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The positive impact of 'social inclusion and non-discrimination' on the health of Myanmar refugees arriving in Australia

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The positive impact of 'social inclusion and non-discrimination' on the health of Myanmar refugees arriving in Australia

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Social inclusion and non-discrimination are the central of human rights laws, which require countries to promote social justice. Research shows that SDH accounts for 30-55% of health outcomes. Therefore, appropriate policies and social well-being can allow the SDH to impact the health of the immigrant and refugee populations positively.

Myanmar has a low national health status and an intentionally volatile situation, leading the migrants and refugees coming from there to have worse health conditions. The Australian Government’s Humanitarian Program and Special Humanitarian Program can somewhat improve the problem. For example, the Humanitarian Entrant Health Service provides free and holistic health assessment services for all Burmese refugees and humanitarian entrants in West Australia, which can improve their primary health status.

(Social Protection and Human Rights. (2021, October 23). Equality and non-discrimination. https://socialprotection-humanrights.org/framework/principles/equality-and-non-discrimination/

World Health Organization (WHO). (2019, May 30). Social determinants of health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health/building-the-evidence-for-action#tab=tab_1

Australian refugee health. (n.d.). Refugee patients in primary care. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/refugee-patients-in-primary-care/

WA Health, Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). Humanitarian entrant health service. https://www.health.wa.gov.au/Articles/F_I/Humanitarian-Entrant-Health-Service )

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Tuberculosis: One of the common health issues of immigrants and refugees coming from Myanmar   

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Tuberculosis: One of the common health issues of immigrants and refugees coming from Myanmar   

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TB and LTBI gradually become one of the common health issues of the migrants and refugees coming from Myanmar in Australia, which is based on the TB disease burden in Myanmar. From 2020 to 2022, the number of under-diagnosed TB cases in Myanmar alone is expected to be 1,700,000. This has led to LTBI being common among immigrants and refugees from Myanmar.

After ruling out active tuberculosis, it is recommended that all migrants and refugees from Myanmar aged ≤35 years be screened within the first month of arrival in Australia (e.g. TST or IGRA), and conduct tuberculosis screening programs for different age groups of children. To avoid the spread of TB and limit the number of TB cases and deaths.

(World Health Organization (WHO). (2023, February 27). How Myanmar achieved the 2020 milestone of reducing TB disease burden. https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/feature-stories/detail/how-myanmar-achieved-the-2020-milestone-of-reducing-TB-disease-burden

Australian refugee health. (n.d.). Tuberculosis (TB & LTBI). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/tuberculosis-tb/

WHO SEARO/WHO Myanmar (August 2023). P ublic Health Situation Analysis (PHSA) - Myanmar, August 2023 Public Health Situation Analysis - PHSA - Myanmar, August 2023 (who.int) )

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For me, the most significant learning of competency standard 1.2 arose from understanding trauma-informed care. I have enriched my understanding of the importance of clinicians by thoroughly understanding patient backgrounds to provide tailored care for diverse communities.

Having learned the principles of trauma-informed care, I now realise the benefits of trauma-informed care. This knowledge will be important to me in the workplace because it can help me adjust my approach and provide more humanistic healthcare to my patients. Because I have not yet known precisely how to avoid re-victimising patients when addressing their trauma. I will now need to gain a deeper understanding of practising trauma-informed care.

Subsequently, I realised that the migrant and refugee populations treated inappropriately often develop more serious mental issues. Alternatively, this is perhaps related to the stress of resettlement and acculturation they might undertake.

(MIGRANT & REFUGEE WOMEN’S HEALTH PARTNERSHIP. Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds.

Trauma-Informed Care Implementation Resource Center. (2022, July 7). What is trauma-informed care? https://www.traumainformedcare.chcs.org/what-is-trauma-informed-care/ )

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In Myanmar, traditional medical systems are intensely used for health care. Burmese still profoundly depended on traditional herbal medicine for health care. Here are several typical conventional medicinal plants used in Myanmar.

Tinospora sinensis (Menispermaceae), is called Sin-don-Manwe in Burmese. T. sinensis is a famous medicinal plant that is typically used in Myanmar. Its roots and stems treat ailments such as diabetes, hypertension, and indigestion.

(Kyaw, Y. M., Bi, Y., Oo, T. N., & Yang, X. (2021). Traditional medicinal plants used by the MON people in Myanmar. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 265, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113253)

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prunus cerasoides bark (Prunus cerasoides. (2011, March 25). eFlora of India – Database of Plants of Indian Subcontinent. https://efloraofindia.com/2011/03/25/prunus-cerasoides/)

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Prunus cerasoides (Rosaceae) is widely used by local people, who scrape off its bark and boil it to treat diarrhea and edema.

(Ong, H. G., Ling, S. M., Win, T. T., Kang, D., Lee, J., & Kim, Y. (2018). Ethnobotany of wild medicinal plants used by the Müün ethnic people: A quantitative survey in southern Chin State, Myanmar. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 13, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2017.09.006)

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Women wearing longyi (TUTA. (n.d.). Longyi rhythm in Myanmar. Luxury South East Asia Tours & Guided Asia Tour Packages - Exotic Voyages. https://www.exoticvoyages.com/blog/myanmar-land-of-longyi-rhythm-34152.html)

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Longyi: Traditional Burmese clothing (2)

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Longyi: Traditional Burmese clothing (2)

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Longyi: Traditional Burmese clothing (1)

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Longyi: Traditional Burmese clothing (1)

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Longyi is a kind of cloth which is widely used in Myanmar. Usually, it is about 2 meters long and 80 centimeters wide. Locals often wrap it into a cylindrical skirt and wear it as a lower garment.

In Myanmar, women’s Longyi is called “Htamein”, usually worn with “Thummy”, a local loose shirt. Men’s Longyi is called “Pahso”, traditionally worn with “Taipon”, a traditional top. But now people prefer to match it with a comfortable shirt.

Longyi can be worn in different ways for various occasions. For example, the style for weddings typically differs from the one used for work.

(Longyi. (2024, February 7). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longyi

Admin. (2019, June 21). All there is to Longyi. Ministry of Hotels & Tourism Myanmar. https://tourism.gov.mm/vn/all-there-is-to-longyi/ )

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Thingyan, known as the Myanmar Water Festival, is one of Myanmar's most essential and famous festivals. The word" Thingyan" comes from the Sanskrit word "Thin Ka Ran", which means "change" in English. Therefore, Thingyan implies the change of the old year to the new year. That's why Burmese people treat Thingyan as the New Year Festival of Myanmar.

Thingyan begins in the middle of April. During this festival, people of all ages and genders will enjoy the water fights and make each other wet by using a bucket or water gun, which means washing away the misfortune and sin of the previous year.

(The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Information. Thingyan: The festival of goodwill and loving-kindness. https://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:rng/article/3191

Dr Than Lwin Tun. (2024, April 9). The Significance of Myanmar Water Festival. MYANMAR DigitalNews. https://www.mdn.gov.mm/en/significance-myanmar-water-festival )

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Mohinga with dough sticks （Tiffany. (2017, June 1). How to make classic Mohinga, a beloved Burmese noodle soup. Food Republic. https://www.foodrepublic.com/recipes/make-classic-mohinga/）

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Mohinga, called Mont Hin Gar in Burmese, is a regular breakfast dish made with rice noodles in Myanmar. It can be called an all-day breakfast in many cities and towns. Because of its wide spread, mohinga is famous as Myanmar's national dish.

The main ingredients of mohinga are rice noodles, garlic, onions or chives, lemongrass, ginger, fish paste, and catfish. This rice noodle soup with rich broth is usually served with fried dough sticks, chickpeas, boiled eggs, and fried fish cakes.

(Mohinga. (2024, June 24). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohinga)