine biology shortly after World War II. Dr. Eugenie Clark changed all that. A scientific pioneer who greatly contributed to people's knowledge of sharks and other fish, Clark worked to improve sharks' reputation in the public eye. Perhaps more importantly, she challenged the stereotypes surrounding women in science by proving that women had much to contribute to the scientific community.

Early Life and Education

Born in New York City on May 4, 1922, Clark learned to swim before the age of two. She often credited her childhood visits to the New York Aquarium as fostering her passion for the aquatic world, together with her Japanese heritage and the central role of the sea in Japanese culture.

Working to pay her way through Hunter College in the early 1940s, Clark studied ichthyology, the branch of biology devoted to the study of fish. Following graduate research in the South Pacific, she took a job at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, California. Scripps is where she learned to scuba dive, a skill that Clark used continuously throughout her career in ocean research.

From 'Dr. Clark' to 'The Shark Lady'

In 1950, Clark earned her PhD from New York University with research on the live-bearing reproduction of platys and swordtail fish. Later that year, as a Fulbright Scholar, Clark conducted research in the virtually unexplored waters of the Red Sea from the Al-Ghardaqah Marine Biological Station in Egypt. Her memoir of her time there, Lady with a Spear (1953), was an international bestseller.

Clark discovered several fish species, among them Trichonotus nikii, a Red Sea sand diver named after her son Nikolas, and the Red Sea Moses sole ( Pardachirus marmoratus), which produces a natural shark repellent. Her passion, however, was studying sharks and dispelling myths and fears about them through education. It was Clark who discovered that some shark species do not have to swim continuously to breathe. Her work with "sleeping sharks" in Mexico was a tremendous advancement in the understanding of shark behavior and biology. Her efforts earned her the unofficial but widely used name of "the Shark Lady".

Clark's career, which spanned half a century, included work with the New York Zoological Society (now the Wildlife Conservation Society), the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. In 1955, she founded the Cape Haze Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Florida. Known today as Mote Marine Laboratory, its focus has expanded from shark research to include wild fisheries, coral reef restoration, marine mammals, marine biomedical research, and related fields.

In 1968, Dr. Clark joined the faculty of the University of Maryland, where she taught marine biology until her retirement in 1992. Clark lectured across the globe to promote greater understanding of sharks and the marine environment, and also wrote extensively for National Geographic and other publications.

A Lasting Legacy

Eugenie Clark made her last dive in June 2014. She died on February 25, 2015, at the age of 92. She leaves a legacy that will inform her fellow scientists and ocean lovers for generations to come. On March 16, 2015, the U.S. Congress posthumously honored and recognized Dr. Clark for her efforts to understand and preserve the ocean realm.

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Dr. Clark received numerous honors and awards during her long career, including a 1996 Emmy Award for her underwater films. In 1989, she was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame.

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american museum of natural history in new york

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national oceanic and atmospheric administration

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Few women, let alone those of Japanese American descent, were working in the male-dominated field of marine biology shortly after World War II. Dr. Eugenie Clark changed all that. A scientific pioneer who greatly contributed to people's knowledge of sharks and other fish, Clark worked to improve sharks' reputation in the public eye.

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Who? We decided to choose Rachel Carson.

When were they born? Rachel Carson was born May 27th, 1907

When did she die? She died in 1964 from breast cancer

Facts about her: She received a masters degree in zoology, wrote several popular books about aquatic life, received many medals from different places like American Geographical society, Audubon Society, and The American Academy of Arts and Letters

When was she most known: Rachel Carson was most known in the 1950s

Rachel was exploring the danger of pesticides while still doing fish and wild life services

Rachels biggest accomplishment for marine biology was being awarded the presidential medal of freedom of how pesticides affect eco systems and her book "The Sea Around us"

Citations

https://www.nps.gov/people/rachel-carson.htm#:~:text=“Rachel%20Carson%20Dies%20of%20Cancer,April%2015%2C%201964.

https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/rachel-carson-biologist-writer-role-model#:~:text=Rachel%20Carson's%20greatest%20achievement%20came,environment%20on%20an%20unprecedented%20scale.

https://www.fws.gov/staff-profile/rachel-carson-1907-1964-author-modern-environmental-movement#:~:text=In%20it%2C%20Carson%20documents%20in,introduction%20of%20DDT%20in%201945.

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/rachel-carson

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60 Years in Print

Silent Spring

Perhaps the finest nature writer of the Twentieth Century, Rachel Carson (1907-1964) is remembered more today as the woman who challenged the notion that humans could obtain mastery over nature by chemicals, bombs and space travel than for her studies of ocean life. Her sensational book Silent Spring (1962) warned of the dangers to all natural systems from the misuse of chemical pesticides such as DDT, and questioned the scope and direction of modern science, initiated the contemporary environmental movement.

Welcome to our website dedicated to the environmental teachings of Rachel Carson! Through my journey of writing and publishing the biography "Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature," I have delved deeply into the life and work of this incredible individual.

​Explore the life and work of Rachel Carson, one of the 20th century's most influential voices in literature and environmentalism. This website, based on the biography Witness for Nature, aims to educate readers about Carson's life, legacy, and the impact of her revolutionary text, Silent Spring.

Carson was a student of nature, a born ecologist before that science was defined, and a writer who found that the natural world gave her something to write about. Born in Springdale, Pennsylvania, upstream from the industrial behemoth of Pittsburgh, she became a marine scientist working for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Washington, DC, primarily as a writer and editor. She was always aware of the impact that humans had on the natural world. Her first book, Under the Sea-Wind (1941) was a gripping account of the interactions of a sea bird, a fish and an eel -- who shared life in the open seas. A canny scholar working in government during World War II, Carson took advantage of the latest scientific material for her next book, The Sea Around Us (1951) which was nothing short of a biography of the sea. It became an international best-seller, raised the consciousness of a generation, and made Rachel Carson the trusted public voice of science in America. The Edge of the Sea (1955) brought Carson's focus on the ecosystems of the eastern coast from Maine to Florida. All three books were physical explanations of life, all drenched with miracle of what happens to life in and near the sea.

In her books on the sea Carson wrote about geologic discoveries from submarine technology and underwater research -- of how islands were formed, how currents change and merge, how temperature affects sea life, and how erosion impacts not just shore lines but salinity, fish populations, and tiny micro-organisms. Even in the 1950's, Carson's ecological vision of the oceans shows her embrace of a larger environmental ethic which could lead to the sustainability of nature's interactive and interdependent systems. Climate change, rising sea-levels, melting Arctic glaciers, collapsing bird and animal populations, crumbling geological faults -- all are part of Carson's work. But how, she wondered, would the educated public be kept informed of these challenges to life itself? What was the public's "right to know"?

In her books on the sea Carson wrote about geologic discoveries from submarine technology and underwater research -- of how islands were formed, how currents change and merge, how temperature affects sea life, and how erosion impacts not just shore lines but salinity, fish populations, and tiny micro-organisms. Even in the 1950's, Carson's ecological vision of the oceans shows her embrace of a larger environmental ethic which could lead to the sustainability of nature's interactive and interdependent systems. Climate change, rising sea-levels, melting Arctic glaciers, collapsing bird and animal populations, crumbling geological faults -- all are part of Carson's work. But how, she wondered, would the educated public be kept informed of these challenges to life itself? What was the public's "right to know"?

Evidence of the widespread misuse of organic chemical pesticides government and industry after World War II prompted Carson to reluctantly speak out not just about the immediate threat to humans and non-human nature from unwitting chemical exposure, but also to question government and private science's assumption that human domination of nature was the correct course for the future. In Silent Spring Carson asked the hard questions about whether and why humans had the right to control nature; to decide who lives or dies, to poison or to destroy non-human life. In showing that all biological systems were dynamic and by urging the public to question authority, to ask "who speaks, and why"? Rachel Carson became a social revolutionary, and Silent Spring became the handbook for the future of all life on Earth.

Welcome to our special collection of pages dedicated to the life of Rachel Carson, an inspiring pioneer in the world of environmental science and conservation.

Journey through her remarkable life, from her early love for nature and writing to her groundbreaking research and advocacy that shaped the modern environmental movement.

Discover the enduring legacy of Rachel Carson, a pioneering environmentalist and author of the groundbreaking book, "Silent Spring." Explore how her courageous work ignited a global environmental movement, inspired generations of eco-activists, and led to significant policy changes that continue to shape our world today.

​Our comprehensive collection of resources will help you explore her groundbreaking research, literary works, and the numerous topics related to her life's work. Gain a deeper understanding of Carson's passion for the environment and her relentless pursuit of the truth, which ultimately led to a worldwide environmental movement. Join us in celebrating her remarkable contributions and learn how her legacy continues to inspire and shape our understanding of the natural world.

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RachelCarson.org - Perhaps the finest nature writer of the Twentieth Century, Rachel Carson (1907-1964) is remembered more today as the woman who challenged the notion that humans could obtain mastery over nature by chemicals, bombs and space travel than for her studies of ocean life.

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Robert Ballard- Bria & Gianni

-He was born in 1942, and is still living.

-He is an American oceanographer, explorer, geologist, and underwater archaeologist.

-He was born in Kansas and moved to San Diego as a kid.

-He went to college at UCSB.

-His first exploration was at the age of 17.

-In 1967 Ballard was called to active duty by the U.S. Army, he was assigned to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Research Institution in Massachusetts where he worked on underwater submersibles and helped develop the famous Alvin.

-In 1980 he helped develop small, unmanned submersibles that could be controlled by a tether from a surface ship.

-The alvin was later used to discover remains of the titanic on the ocean floor.The discovery of Titanic planted Ballard firmly in the pages of history.

-He also discovered other famous shipwrecks including the German battleship Bismarck and the passenger liner Lusitania.

-He also was part of an expedition that discovered active hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands.

-citation:

http://www.seasky.org/ocean-exploration/ocean-explorers-robert-ballard.html

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He was born around 1540-43 in England

In 1567 Drake and his Cousin made one of the first English slaving voyages

He was the eldest of 12 sons

He was an apprentice to a merchant who sailed coastal waters in England and France

Francis Drake died on January 28, 1596, at sea near Puerto Bello

He was the First Englishman to navigate the straights of Magellan

Queen Elizabeth I sent him to explore the Pacific coast of North and South America

He had five ships for his exploration

So after his expedition, he sailed through the Pacific through the Indian Ocean and around Cape of Good Hope and landed in Plymouth

He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was the second person to do it

Bigography.com/history-culture/francis-drake

britannica.com/biography/francis-Drake

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Marco polo was born in Venice, italy on September 15 1214. He died on January 8, 1324 in Venice. He sailed in the Mediterranean sea during 1271, and explored it for about three and a half years. He took this path to get to asia so he could write his book, "The Book of Travels." He also helped trade relations between Mongol and Republic of Venice. His greatest accomplishment for the Marine Biology community was he explored the Mediterranean and writing it in his book, on his way to china.

Citation: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marco-Polo

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James Cook is our ocean explorer we chose. He was born on October 27, 1728. He died February 14, 1779. He was an expert Map maker and specialized voyaging in the Pacific. James started his voyage when he was 40 years old. His first voyage was to the Pacific during 1768 - 1771. His goal was to establish an observatory at Tahiti in order to record the transit of Venus. His final voyage was to locate the Northwest passage. His greatest accomplishment was him successfully navigating Queensland's Great Barrier Reef.

https://www.nla.gov.au/collections/guide-selected-collections/james-cook-and-his-voyages

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James Cameron

Born August 16, 1954

He is still alive

He's known for his deep-ocean exploration where we would go to the deepest parts of the ocean and film movies. He also wrote multiple movies including Avatar, Terminator, and Titanic

One of his biggest explorations was when he dove in the Mariana trench in 2012. He became the first person to reach the 6.8 mile ocean trench on his own in 2012.

His greatest accomplishment in Marine Bio was his decent into the Mariana trench where he reached 7 miles below sea level. He got the explorers club medal for that.

-nature.2012.10332.pdf

-Filmmaker, Inventor, and Explorer: James Cameron --(nationalgeographic.org)

-James Cameron - IMDb