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Write an essay on the importance of the proper handling and use of a compound light microscope. Follow the format: introduction, body, and conclusion. 

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Proper handling and Use of Compound Light Microscope

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Proper handling and Use of Compound Light Microscope

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Kindly read page 74-75 and write and essay about it. (20 points)

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Kindly click the video link in the comment section

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Write three things you learned from a video, with at least five sentences each.

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Kindly click the video link in the comment section.

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Write three things you learned from a video, with at least five sentences each.

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As the guy mentioned, cellular respiration is the process by which an organism or organisms, such as a plant and algae, converts the macromolecules that it consumes, such as glucose, carbon dioxide, and water, it will become ATP, or energy. There are three major process, the first being glycolysis, where glucose is broken down and converted into energy, the second being the Krebs Cycle, which releases energy by breaking down nutrients and the third being the electron transport chain, a series of protein complexes that transfers electrons into cytosol; a fluid that is rich in enzymes.

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Proper Handling and Use of a Compound Light Microscope

Introduction:

A compound light microscope is a vital tool for observing tiny objects that cannot be seen with a naked humab eye, like cells and microorganisms. Proper handling and use are essential to ensure accurate results and maintain the microscope's condition.

When handling the microscope, always carry it with both hands, one on the arm and the other supporting the base. Place it on a stable surface, and position it somewhere safe and it has to be away from the edge, to prevent accidents. During use, adjust the light source and diaphragm to control brightness for clear viewing. Begin with the low-power objective lens and focus using the coarse adjustment knob, followed by fine-tuning with the fine adjustment knob. When using the high-power lens, only use the fine knob to avoid damage. After use, clean the lenses and store the microscope properly

Conclusion:

By following these step, the microscope can be used effectively and safely. Proper handling ensures accurate observation while preserving the microscope for future usage, making it a reliable tool for exploring the microscopic world

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For today we will be talking about the PROPER HANDLING AND USE OF A COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE, but before that what is a compound light microscope? A compound light microscope is a type of microscope that uses light and lenses to see and observe small objects or specimens, but on using and handling it we have to follow these steps,

1. When carrying a microscope you have to use both of your hands, the other holding the base and the other holding the arm, you have to follow this step because microscopes are fragile and quite expensive

1. Make sure that when you are gonna place the microscope on a table, always put it  at least 5 centimetres away from the sides/edges of the table to prevent it from falling

1. Make sure to check what is the light source of the microscope , because it either has a lamp that you need to plug in or  a mirror , fix the mirror so that the light source so that you can see the specimen more clearly , and make sure to avoid using direct sunlight to prevent it from damaging your eyes

1. Always adjust the nose piece so that you can see the object better

1. Before putting the specimen in , prepare a slide for the specimen to be in , and for it not to move use the stage clips to secure it in place

1. When you are gonna adjust the light do turn the mirror to adjust how much light you want , and make sure to look at the eye piece while doing so

1. To raise the stage ,slowly rotate the coarse adjustment knob make sure to raise the stage so that the objective lens is centimetres from touching the slide

1. When you look through the eye piece and see that the object is too close to the lenses to the point that you cant see it clearly, all you have to do is to rotate the coarse adjustment knob slowly to lower the stage and when it is now focused on the image ,you have to make it have a sharp focus , to do that all you need to do is to turn the fine adjustment knob

1. Now that the image is now clear to your vision , switch your lens to a high power lens , but once you switched it to a high power lens  NEVER use the coarse adjustment knob  while using the lens ,instead use the fine adjustment knob to focus it to the image

1. Now the last and final step , is that after you use the microscope , carefully remove the slide ,and gently clean the objective lens and the eye piece so that it is clean until your next use and final step is to put it back to the storage area care fully , use step number 1 when getting and putting  it back

And that is all for this essay if i have learned some thing from this is probably that microscopes are expensive just kidding but jokes aside make sure to handle microscopes really carefully and gentle

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1.As the guys mentioned, Solid to liquid is called

MELTING, Liquid to Solid is called FREEZING. Meanwhile,Liquid to Gas is called BOILING, Gas to Liquid is called CONDENSING.Lastly, Gas to Solid is called DEPOSTION, Solid to Gas is called

SUBLIMATION. Liquid have a vapor pressure,

If some particles will continues to evaporate, and the temperature is raised. Liquid will reach its boiling point, with a high temperature, gas or bubbles of gas will be formed.

2.The Boiling point of a liquid is measured as

1atm (atmosphere).

Low atmosphere = low boiling point,this means that when the atmosphere decreased, the boiling point also decreased.

Freezing point is a substance when a liquid turns into a solid. In addition, The Melting point is a substance when a solid turns into a liquid.

This happens when a liquid is on a low temperature like a refrigerator, or a solid is on a high temperature like a oven.

3.phase diagram is a visual representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas of a substance and how these phases change with varying temperature and pressure.

The triple points represents all the phrases, the liquid solid and gas. The solid form, is less dense than the liquid form. That's why the line in the phase diagram for water and ice slance up and left.Meanwhile, for carbon dioxide, the liquid is less dence than the solid form, thats why the line between them is up and right.

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Hiroshi B. Kondo Gr8- jerusalem

Answers at: November 18 2024 10:56 am

1.Boiling point- I learned that any liquid will have a VAPOR PRESSURE. Vapor pressure, whereas the particle of the liquid will evaporate as the temperature rises. And as the temperature is raised, the liquid will react it's booking point. And when it reaches the boiling point, bubbles of gas will form and goes up to the air, and when that gas hits a SOLID SURFACE, it'll turn back into it's liquid form. I already tried this when I was sturing a hot/boiling soup, when I place my hand on top of it, when I touched my hand it was wet.

2.Melting point & freezing point- I learned that the freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which liquid turns to crystaline solid/ice. And the melting point of a crystaline solid/ice is the temperature at which a crystaline solid melts. For example, I placed an ice cube on a hot surface, and after leaving it for

5-10 mins we can see that the ice isn't a cube anymore, and under it we can also see a little puddle of water (it depends if the surface is hot or warm). If the surface is hot, the water will evaporate, and if the surface is warm, the water can still be seen. And for freezing, if you put a cup of water in a freezer and leave it for 1-2hrs (depends on how cold the freezer is), when you check the cup of water, actually its not a cup of water anymore, it's ice.

3.phase change- I learned that the energy exchange during the melting and boiling point is called the heat of fusion, and the heat of vaporization. Phase diagram shows what phase a substance will be in at a particular temperature and pressure. For watewater, if the pressure is lowered, water would sublimate, as the the temperature increases instead of melting. On a phase diagram, LINES represent EQUILIBRIUM between 2 phases. And the TRIPLE POINT represents an EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN ALL 3.

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The Steps and Processes of Cellular Respiration

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The Steps and Processes of Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration is the process where our body breaks down the micromlecules we had consumed such as Glucose, transforming it into ATP. ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate is and energy molecule and is the source of energy of all living beings. Cellular Respiration has 3 steps to produce ATP Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain or the Oxidative Phosphorylation. Glycolysis combines the Glucose with 2 ATP which makes 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate molecule which makes 2 more of NADH and 2 Acetyl CoA which is then used for the 2nd step the Krebs Cycle. The Krebs cycle uses the 2 Acetyl CoA acquired from the Glycolysis to make 3 NADH, 1 FADH² and 1 ATP, the Krebs Cycle happens two times because it uses 2 Acetyl CoA, which means it made 6 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH². Now the Electron Transport Chain uses all the NADH and FADH² and converts them into ATP.

Now I summarized the entire process of Cellular Respiration but now I will add more details to each step of Cellular Respiration starting with the first 2 which are Glycolysis, and Krebs Cycle. Now as I said, Glycolysis combines the Glucose that we had consumed with ATP which makes 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate molcule, also because we used 2 ATP in the process, the actual net production of ATP in the Glycolysis is only 2. Now, remember the 2 Pyruvate molecules? Those 2 goes through the process of oxidation which makes 2 more NADH and 2 Acetyl CoA which will be used in the 2nd the Krebs Cycle. Now the Krebs Cycle uses those two 2 Acetyl CoA and turns each of them into 3 NADH, 2 FADH², 2 ATP. Now since the Krebs Cycle happens two times the net production of ATP is 2.

The final step of Cellular respiration is the Elwctron Transport Chain of ETC. Now the ETC uses all the NADH and FADH² we got from the past steps, and using hydrogen ions to turn the into ATPs. This step may seem a little complex but as the video said just of this whole process as a huge water dam, the water is kur hydrogen ions, and the pump used to transform NADH and FADH² is the ATP synthase. I would like to point out that 1 NADH js equal to 2.5 ATP while 1 FADH² is equal to 1.5 ATP. And that is all the steps of Cellular Respiration.

Now that we had finished all the steps let us calculate how many ATPs we obatained.

10 NADH(2 from Glyclysis, 2 from pyruvate oxidation, and 6 from Krebs cycle) which is equal to 25.

2 FADH²(From the Krebs Cycle) which is equal to 3 ATPs

And lastly 4 ATPs(2 from Glycolysis, and 2 from Krebs Cycle)

In total we have 32 ATPs from one glucose molecule.

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Importance of proper handling and use of a Compound Light Microscope 

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Importance of proper handling and use of a Compound Light Microscope 

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Why do we need to handle the Compound Light Microscope and what are the importance of it ?

A Compound Light Microscope is a high - powered microscope that uses multiple lenses to magnifying small objects & microorganisms that cant be seen with the native eye

Why is it important to use the proper handling and use of a Compound Light Microscope. Maintaining safety of the people who use it because if you mis handling is a possible way to drop and hurt & injury your body. Carrying and placing the Microscope use your both hands in placing or carrying it one at the base and one at the arm in placing it hold it carefully and put it on a flat surface that you know that it won't fall that why its important to hold it and keep it in good hands

Always remember to use the proper ways to handle and use of a Compound Light Microscope to lead you onto safety

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(Note: This might have misspelled words, grammatical and typographical errors.)

In the video it mentioned the 6 changes of matter, that if it is solid to liquid it is called MELTING, and liquid to solid is called FREEZING. Next, liquid to gas is called BOILING, while gas to liquid is called CONDENSATION. Lastly, if it is solid to gas it is called SUBLIMATION, and gas to solid is called DEPOSITION.

Any liquid will have a vapor pressure, if some particles are evaporating and as the temperature is raised the liquid will reached its boiling point, and at this temperature we are going into the gas phase. I also remembered, that the normal boiling point of a liquid is measured at 1 atmosphere or pressure.

The freezing point, which a liquid turns into a crystalline solid or solid. For example, I placed a melted chocolate in the freezer and after an hour, the chocolate is now frozen, well it is because of how cold the temperature of the freezer. In melting point, the crystalline solid or solid turns into liquid. For example, I left an ice cube outside our house for a minute, we can say that the ice cube turned into a liquid, because of the heat of sun. They do both have the same temperature, but they processes in opposite directions.

It is also indicated in the video, that the heat of FUSION and the heat of VAPORIZATION means that it is the energy exchanged during melting and boiling point. In the phase diagrams, it shows what phase a substance will be in at a particular PRESSURE and TEMPERATURE. In water, the line between solid and liquid slants UP and LEFT, because solid form is less dense than liquid form. And, for carbon dioxide, the line slants UP and RIGHT, because the liquid form is less dense. Lastly, the surprising thing that is mentioned in the video is that at the atmospheric pressure the carbon dioxide is NEVER a liquid. That’s all! ❤

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Cellular Respiration is the process where the cells in our body breaks down macromolecules to produce ATP. ATP is the source of energy it is used for storage at a cellular level. There are three main steps into cellular respiration, namely Glycolysis, The Kreb's Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain (AKA Oxidative phosphorylation). Glycolysis takes places in the cytosol, but first glucose is a high energy molecule and glycolysis is the one that starts the process of extracting that energy from the glucose material. In Glycolysis is requires the input of a Glucose plus 2 ATP molecules, which puts it at 4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate. The 2 pyruvate undergo oxidation to produce two acetyl-COA and also producing 2 more NAPH. The 2 acetyl-COA will now go to the next process which is the kreb's cycle. These two, the kreb's cycle and the pyruvate oxidation both takes place in the mitochondria, mitochondria it the powerhouse of the cell. Each one of the acetyl-COA that was produced now goes through the kreb's cycle separately and they produced 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP. The total production that we got from the kreb's cycle would be 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2ATP. The final step which is the oxidative phosphorylation and the Electric Transport Chain(in short ETC), also takes place in the mitochondria. This last step utilizes the NADH and thr FADH2 to create a concentration of hydrogen ions on one side of the membrane. For each NADH, we get 2.5 ATP and for each FADH2, we get 1.5 ATP. For the total of a single glucose we have 10 NADH = 25 ATP and 2 FADH2 which gives us 3 ATP, 2 more ATP from Glycolysis and another 2 from the kreb's cycle, for a total of 32 ATP from a single glucose molecule.

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Proper use and handling of a compound microscope

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Proper use and handling of a compound microscope

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The use of a compound microscope is to allow you to see incredibly small microorganism which cannot be seen with the naked eye it also allows Reaseachers to study animal and plat cells and the properway to handle a compound light microscope is by using one hand to hold the base and the other to hold the arm of the microscope. In the handling of a microsoft it is important to clean a microscope with lens paper and not any cloth as it could cause scratches to the lens making it harder to see. You should always store microscope properly if not stored properly it may cause damage to the microscope.

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For today we will be talking about the PROPER HANDLING AND USE OF A COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE, but before that what is a compound light microscope? A compound light microscope is a type of microscope that uses light and lenses to see and observe small objects or specimens, but on using and handling it we have to follow these steps,

When carrying a microscope you have to use both of your hands, the other holding the base and the other holding the arm, you have to follow this step because microscopes are fragile and quite expensive

Make sure that when you are gonna place the microscope on a table, always put it  at least 5 centimetres away from the sides/edges of the table to prevent it from falling

Make sure to check what is the light source of the microscope , because it either has a lamp that you need to plug in or  a mirror , fix the mirror so that the light source so that you can see the specimen more clearly , and make sure to avoid using direct sunlight to prevent it from damaging your eyes

Always adjust the nose piece so that you can see the object better

Before putting the specimen in , prepare a slide for the specimen to be in , and for it not to move use the stage clips to secure it in place

When you are gonna adjust the light do turn the mirror to adjust how much light you want , and make sure to look at the eye piece while doing so

To raise the stage ,slowly rotate the coarse adjustment knob make sure to raise the stage so that the objective lens is centimetres from touching the slide

When you look through the eye piece and see that the object is too close to the lenses to the point that you cant see it clearly, all you have to do is to rotate the coarse adjustment knob slowly to lower the stage and when it is now focused on the image ,you have to make it have a sharp focus , to do that all you need to do is to turn the fine adjustment knob

Now that the image is now clear to your vision , switch your lens to a high power lens , but once you switched it to a high power lens  NEVER use the coarse adjustment knob  while using the lens ,instead use the fine adjustment knob to focus it to the image

Now the last and final step , is that after you use the microscope , carefully remove the slide ,and gently clean the objective lens and the eye piece so that it is clean until your next use and final step is to put it back to the storage area care fully , use step number 1 when getting and putting  it back

And that is all for this essay if i have learned some thing from this is probably that microscopes are expensive just kidding but jokes aside make sure to handle microscopes really carefully and gentle

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The proper way of both handling and using a Compound Light Microscope

First of all, what is a Compound Light Microscope? A compound light microscope is a scientific equipment used to view the smaller parts of the taken specimen that can not be seen with the naked eye. It is commonly used to view the cells of a living object.

The proper way of handling a Compound Light Microscope

First, gently lift up the microscope with two hands, one hand holding the arm, and one hand holding the base of the microscope.

Second, slowly walk over to the desired table and put it a few centimeters away from the edge of the table.

The proper way of using a Compound Light Microscope

After putting the microscope on the table, get a microscope-slide and gently put the specimen on the stage. After placing the specimen on the stage, gently place the the slide near the stage clip and clip the stage. After securing the specimen on the slide, view whether the microscope has an attached lamp to the mirror, if not, get a source of light with a flashlight or a flashlight from your phone, and directly point the light into the mirror. !! It needs to be a DIRECT SOURCE OF LIGHT, if not, you will not be able to see the specimen being viewed !!

Once done, view through the eyepiece to check the adjustments needed, starting with the nosepiece, adjust it so that the low-power objective can be aligned with the microscope tube. Once done, check through the eyepiece again to see if it is needed to adjust the objective lenses. If not, proceed to the next part. Position the stage nearly or at eye level. To do that, gently turn the coarse adjustment knob in order to raise the stage, make sure to keep raising it until it is nearly touching the slide/specimen. Again, view through the eyepiece to look for more adjustments. If it is not in focus, slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob to make the stage lower. When the specimen being viewed is perfectly centered with your vision in the eyepiece, switch to the high-power objective lens if needed. If the high-power objective lens is being used, use the fine adjustment knob to focus on the image being viewed. !! Never use the COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB when using the high-power objective lens !! When you are done using the microscope, gently lift up the clip and remove the slide with the specimen. Clean both the eyepiece and objective lenses with lens paper. Once done, slowly lift the microscope up with both hands on the arm and base of the microscope, and place it gently in the storage area where it is placed or anywhere safe.

This is my understanding of how to properly use and handle a compound light microscope.

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What is the proper handling and use of compound light microscope?, A compound light microscope is a vital tool that usually scientist uses to see a specimen it helps to observe and see the specimen that cannot be seen with human naked eye. What are the following steps of a proper handling of a microscope?, Here are the following steps you need to follow.

1. Firstly how to carry the compound light microscope to your designated table?, Gently carry it using both of ur hands one for the arm and one for the base. And now you’re gonna place it on you’re designated table gently and you are gonna make sure it is 5 centimeters away from the edge of the table or u will take a risk of damaging the microscope, and the parts of the microscope are very expensive so take care!

Whats the Proper Use of Compound Light Microscope?

Here are the following steps.

1. Firstly clean both of the lenses the eyepiece, how to clean it?, gently wipe the lenses using lens paper both of the lenses the objective and the eyepiece lens.

2. Make sure that the light source is on and is adjusted to a proper brightness.

3. And last but not the least!, make sure it it 100% clean and there is no any debris left.

4. Now were gonna mount the specimen, how to mount the specimen on the slide properly?,were gonna place the specimen on a clean glass slide and we are gonna cover it with a coverslip.

5. And now were gonna secure the slide, how to secure the slide?, We can secure it by placing the slide on the stage, and were gonna use stage clips so that it holds in its place.

6. And now were so close to the exciting part, the exciting part is when we are gonna take a look of the specimen!,but now we will follow the steps,Were now gonna focus the microscope, How to focus a microscope?, We should start by beginning with the lowest power objective lens which is 4x or 10x (LPO)

7. And now were gonna use the coarse adjustment knobs, what is the coarse adjustment knobs use for? It is to bring focus to the specimen.

8. And now were gonna use a higher magnification, Once we see the clear image of the specimen we are now gonna switch to a higher power objective lens 40x or 100x

9. And now were gonna use the fine adjustment knobs!, what is fine adjustment knobs use for?, it is actually similar to coarse adjustment knobs it is to sharpen the focus. We use the course adjustment knobs for lower power objective lens, and we use fine adjustment knobs for a higher power objective lens.

10. And now were on the exciting part!, Viewing the specimen!, How to view it?, firstly adjust the light were gonna use the diaphgram or the condenser, so that we can control the amount of light that reaches the specimen.

11. Now were gonna position the specimen, how to position the specimen?, were gonna carefully move the slide using the stage controls so that we can position the desired area of the specimen.

12. Now this is the fun part!, were gonna observe the specimen,how to observe a specimen?,Were gonna examine the specimen carefully,Were gonna take notes of any details of features, we can also take a picture so that we can document our observation.

13. And lastly were gonna clean our microscope again!, after we finish our observations, were now gonna lower the stage to its lowest position, and were gonna remove the slide carefully from the stage. And lastly were gonna cleans the lenses again with the lens paper, and were gonna store the microscope in a clean area or a dust-free-environment.

By following these steps we can make sure that our compound light microscope is very clean and always safe, we should take care of it always because it is so expensive just kidding!

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Proper Handling and Use of a Compound Light Microscope

Firstly, what is a compound light microscope? A compound light microscope Is a microscope that has three various lenses used to look at microorganisms and specimens that cannot be seen by the human eye. How do we use this microscope exactly? That's a great question! There's 10 steps to using this microscope

Step 1→Carry the microscope carefully and safely, find a safe surface like a table for an example and ensure that the other hand is placed at the arm of the microscope while it is being carried.

Step 2→ Place it down and avoid putting it near the edge of the table to avoid and prevent any damage or accidents.

Step 3→ Check and examine the light source of the microscope if it needs an attached lamp that needs plugging or if it prefers natural light instead, if your microscope has a mirror avoid direct sunlight immediately to avoid any cause of eye damage.

Step 4→Adjust the revolving nosepiece to make the low-powered objective is aligned with the body tube of the microscope.

Step 5→Place the slide that has the specimen on it on the opening of the stage, use stage clips to secure it and that it doesn't move around while viewing it through the eyepiece.

Step 6→ Look through the eyepiece to view the specimen and adjust the amount of light that you prefer by fine-tuning the diaphragm.

Step 7→Position the stage of the microscope to eye level and raise the stage by carefully turning the coarse adjustment knob and make sure that the objective lens is almost nearly touching the slide with the specimen in it.

Step 8→While viewing the specimen through the eyepiece, focus the imagery by lowering the stage by adjusting the coarse adjustment knob until the image is more clear and focused, to get a sharp focus on the specimen, Fine tune the focus by adjusting and using the fine adjustment knob and keep both eyes open while viewing the specimen.

Step 9→once that the specimen is more clear and focused now on your viewing switch to the high-powered objective lens. To focus it, use the fine adjustment knob and never ever use the coarse adjustment knob while operating the high-powered objective lens.

Step 10→ When done with the usage of microscope carefully remove the slide with the specimen and clean the objective lenses and eyepiece and put it back where it came from.

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SCIENCE 7 PROPER HANDLING AND USE OF A COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

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SCIENCE 7 PROPER HANDLING AND USE OF A COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

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Proper Handling and Use of a Compound Light Microscope

Zhyra Denisse P. Fabian

7-Bethlehem

How do we handle properly a microscope? In todays lesson we will talk about the proper handling and use of a compound microscope, but first what's a compound light microscope?

Compound light microscope-Is used to incredibly see things that cannot be seen with a naked eye, it uses many lenses to magnify small objects or microorganisms!

How do we properly carry a compound light microscope? By carrying it properly let us follow these steps!:

When carrying a microscope, we have to carry it PROPERLY by using our both hands one for supporting the base and one for holding the arm, we should place the microscope on a table CAREFULLY and it should be at least 5 centimeters away from the edge of the table. We should also examine the light source of the microscope, if your microscope has a mirror avoid using direct sunlight to prevent damaging your eyes. Adjust the revolving eyepiece so that the low power objective is aligned with the body tube, and we should place a PREPARED slide over the opening stage and make sure its SECURE in position using the stage clips. Look through the eyepiece and adjust the amount of light. Position the stage at eye level, turn the course adjustment SLOWLY. While looking at the eyepiece, turn the course adjustment knob to lower the stage until the image comes into focus, switch to the high power lens, and use the fine objective knob to focus. And lastly if your done using the microscope, remove the slide and clean the eyepiece and objective with lens and return the microscope to its proper area and make sure to ALWAYS BE CAREFUL because microscope are expensive and fragile!

And those are some reasons on how to properly use a compound microscope there are more proper ways to use but we should always remember that we should aways be careful while using it. By doing these steps, we can make sure we are using a microscope properly.

And that is all about I want to say at this essay thank you Teacher Jolina! :)

(pa check nalang po baka po may namisspell and wrong grammar!)

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From what i learned while watching the video is that it’s possible for matter to transform directly between of the three phases we know. Melting and freezing which go between to solids and liquids. Condensing and boiling is an example that goes through gas and liquid. Any liquid will have a vapor pressure as some particles will evaporate and as the temperature rises the liquid will eventually reach its boiling point. at this temperature bubbles of gas will form withing the liquid as opposed to only molecules of liquid-gas interface going into the gas phase.

The freezing point of a substance is the temperature with a liquid turns to solid, the melting point is the temperature at which a crystalline solid melts. For example, when you heat a sample of ice it will melt and then boil. On the diagram in the video, the flat sections represent the phase changes. In these sections, the temperature doesn’t rise because the heat energy added is going towards disrupting the lattice energy of ice or overwhelming the hydrogen bonds occurring in liquid water. Phase diagrams show what phase a substance will be in at a particular temperature and pressure.

The energy exchanged during melting and boiling is called the heat of fusion and the heat of vaporization. The phase change is denoted by these subscripts telling us when water is considered solid, liquid, or gas. This is the energy needed per mole of water to cause the phase change. This is specific to water because every compound has a different lattice energy in the solid phase and makes intermolecular contacts of differing strengths in the liquid phase. In the phase diagrams, for water we can see the phases we would expect at the atmospheric pressure.

(this may contain grammatical errors and typos)

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Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP and carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Glycolysis

The process of splitting or breaking down sugar molecules and it can happen with or without oxygen. One molecule of glucose combines with a phosphate group and then undergoes of conversions until it is converted into two. Glucose + 2ATP = 4ATP, 2NADH, 2pyruvate.

Krebs cycle

Nonprotein subtances often containg a vitamin or a mineral that initiate or aid the function of enzymes. Total krebs production 6NADH, 2FADH2,2ATP.

The electron transport chain

a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from donors to acceptors. the energy for ATP synthesis is derived from the oxidation of NADH and FADH. As they follow within the electron transport chain in the mitochondria in eukaryotic and in the plasma membrane in the prokaryotes

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The subject of this essay is the proper usage and handling of a microscope

Before explaining how to properly use a microscope I will give a small explanation of what a microscope is:

A microscope is a tool used to magnify small objects as well as to be able to see specimens in much more detail like being able to see bacteria, cells and as well as organelles. A microscope should also be handled with care.

Say you’ve already placed the microscope on your desired surface or workspace, make sure that the surface is clean and flat surface to lessen the chances of any problems whilst using the microscope

After putting a cover slip over the specimen, clip it onto the mechanical stage clips. When finished readying the specimen you are going to move your gaze to the sub-stage condenser, make sure you have proper lighting and of course a light source to shine onto the sub-stage condenser to be able to see the specimen properly

With that finished, start off with the weakest power of the objective lenses whilst you center the specimen by using the course or fine adjustment knobs preferably the course adjustment knob

Look through the eyepiece and use the fine adjustment knob to focus onto the specimen, you can now rotate the nosepiece to be able to magnify the specimen, the different objective lenses being:

LPO: 10x

HPO: 40x

OIO: 100x

4x

Now that has been explained

after the usage of the microscope, one should put it away properly

Unclip the slide and clean the lens with gauze as well as well as wipe away any oil

Put the magnifying strength back to the lowest level and return the stage to its original level. Cover the microscope to lessen the chances of any dust accumulating on it

Or you can place it back into it’s original box and place it on a shelf, keep the microscope in a dry and cool place

A microscope is a very expensive as well as delicate laboratory apparatus, so it is important to be as careful with a microscope. It would be troublesome to break one and having to pay for a new one if it belongs to a school

thank you for reading my essay, apologies for any misspellings or if I’ve typed any wrong instructions or information

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Proper handling and use of a compound light microscope 

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Proper handling and use of a compound light microscope 

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Maria Candice P. Meneses

7-Bethlehem Science

Use a compound light microscope only if you really need to look at things that are very small and cannot be seen. Carry it carefully by holding it with both hands, one hand on the base and the other on the arm. Before viewing your sample, the microscope needs to be placed on a stable surface, and your light source needs to be adjusted so that everything can come out clear. When focusing, always use low power objective, and with the help of coarse and fine adjustment knobs acquire a high quality image. And after use, clean lenses using lens paper so that it would be safe and ready for next use.

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Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products. Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is and organic compound the body can use for energy. Cellular respiration has 3 main steps: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport chain.

Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms, it is also called "sugar-splitting". During this process, glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, energy released during the process is captured by the energy-carrying molecule.

It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Aerobic organisms are in need of oxygen while anaerobic has no need of oxygen at all. Moving on to Krebs cycle, also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a chain of reactions occuring in the mitochondria, it uses oxygen and gives out water and carbon dioxide as products. It is an aerobic biodegradation process.

Lastly is the electron transport chain, it is the process that begins with moving electrons through a series of electron transporters that undergo redox reactions. It is also an aerobic respiration and is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses atmospheric oxygen. It creates an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named 'oxidative phosphorylation'. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and in chloroplasts for photosynthesis. The electrons come from breaking down organic molecules, and energy is released.

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Now were talking about "proper handling compound light microscope"

How to to hold properly the microscope? And how to keep safe our microscope and avoid from dirt's by this our microscope avoid to broke

To properly handle a compound light microscope, always carry it by the base and arm to prevent damage. Keep the lens clean by using lens paper and avoid touching the glass surfaces. Start with the lowest magnification and adjust focus slowly. When storing, cover the microscope to protect it from dust and ensure it's placed in a safe, stable location.

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Today we are Talking About Proper Handling and use Of a Compound Microscope.

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Today we are Talking About Proper Handling and use Of a Compound Microscope.

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FIRST what is the use of a Compound Light Microscope.A compound Light Microscope is used to Magnify Or see Small objects or Specimen that not visible or we Can't see on our naked eye.

In Proper Handling a Microscope, these are things you can do.

CARRYING THE MICROSCOPE Always Use both hands to carry the Microscope,one hand holding The arm of the microscope, while the other hand is supporting the base.

PLACING THE MICROSCOPE

Place the Microscope on a flat,stable surface.Ensure it is far enough from the edge to avoid it Falling And breaking.

Examine the Light Source of the Microscope, whether it has an attached lamp that requires plugging in or relies on natural light.Look Through the eyepiece.adjust the amount of light by the fine.Position the stage at the eye level,so you can see the specimen right.

While Looking through the eyepiece, turn the coarse adjustment knob to lower the stage until the image comes into focus,Just Like how i Focus on our Classes.Once You are done with using the Microscope,remove the slide.Clean the eyepiece and objectives with lens paper and return the microscope to its storage or return it properly on your teacher.

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Matter undergoes the states of solid, liquid, and gas under different processes; melting or freezing requires transfer of energy to break intermolecular forces holding together the particles. Sublimation and deposition are processes that take place without undergoing any phase change in the liquid state as there is a direct change between a solid and gas. The energy such a process requires is termed as the heat of fusion and heat of vaporization; again, all these depend on other variables such as pressure and temperature.

I realized that liquids have a vapor pressure, which denotes the pressure exerted by the vapor phase of a substance. When temperature increases, then the vapor pressure increases. At a given point, vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure- boiling point. At a higher altitude, water will boil at a lower temperature because the atmospheric pressure is reduced. This phenomenon is crucial in many applications starting from cooking in the kitchen to industrial process.

the phase diagram is the graphical representation of phases a substance takes within varying temperature and pressure conditions. they inform one how to behave matter. For example, the triple point indicates the specific conditions where a substance can exist in all three phases at once. Information regarding the relative densities of the solid and liquid phases may be obtained by inferring the slope of the solid-liquid phase boundary. Phase diagrams help predict the phase of a substance at given conditions and also understand the conditions required for phase transiti

ons.

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1. Matter can transform directly in any of the three phases.

- Solid to Gas (sublimation)

- Gas to Solid (deposition)

- Solid to Liquid (melting)

- Liquid to Solid (freezing)

- Gas to Liquid (condensation)

- Liquid to Gas (boiling/ evaporation)

As the temperature rises, it will eventually reach its boiling point. Liquid can have vapor pressure which some particles will evaporate. The normal boiling point of a liquid is measured at 1 atmosphere (atm) at sea level. When the atmospheric pressure decreases, the boiling point decreases at higher altitude.

2. The energy that took place during melting and boiling is what you call the “heat fusion”. When you boil water on a higher altitude, it only requires lower temperature. The freezing point is when the liquid turns into solid phase. The melting point is when the solid turns into liquid state. It requires the same temperature vice versa to arrive on such phases.

3. Phase Diagram illustrates what phase a substance will be in particular pressure and temperature. For example, dry ice instead of melting into liquid form, it will only sublimate. Because dry ice is a Carbon dioxide. And at atmospheric pressure, Carbon dioxide is never a liquid that’s why dry ice goes straight to sublimation when heat energy is applied. It will only produce smokes as it turns into gaseous state.

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Cellular Respiration is the process by which your cells break down macromolecules to produce ATP, the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

There are three steps in cellular respiration. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

The first step is Glycolysis, it is a series of reactions that take place in the cytosol. Glycolysis starts the process of extracting energy from a glucose molecule. Glycolysis requires the input of a glucose and 2 ATP molecules which puts out 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate. So the total ATP production of Glycolysis is 2 ATP. The 2 Pyruvates undergoes oxidation to produce 2 acetyl-COA molecules, which also produces 2 more NADH. These 2 acetyl-COAs go into the next step, which is the Krebs Cycle. The pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle both take place in the mitochondria. Each acetyl-COA goes through the Krebs cycle separately and produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP. Since the process happens twice, our total production in the Krebs cycle is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP. The NADH and FADH2 that was produced in the past processes will be used in the final step of cellular respiration which is oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, which also takes place in the mitochondria. This step uses the NADH and FADH2 to create a concentration of hydrogen ions on one side of a membrane. The high concentration of hydrogen ions powers an enzyme called ATP synthase to create ATP. For each NADH that goes into the electron transport chain, we get approximately 2.5 ATP out and for each FADH2 we get 1.5 ATP out.

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The proper care for Compound Light Microscope is very important.It can break easely if not properly taken care of.

Here are examples to properly take care of Compound Light Microscope

1. Clean the microscope

Make sure you clean any dirty stuff on the microscope using wipes and paper towel before you use it.

2. Proper handling and use of the microscope.

Carry the microscope to a flat surface or table using both

hands,one supporting the base and the other holding the arm of the microscope.

Place the microscope on the table, ensuring it is at least 5 centimeters away from the edge of the table.

Ensure proper lighting in room, and adjust the microscopes light source to suit the samples requirements.

Don't pull any moving parts, such as focusing the knob or the stage. Apply gentle pressure when adjusting.

Place a slide over the opening on the stage. Secure it in position using stage clips.

Look through the eyepiece. Adjust the amount of light by fine tuning the diaphragm.

Use the revolving nosepiece to focus more on a specific specimen. Make sure to stope when the lens click into place.

As you increase magnification, you will need to use fine focus knob more frequently to adjust the focus since the depth of the field is smaller at higher magnifications.

Place a small drop of immersion oil onto the cover slip over the specimen.

Rotate the 100x objective lens into place, making sure it touches the oil but does not press hard on the slide. The oil helps improve the image by not making it blurry.

Clean both the lens and slide with wipes or paper towel to remove the oil

After using the microscope you can clean it using wipes and paper towel.

This is the essay I made for proper care for Compound Light Microscope, this is the end of the essay. Thank you for reading this.

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1) I Learned that Solid to Liquid is MELTING, then Liquid to Solid is FREEZING. Liquid to Gas is BOILING,Gas to Solid is CONDENSING.

Solid to Gas is SUBLIMATION, Gas to Solid is DEPOSITION

2) As the guy said that any liquid will have Vapor Pressure. As the temperature is Raised eventually reaches its Boiling point. The measure of a normal boiling point that Pinned on my mind is 1 atmosphere.

3) Carbon dioxide is the liquid form that is less dense. On a phase diagram, lines represent equilibrium between two phases. And the Triple Point Represents an equilibrium.

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Matter like solid, liquid, and gas undergoes with the different processes. When Solid to Liquid is called Melting and Liquid to Solid is called Freezing. Meanwhile, Liquid to gas is called Boiling and Gas to Liquid is called Condensing. Lastly, Solid to Gas like dry ice is called sublimation, and going directly to Gas and Solid is called Deposition. In each process carries it with a particular change, any liquid will have a vapor pressure as some particles spontaneously evaporate and the temperature will raised the liquid will reach it boiling point. Bubbles of gas will form and goes up to the air.

Freezing point and Melting point - The Freezing point is the temperature at which the substances transition of liquid turns to crystalline solid. The Melting point is the temperature at which a crystalline melts. For example, When i put a butter to hot pan, it turned to liquid butter. It happens because of a hot temperature that the pan have. This is a melting point. They have the same process with freezing point but in vice versa.

Phase diagrams shows what phase a substance will be in at a particular temperature and pressure. On a phase diagram lines represents equilibrium between two phases. While, the triple points represents an equilibrium between all three. For example, you put the dry ice directly to the sun. It doesn't melt because it's a sublimates, the sublimates is a process of turning the solid into gas, the dry ice will only produce smoke rather than melting. And the Carbon dioxide it is the liquid form that is less dense.

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as the guy mentioned Cellular Respiration has three steps.

1 glycolysis starts the process of extracting the energy from the glucose molecule. Glycolysis requires the input of Glucose and 2ATP molecules and puts out 4 ATP,2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules. So the net ATP production of glycolysis is 2 ATP. the 2 pyruvates then undergo oxidation to produce 2 acetyl CoA molecules. the pyruvate oxidation and kreb cycle both take place in the mitochondria.

2 Kreb Cycle- starts when each acetyl CoA goes through the krebs cycle separately and produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1ATP or GTP. Since this happens twice our total production krebs cycle is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP.

3 Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain or ETC which also takes place in the mitochondria. Without getting too complex this step utilizes the NADH and FADH2 to create a concentration of hydrogens and ions and electrochemical gradient on one side of a membrane. the etc net production 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP as for the FADH2 = 1.5 ATP. In the total for a single glucose molecule we have 10 NADH 2 from glycolysis 2 from pyruvate oxidation 6 from krebs cycle = 25 ATP we also have 2 FADH2 from the kreb cycle which produce 3 ATP . Then the 4 ATP 2 from glycosis and two from kreb cycle for a grand total of 32 ATP from a single glucose molecule. that what ive learned in the video thank you and god bless.

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MELTING is a solid to liquid phase transition, followed by FREEZING, which is a liquid to solid transition. BOILING, on the other hand, is a process that converts liquids to gases, whereas CONDENSING/CONDENSATION converts gases to liquids. Finally, SUBLIMATION occurs when solids combine to generate gases, whereas DEPOSITION occurs when gases combine to make solids. VAPOR PRESSURE is where particles spontaneously evaporate; as the temperature rises, the liquid eventually reaches its boiling point. Vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, and a liquid's usual boiling point is measured as 1 atmosphere (atm)/pressure.

The FREEZING POINT is the temperature at which a liquid transforms into a crystalline solid. For example, if we put water in the freezer and leave it for an hour, we will notice that the water has frozen into ice due to the freezer's low temperature. At the MELTING POINT, a crystalline solid melts. A chocolate melts as a result of the high temperature caused by the sun. They have the same temperature but reflect processes moving in opposite directions.

The HEAT of FUSION refers to the melting and boiling process. PHASE DIAGRAMS show what phase a substance will be at a given temperature and pressure. On a phase diagram, lines represent the equilibrium between two phases. The TRIPLE POINT illustrates an equilibrium between the three. As the guy stated, solid form is less dense than liquid form, although carbon dioxide is less dense in its liquid state.

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1. PHASE CHANGES: phase changes are transformation in the physical state of matter,for example,from solid to a liquid (melting),or from a liquid to gas (vaporization). These changes of phase absorb energy. To put in perspective,the heat of fusion is the amount of energy needed to transform a solid at the melting point into liquid and heat of vaporization is the energy to turning liquid into gas when boiling.

2.PHASE DIAGRAM: It is a graphical illustration of the state of the matter above and below its melting point and boiling point.this representation also gives a rough idea of how much of the substance will be in solid,liquid or gas states. Water possess this at typical phase diagram because while drawing the solid-liquid phase boundary the phase boundary has a negative a incline.

3. SUBLIMATION AND DEPOSITIONS: for the exposition of what sublimation is, one may comprehend this as the process where a frozen object converts to gaseous form without passing through any liquid state,like dry ice transforming to carbon dioxide gas. Deposition is the exact opposite of sublimation in which gas turn into solid without going through the liquid phase for instance frost on a cold window during winter.

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"Proper Handling and Use of compound Light microscope" 

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"Proper Handling and Use of compound Light microscope" 

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-Lorra Jeanaivic G. Pascual

-7 BETHLEHEM

A compound light microscope is a type of microscope that uses light and lenses that magnifies small objects such as cells that cannot be seen by the naked eye.

In handling a microscope, carry it by using both hands one holding the arm and the other one holding the base for support. When Placing the microscope, place it on a flat and stable surface and also a few centimeters away from the edge of the table. While using the microscope, adjust the light source and the diaphragm for much more clearer vision. After that prepare the slide and put it at the stage and secure it by using a stage clips, then look through the eyepiece. Then when you're done clean the eyepiece and objective lenses and store it properly.

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1. Any liquid will have vapor pressure, which particles will evaporate continuously. Wherein as particles evaporate, they will reach its boiling point where the liquid molecules will turn into their gas phase. The atmospheric pressure is directly proportional to the boiling point. In which causes water to heat up faster when they are boiled at higher altitudes. The pressure at sea level or 1 atmosphere (atm) is the unit used to measure pressure.

1. The freezing point of a liquid is considered when the liquid turns into a crystalline solid. The melting point however, is the point where the said crystalline solid, melts and turns into liquid. When we boil ice, it wont boil instantly, instead, it will first melt before phasing into liquid. During the boiling point or the phase change, the temperature will not change due to the overwhelming of the hydrogen bonds present in liquid water. Heat fussion and heat vaporization are what we call the energy exchange during melting and boiling.

1. If the pressure is low, water will sublimate, as the temperature increases. On a phase diagram, we would see the equilibrium lines between each phase of matter and the points would represent the equilibrium between all pf them. The solid form is less dense than the liquid form, which causes the left and slanted line between ice and water. For carbon dioxide however, it is the liquid form that is less dense, so the line between slants upwards.

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Cellular respiration, as explained in the video, is the process through which organisms, including plants and algae, convert the macromolecules they consume, such as glucose, into ATP, which serves as their primary source of energy. This process is divided into three main stages. The first stage is glycolysis, where glucose molecules are broken down into smaller compounds, releasing energy in the process. The second stage is the Krebs cycle, where nutrients are further broken down to extract more energy needed for cellular activities. The last stage, which is the electron transport chain, completes the process by using a group of protein complexes to transfer electrons and produce ATP. Which takes place in the cytosol, a specialized fluid within the cell that is rich in enzymes which is needed for these reactions to occur.

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"Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge."

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"Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge."

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Celestine Bordeos

1. How does vapor pressure affect the transitions of matter in a liquid?

- All kinds of liquids have vapor pressure because of the released particles that eventually evaporates as the temperature rises. The continuous raising of the temperature of the liquid will cause it to reach its boiling point that makes the vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure physically equal. Usually, the boiling point of a liquid has a measurement of approximately 1 atmosphere (atm) or the pressure at sea level. At this exact temperature, the process of evaporation occurs because the liquid boils and turns into vapor. Additionally, when the atmospheric pressure decreases, the boiling point decreases as well which explains why water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes.

2. What are the freezing, melting, and boiling points?

- The freezing point of any substance is the exact temperature at which a liquid solidifies or turns into crystalline solid, which elaborates the transition of liquid to solid. Meanwhile, the melting point is defined as the temperature when a solid changes its state into liquid or simply, when a crystalline solid melts. These two points share the same temperature, however, they differentiate in how the procedure in each point is done. For example, once ice is melted, the liquid will then vaporize once it reaches its boiling point; in this procedure, energy is exchanged during the melting and boiling process called the heat of fusion and the heat of vaporization, respectively. On top of that, research states that the heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to melt a substance at its melting point, while the heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to vaporize a liquid at its boiling point.

3. What are phase diagrams?

- Phase diagrams are illustrations that show the phases of a substance at different conditions of temperature and pressure. We can visualize the phases we are looking for at atmospheric pressure for water; we will see how water would sublimate as the temperature increases instead of melting first once the pressure is lowered. In a phase diagram, we could easily discuss the characteristics of water and carbon dioxide with the use of lines that represent equilibrium between two phase; meanwhile, the triple point represents equilibrium between all three. In conclusion, the video stated that ice has a unique property making it less dense than liquid water and that there is also an absence of liquid at atmospheric pressure. All of these applications could be illustrated in a phase diagram as they show the relationships between the different phases that occur at equil

ibrium.

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Any liquid such as water, will have vapor pressure since there are particles that are evaporating due to heat transfer caused by thermal energy. As the temperature of the liquid starts to increase, the liquid will reach its boiling point, which is where the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. At this state where the temperature is high, bubbles of gas would start to form in the liquid as opposed to the only molecules present at the liquid-gas interface ( substance where gas and liquid is present ) to the gas phase. As mentioned, the normal boiling point of a liquid is measured as 1 atmosphere ( atm ) or the pressure at sea level, therefore when the boiling point decreases, the atmospheric pressure does too. Which is the main reason why water boils at a lower temperature in higher altitudes.

The freezing point of a substance is where a liquid turns into a crystal-like solid form, this is a form of phase change in matter when water is placed at a low temperature for a long period of time ( depending on the temperature ). Melting point is the phase of a substance where a frozen solid is heated at a high temperature, causing it to turn into a liquid substance. As said, when we heat a frozen substance and it turns into liquid, it will then boil and turn into a liquid-gas substance. After, it will simply turn into steam which is gas. To further explain this in a way of experimenting, you get your frozen ice cube which was done by freezing water, you heat it using a pan over a stove for a few minutes, then it'll melt and will turn into boiling water, after a few minutes it will turn into steam or water vapor because of the insane amount of high temperature.

The phase diagram is a graph that presents what phase a substance will be in at a particular temperature or pressure. They tell us what phase will a matter be at a specific measure of temperature or pressure. On a phase diagram, the lines represent the equilibrium between two phases, while the three points represent the equilibrium for all three. As mentioned, in water, the line between solids and liquids slants up and left mainly because the solid form is less dense than the liquid form. And for carbon dioxide, the liquid form is less dense than the solid, and also notice that at atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide is never a solid, which is why dry ice ( which is a solid carbon dioxide) sublimates.

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Phase changes

The states of matter. Solid, liquid, and gas in addition there are five states of matter. Solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and bose-einstein condensate.

•solid to liquid = melting

•liquid to solid = freezing

•gas to liquid = condensing

•liquid to gas = boiling

•solid to gas = sublimation

•gas to solid = deposition

As stated, when a solid turns into a liquid, it is melting. A liquid that is turning into a solid is freezing. Gasses that become liquids are condensing. Liquids that turn into a gas is boiling. Solids that turn into a gas is sublimation. And a gas that becomes a solid is deposition. Each process carries a change in enthalpy. Liquids have vapor pressure, as some particles will continuously evaporate and as you raise the temperature in liquids it will eventually reach its boiling point, where the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure at this kind of temperature bubbles of gas within the liquid turn into the gas phase.

The normal boiling point of a liquid is 1 atm (this is the pressure at sea level) . When the pressure decreases the boiling point also decreases. Which is why water boils at higher altitudes and lower temperatures. The freezing point of a liquid is when it turns into what we call crystalline solid, the melting point is basically the opposite. Once a change is complete in this state, the heat energy returns to heating the sample. The heat of fusion and the heat of vaporization is a change during melting and boiling.

In a phase diagram it indicates what phase a substance would be in a specific temperature and pressure. It also shows the limiting conditions for solids, liquids, and gasses of a substance. For water the line between solid and liquid slants up and left because the solid is less dense than the liquid, for carbon dioxide the liquid is less dense therefore the line slants up and right. And at atmospheric form, carbon dioxide is never a liquid.

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1. Cellular Respiration Overview: Cellular respiration is a critical biological process that converts glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Understanding how energy is systematically extracted from glucose helps in grasping the efficiency and complexity of cellular energy production.

2. Net ATP from Glycolysis: Glycolysis, the first step in cellular respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. It involves the breakdown of one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, and while more ATP is produced initially, some is used up in the process.

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and ATP production: The ETC, a part of oxidate phosphorylation, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. The ETC is essential for generating a substantial amount of ATP, emphasizing the efficiency of aerobic respiration in energy production compared to anaerobic methods.

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Kisha Gichelle Dela Cruz

8-Jerusalem

First, I learned that there are alot of phase changes, for example, heat can transform ice into water and then into steam, and how the process works in reverse too. Each process carries with it a particular change in enthalpy. I also learned that any liquid will have a vapor pressure as some particles will spontaneously evaporate and as the temperature is raised the liquid will eventually reach its boiling point (liquid to gas) which is where the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The normal boiling point of a liquid is measured at 1 atmposhere or the pressure at sea level, when atmospheric pressure decreases the boiling point decreases which is why water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes. And lastly, understanding these phase changes has helped me appreciate the interconnectedness of everything in the universe, from the smallest particles to the largest celestial bodies.

Second, I learned that the freezing point ( liquid to solid ) is the specific temperature at which a liquid transforms into a solid state. I learned that the freezing point (liquid to solid) of a substance is the temperature at which a liquid turns to crystalline solid, the melting point is the temperature at which a crystalline solid melts. The forces between molecules are strong, because they can make a substance freeze at a higher temperature. I realized that freezing point isn't just a number, it's a whole process where molecules slow down and get organized.

And third, I learned that a phase diagram is a visual map showing how a substance changes between solid, liquid, and gas states depending on temperature and pressure. The lines on a phase diagram represent the conditions where two phases are in equilibrium, like the melting point or boiling point. And the triple point is a special point where all three phases coexist, while the critical point marks the end of the liquid-gas distinction. I also learned that by following the paths on the diagram, you can predict how a substance will change phases as temperature or pressure changes. Lastly, phasee diagrams are used in many fields, from materials science to geology, to understand and predict the behavior of substances under different conditions.

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm, where glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is broken down into two smaller molecules called pyruvate.

It’s like the initial step of energy production, where 2 ATP are invested but 4 ATP are made, giving a net gain of 2 ATP.

Along the way, it also generates 2 NADH, which are like rechargeable energy carriers.

This process doesn’t need oxygen, so it can happen whether you’re sprinting or relaxing.

Glycolysis is quick and provides the first burst of energy for your cells to keep going.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria, where pyruvate from glycolysis is further broken down.

It’s like a powerhouse that produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH₂ for every acetyl-CoA that enters.

Since glucose provides two acetyl-CoA molecules, the cycle runs twice, doubling the energy output.

Carbon dioxide is released here, which is what you exhale every time you breathe out.

The energy-rich molecules (NADH and FADH₂) made in this cycle move on to the next stage to produce even more energy.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The ETC is like a conveyor belt for electrons, located in the inner membrane of your mitochondria.

As electrons move along the chain, protons are pumped out, creating a gradient like water building up behind a dam.

This stored energy is used by ATP synthase, a protein that works like a turbine, to produce lots of ATP.

Oxygen is essential here it acts as the final electron acceptor and combines with protons to form water.

This stage produces the bulk of the energy (32-34 ATP), making it the most efficient part of the whole process.

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Cellular respiration is the process by which your cells break down macromolecules to produce APT.

There are three steps in cellular respiration, glycolysis, The Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that take place in the cytosol, glucose is a high energy molecule and glycolysis starts the process of extracting that energy from the glucose molecule. Glycolysis requires the input of a glucose and two APT molecules and puts out four ATP, two NADH molecules and two pyruvate molecules. The two pyruvates then undergo oxidation to produce two acetyl COA molecules, also producing two more NADH.

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Proper Handling and Use Of a Compound Light Microscope 

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Proper Handling and Use Of a Compound Light Microscope 

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Hephep how to use proper Handling and use of a compound light microscope? Uhmm? How?

Always use both hands to carry the microscope of course the other hand is on the arm and the other hand is under the base of Microscope we need to support that part of Microscope.

Use lens paper to gently clean the lenses.Do not touch at the middle of glass part of lens with our fingers cause if you touch it the lens will dirty like we don't know if our hands is clean or dirty so we don't touch the lens in the middle.

Remember: You may need to slightly adjust the focus that object in the centering that we're viewing in our microscope, when the drop the Lens to very near or not touching. Through the eyepiece it will while slowly the raise the lens away from that side and at the same point then it will come focus for you.

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These are the three things that i've learned in the video. 1.) Changes of matter means to the transformations that occur when a substance alters its physical change. Therr are six changes of matter. Melting which is the process where solid turns into a liquid. Freezing which is the change from liquid to solid, Boiling which is the change of liquid to gas, Condesing which is the process where gas turns into a liquid. Sublimation which is the direct change from solid tk gas, And doposition where a gas changes directly into solid. And these changes are inlfuenced by factors like temperature, pressure, and the presence of otherchemicals or energy inpunts. 2.)The Boiling Point The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas, and it occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. The normal boiling point of aliquid is 1 atmosphere (atm) or the pressure at sea level. Atmospheric lressure decreases as the boiling point decreases which is why water boils at lower temperature. When you liquids reaches its boiling point, it begins to form a bubble, which rise to the surface and escape into the air. Understanding boiling point is important in many process, such as cooking. 3.)The freezing point The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid. The freezing point of a watet is 0°C (32°F) under standard atmospheric pressure. During these periods the molecules in the liquid slow down and arrange themselves into a more ordered solid structure (ice). PHASE DIAGRAMS show what phase a substance will be in at a particular temprerature and pressure. On a Phase Diagram lines represent equilibrium between two phases and the triple point represents equilibrium between all three.

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1. Cellular respiration is the process by wich yor cells break down macromolecules(like glucose) to produce ATP. Cellular respirations consists of 3 cycles as mentioned in the video. The first cycle is the glycolysis cycle. The second is the krebs cycle also known as citric acid cycle. Lastly the third is the electron transport chain also known as oxidative phosphorylation.

2. Glycolysis is a series of reactions that occur in the cytosol. It uses glucose, wich is a high energy molecule and that energy is extracted. It needs 2 ATP to convert it to 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate. The two pyruvates undergo oxidation to produce 2 NADH and acido CoA wich goes to the next cycle the krebs cycle. This produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP because this happens twice.

3. The electron transport chain(ETC) located in the mitochondria .It uses NADH AND FADH2 to make concentrated hydrogen ions on one side of the membranes. this concentrated hydrogen ions are used like fuel or force to make ATP. To recap we get 10 NADH from one glucose molecule 2 from glycolysis, 2 from pyruvate oxidation, and 6 from the krebs cycle wich converts to 25 ATP. We also got 2FADH2 from the krebs cycle wich converts to 3 ATP, we also get 4 atp from the glycolisis and krebs cycle again for a total of 32 ATP from a single Glucose molecule.

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Here are the three things I’ve learned from watching the video:

1. Matter changes are like when a substance changes its physical form. There are six kinds of matter changes. Melting is when a solid becomes a liquid, like an ice that is melting. Freezing is when a liquid turns into a solid, like a water when it freezes. Boiling is when a liquid changes to a gas. Condensing is when a gas turns into a liquid. Sublimation is when a solid changes directly to a gas. And deposition is when a gas changes directly into a solid. These changes are because of things like temperature, pressure, and if there are other chemicals or energy around.

2. The boiling point. The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas. This happens when the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as the atmospheric pressure. The normal boiling point of a liquid is at 1 atmosphere (atm), which is the pressure at sea level. When the atmospheric pressure goes down, the boiling point also goes down. That's why water boils at a lower temperature. When a liquid gets to its boiling point, it starts to make bubbles. These bubbles go up to the surface and go out into the air. Knowing about the boiling point is really important for a lot of things, like cooking.

3. The freezing point  is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid. The freezing point of a watet is 0°C (32°F) under standard atmospheric pressure. During these periods the molecules in the liquid slow down and arrange themselves into a more ordered solid structure (ice). PHASE DIAGRAMS show what phase a substance will be in at a particular temprerature and pressure. On a Phase Diagram lines represent equilibrium between two phases and the triple point represents equilibrium between all three.

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1. Boiling point- All liquids have a vapor pressure. Some particles evaporate as temperature rises. The liquid will eventually reach its boiling point which is where the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of gas will form within the liquid. The normal boiling point of a liquid is measured at 1 atm which is why water boils at lower point at high altitudes.

2. Melting point- The freezing point of a substance is when a liquid turns to crystalline solid. The melting point is the temperature at which a crystalline solid melts into a liquid. These processes are in different directions according to its change it phase. Heating ice should melt first and then boil. It would not boil instantly since it needs to break away first from a solid phase to a liquid phase after which when the phase is completely liquid, then it should boil.

3. The energy exchanged during heating and boiling is called heat of fusion and heat of vaporization. For water, it is atmospheric pressure. When pressure is lowered, water will sublimate as temperature increases. There is a balance between the two phases. For water, the line slides up and left meaning because solid is less dense that liquid. For carbon dioxide, liquid is less dense so line slants up and right.

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1. In the video, the professor stated that all liquids have vapor pressure. As temperature increases, the liquid reaches boiling point. So it is true that vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. The normal boiling point of a liquid is measured at 1 atmosphere or the pressure at sea level. As the atmospheric pressure decreases, boiling point decreases.

2. Freezing point is the temperature in which the liquid turns to crystalline solid. Melting point is the temperature at which solid turns to liquid. They are the same temperature per mole of water. Heat energy doesn't always go directly to heating the sample. A phase change must be completed first before heating the sample continues. Different phases occur before change happens.

3. A phase diagram shows at what phase a substance will be in a particular temperature and pressure. Solid form is less dense than liquid form for water. While for carbon dioxide, it is the liquid form that is less dense than solid. Every compound has different lattice energy in solid phase. Formula in computing for energy needed in phase changes may vary.

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cellular respiration

1. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose, converting it into ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

2. The three stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, each producing ATP and NADH/FADH2.

3. The electron transport chain, located in the mitochondria, uses energy from NADH/FADH2 to produce the majority of ATP through chemiosmosis.

These processes work together to produce energy for the cell, with glucose as the primary energy source. Understanding cellular respiration is crucial for grasping cellular biology and metabolism.

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Proper Handling and Use of a Compound Light Microscope

compound light microscope is to see the speciment better that cannot be seen by a naked eye.

to take care the microscope we need to carry the microscope to your laboratory table using both hands, one hand is supporting the base and the other hand is holding the arm of the microscope then place the mic on the on the table properly. examine the light source of the microscope so you can see the specimen clear adjust the mirror to direct the light through the opening on the stage look show the eyepiece to see the specimen and adjust the amount of light. Position for the stage at the eye level slowly turn the source adjustment knob to raise the stage such as that the objective lens is nearly touching the slide while looking through the eyepiece when you are done using the microscope remove the slide then clean the eyepiece and objective lens with lens paper and return the microscope to its storage area.

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A compound light microscope is a vital tool that scientists usually use to see a specimen or observing tiny objects that cannot be seen with a human naked eye. Here are the following steps you need to follow.

When carrying a microscope you have to use your both hands, one for the arm and one for the base. And now you're gonna place it on your designed table gently and you need to make sure it is 5 centimeters away from the edge of the table to prevent accidents.

During use, adjust the light source and diaphragm to control brightness for clear viewing. Slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob to raise a stage such that the objective lens.

While looking through the eyepiece, turn the coarse adjustment knob to lower the stage until image comes into focus.

Once the image is precisely centered in your field of vision, switch to the high power objective lens.

When you are done using microscope, remove the side. Clean the eyepiece and objectives with lens paper.

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A compound light microscope is a very valuable price of equipment, it is used in hospitals and labs for examining specimens/substances that cannot be seen by the human eye but inorder to make sure that you are using it correctly you must follow these steps;

The Handling and use of a COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

Step 1:To hold or transfer the microscope hold th arm with one hand and the base with the other hand.

Step 2:Place down the microscope very carefully on the desired table also make sure to keep it a few centimeters from the edge to keep it from falling.

Step 3:Depending on the type of your microscope examine the light source of your microscope wether it has an attached lamp that needs to be plugged in or if it relies on natural light. Adjust the mirror to direct the sunlight through the stage opening.if your microscope has two sided mirrors please avoid using direct light to avoid causing damage to your eye.

Step 4:Adjust the nosepiece by turning it so that the LPO(low power objective lens) is aligned with the tube of the microscope.

Step 5:Place the glass slide with the specimen or substance on it also put a drop of impression oil on the glass slide then put it on the stage and then secure it in place with the stage clips.

Step 6:Lookthrough the eyepiece.Adjust the amount of light by turning fine-tuning

The diaphragm.

Step 7:Position the stage at eye level. Then turn the Coarse-adjustmemt knob to turn the stage, keep about half a centimeter beetwen the glass slide and the lens.

Step 8:Turn the Coarse-adjustmemt knob to lower the stage until the image comes into focus and is not blurry.Fine-tune the focus by using the Fine-adjustment knob to achieve a sharp focus on the specimen.

Step 9:once the image is perfectly centered switch to the HPO(high powered objective lens). Use the Fine-adjustment knob to focus on the image. And Never use the Coarse-adjustmemt knob when operating on the HPO.

After using the microscope to observe the specimen, unclip the glass slide from the stage then carefully remove it to avoid dropping it and shattering it and then clean the eyepiece and all of the objective lens with lens paper and dispose of your trash then put the microscope back to a safe spot.

I hope that you followed these steps in handling a microscope to keep it safe I also hope that you have gathered your data in using a microscope.

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Like the guy said, Cellular Respiration is the process by where the cells in our body breaks down macromolecules(the biologically important proteins and nucleic acids, like glucose) that we had consumed into ATP, aka, the molecule that stores energy in cells.

There are 3 steps in producing ATP, Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain.

Glycolysis - starts by taking energy from a glucose molecule.

Glucose, plus 2 ATP makes 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate. The 2 pyruvate goes through oxidation, producing 2 Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH. During the first phase of glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are consumed, making it 2 ATP only. These are then used for the next step, which is the Krebs Cycle.

Krebs Cycle - the 2 Acetyl CoA goes through the Krebs Cycle separately. This makes 3 NADH, 1 FADH², 1 ATP. Since the process happens twice because of the 2 Acetyl CoA, their number gets doubled. Making it 6 NADH, 2 FADH², and 2 ATP. Following the last step, the Electron Transport Chain.

Electron Transport Chain - this step uses utilizes all the NADH and FADH² in the past process, to create a concentration of hydrogen ions, resulting into ATP.

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The three ting I learned in a video

1. This initial stages of cellular respiration break down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules.

2. Occuring in the mitochondria, this cycle convert's pyruvate into acetyl-CoA producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules.

3. Passing electrons through protein complexes in the mitochondria inner membrane, this final stages produces the majority of ATP,32-34 molecules,through chemiosmosis

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Things that i learned

1. Matter transforms directly through or between any of the three phases here are the six changes of matter. Melting/Fusion when a solid turns into a liquid because of heat. Freezing/solidification its the opposite of melting it is when a liquid turns into a solid. Evaporation the process of converting a liquid into gas.Condensation the opposite of Evaporation its the process of changing a gass into a liquid state. Sublimation process which transform a solid into a gas state. Deposition opposite of Sublimation its the process of transforming gas into a solid

2. Boiling point its is where the favor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The nomal boling point of a liquid is measured at one atmosphere (atm) when the atmospheric pressure decrease as the boiling point which is why water boils at a lower temperature at higher places

3. Freezing point is the temperature at which liquid turns into a crystalline solid its is when the molecules slow down and arranged themselves.Melting point is the temperature at which a solid melt. As we heat a sample of ice it will melt and then boil phase change is complete when the heat energy returns to heating the sample. The energy exchanged during melting and boiling is called heat of fusion and the heat of vaporization

This what i learned while watching the video

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Matter can change between different phases, like solid, liquid, and gas, based on temperature and pressure. Melting happens when a solid turns into a liquid, like ice melting into water, and freezing is when a liquid turns back into a solid. Boiling is when a liquid becomes a gas, like water turning into steam, and condensing is when a gas cools into a liquid becomes a gas, like water turning into steam, and condensing is when a gas cools into a liquid, like dew forming on grass. Sublimation is when a solid turns straight into a gas, like dry ice turning into carbon dioxide, and deposition is when a gas turns straight into a solid, like first forming on windows.

I've also learned that any liquid could have a vapor pressure. Some particles may evaporate and as the temperature decreases the liquid will reach it's boiling point. Also when a liquid is at it's boiling point bubbles of gas are formed. The normal boiling point of the liquid is 1 atmosphere or the pressure at sea level. He also said that if the atmospheric pressure decreases the boiling point decreases.

Lastly, I've learned about freezing and melting point. The freezing point of a substance is the temperature where a liquid turns into crystaline solid, while melting point is where the crystaline solid melts. As you can see freezing and melting are both the opposite of each other. When you freeze water in the refrigerator it will turn into an ice, this is the freezing point. If you melt an ice and it turn back to water, this is the melting point.

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What is compound light microscope?

compound light microscope is a tool that helps to a see small things like bacteria, viruses, and cells that we can’t see with our eyes alone. It makes these tiny things bigger so we can see details like organelles. The microscope uses light and lenses to make things look bigger and clearer

which is really helpful for studying small stuff.

When using a microscope always be careful. To Hold it with both hands—one on the arm and one under the base—to keep it steady. Make sure to put it on a flat and stable surface, away from the edge of the table, so it doesn’t fall.

Before using the microscope check if the light is working and adjust the mirror or light so you can see well. Put your slide on the stage and secure it with the clips. Start with the low power objective to find the specimen, then switch to a higher magnification for more detail. Use the coarse adjustment first, then the fine adjustment to get a clearer image

When your done, carefully take off the slide and clean the lenses with soft lens paper. Store the microscope in a safe place to keep it from getting dusty or damaged. Always handle it gently because microscopes are fragile and expensive.

these are other ways how to properly use the compound microscope

and there are many more ways to use the compound microscope but always remember to be careful when using it