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My profile

Table of contents

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1. Who are we?

2. Where to find us!

3. Show it off! (Traditional Costume)

4. More in-depth look!

5. References

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1. Who are we?

2. Where to find us!

3. Show it off! (Traditional Costume)

4. References

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1. Who are we?

2. Where to find us!

3. Show it off! (Traditional Costume)

4. More in-depth look!

5. References

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1. Who are we?

2. Where to find us!

3. Show it off! (Traditional Costume)

4. References

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1. Who are we?

2. Where to find us!

3. Show it off! (Traditional Costume)

4. More in-depth look!

5. References

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According to Moorthy (2021), the Chitty are the result of Hindu traders marrying the local Malays, Chinese, Javanese, and Bataks who were situated in Melaka. He also mentions that one of the community’s distinctive characteristics is how they have blended with the native Malay’s culture in terms of the clothes they wear, how they speak and their cuisine. Despite all this, the Chitty have firmly maintained their Hindu identity through using their Hindu names and following religious customs. (Moorthy, 2021)

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According to the National Heritage Board (2020), the chitty people can be found in clusters in Gajah Berang, Bachang and Tranquerah which makes up what is known as Kampung Chitty. It is also stated that Melaka had 400 Chitty families by the 1980s but has since decreased and has now been left with less than 50 Chitty households living in Melaka.

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The National Heritage Board (2020), mentions that the Chitty people's traditional dress reflects centuries of Javanese, Bugis, Achenese, Batak, and Tamil traditions and is a sign of cross-cultural influences across time.

Men

-          checkered sarong

-          tunic

-          talapa (knotted batik cloth headgear)

-          leather slippers

-          pinding (waistbelt)

Women

-          sarong kebaya

-          baju kurung

-          gold brooches with diamonds

-          addiggai (a gold choker)

-          thali (a wedding pendant)

-          silambu (anklets)

The women also wore their hair in tight buns called sanggul nyonya, which are secured with three hair pins. They wore beaded slippers called kasut manek-manek, which were frequently meticulously crafted over several weeks. (National Heritage Board, 2020).

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Addigai which is a gold choker usually studded with stones, worn by the Chitty women (National Heritage Board, 2020)

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Chitty men wearing their tunic, sarong and talapa which is a knotted batik cloth headgear (National Heritage Board, 2020).

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Timestamp:

14:39 – The host explains the traditional costume of Chitty women and explains the usage of a handkerchief placed on either side of the shoulders to be used for wiping saliva off the lips from chewing betel leaves.

15:30 - The host explains the traditional costume of Chitty men

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1. Moorthy. (2021, March 25). Hybridity and ethnic invisibility of the “Chitty” heritage community of Melaka. MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/4/2/33#B4-heritage-04-00033

2. National Heritage Board. (2020, July 9). Cache://www.roots.sg/learn/stories/chetti-Melaka - Google search. Roots. https://www.roots.sg/learn/stories/chetti-melaka

3. Sankar SB. (2014, January 6). Pakaian Chetti Melaka.

https://www.theinsiderarchived.com/opinion/uthaya-sankar/article/pakaian-chetti-melaka/pakaian-chetti-melaka

4. SIVANANDAM, H. (2021, January 18). Recognising our cultural diversity. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/01/18/recognising-our-cultural-diversity?fbclid=IwAR3SPxCk_yarEcn0qlmp4DzOAUYF71Ja5o_IOD-1v9Yj2L7DOHXySlgCcY8

5. Ns Star Media. (2022, June 13). Etnik Kita episod 1 chetti. YouTube. https://youtu.be/CktDrMecs4w

6. Dhoraisingam, S. S. (2006). Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka: Indian babas and Nonyas—Chitty Melaka. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

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According to Hays (2015), the Iban are a former headhunting tribe who are primarily located in Sarawak. He also mentions that they are the largest ethnic group in Sarawak, making up 30% of the 2.2 million people living in the state.

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Taken from Department of Statistics Malaysia

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According to Journey Malaysia (2021), the first Iban settlers came from Kalimantan through the Kapuas River and has since established their homes in the Batang Ai, Skrang, Saribas, and Rajang river.

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Kiyai and Anak Tugang (2021), explains that Ngepan Indu is the name for the female Iban traditional costume in Sarawak. They continue with saying that the Ngepan Indu would be worn throughout the Gawai Dayak celebration season, ceremonial events like the Miring ceremony and marriages or also known as Melah Pinang.

According to Musa (2024), there are different types of Ngepan Indu. She mentions that these variations are based on the area the Iban people are located. Listed are the different variations of the costume (Vanuaranu, 2021).

Ngepan Saribas

Ngepan Skrang

Ngepan Batang Ai

Ngepan Ensuga

Ngepan Batang Rajang

The general way to identify the Ngepan Indu is when there is Sugu Tinggi, which is a headdress, and Marek Empang or Tangu which is a piece worn on their shoulders (Musa, 2024).

According to "Pakaian Tradisional Iban" (2014), the male Iban traditional costume would be the Baju Burung. They continue with saying that the men who wears the costume would be called 'Keling' which means a brave and handsome man.

Listed are the pieces that make up the Baju Burung ("Pakaian Tradisional Iban", 2014).

Lanjang / Ketapu (headpiece)

Sirat

Marik (necklace)

Terabai

Senyata (weapon)

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Iban men wearing Baju Burung.

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0:46 - The narrator talks about the key elements that make up the Ngepan Indu.

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Traditional Iban Costume (Dress) | Ngepan Indu Iban

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1. Department of Statistics. (2017). EStatistik. https://newss.statistics.gov.my/newss-portalx/ep/epLogin.seam

2. Flickr. (2008). Night at a longhouse - Iban women in traditional costume. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pondspider/3693254185

3. Hays, J. (2015). Iban. Facts and Details. https://factsanddetails.com/indonesia/minorities_and_regions/sub6_3f/entry-4019.html

4. Journey Malaysia. (2021, August 29). http://www.journeymalaysia.com/MCUL_iban.htm.

5. Kiyai, G., & Anak Tugang, N. (2021). The study of material culture of the Iban community in Sarawak: Ngepan. International Journal of Applied and Creative Arts, 4(1), 80-97. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijaca.4204.2021

6. Musa. (2024, February 8). Kenali Asal Usul Ngepan Indu, Pakaian Tradisional Wanita Iban. I Love Borneo. https://www.iloveborneo.my/kenali-asal-usul-ngepan-indu-pakaian-tradisional-iban/

7. Vanuaranu. (2021). 5 styles of Ngepan Indu, the traditional costume for Iban women. https://explore.airasia.com/assets/blt9a6cec56613497c0/5-styles-of-ngepan-indu-the-traditional-costume-for-iban-women

8. Pakaian Tradisional Iban. (2014). Portal Buku Teks - Pengujian Keaslian Akses. https://bukuteks.dbp.gov.my/media/media/cyZiUUe6tJ.pdf

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Taken from the Sabah Government Official Website

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According to the Sabah Government Official Website (2024), the Kadazan-Dusun are the union classification of two indigenous tribes in Sabah. They continue to say that the Kadazan and Dusun are the largest ethnic group, making up almost one-third of the population.

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The picture shown above shows the percentage of the Kadazan-Dusun population circa 2020. According to Olumes (2021), the Kadazan-Dusun people are typically found around Penampang, Kota Kinabalu, Papar, Tuaran, and Ranau. The Kadazan-Dusun once resided in longhouses with nearly 200 people in big groups but nowadays, the majority of them reside in seperate homes with smaller families (Britannica, 1998).

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According to the Kadazan Dusun Association Sabah (2024), the Kadazan-Dusun's traditional costume are typically more modest and less complicated when it comes to their embroidery and decorations compared to other ethnic groups. They continue with saying that the blouses the women wear come in three main styles which are listed below.

Short-sleeved blouse (worn by young women)

Quarter-sleeved blouse (worn by middle-aged women)

Special blouse only worn during ceremonies

Listed down below is the more detailed explanation of the traditional costume and accessories worn by the women (Kadazan Dusun Association Sabah, 2024).

1) Sinuangga'

Short-sleeved blouse with a U-neck worn by younger women.

Has embroidery along the head and arms opening and along the seams.

Uses red, yellow and cream cotton yarn.

Uses betawi buttons (gold-plated sliver buttons used to symbolise wealth)

2) Sinompukung

Blouse with quarter-sleeves with no embroidery usually worn over the sinuangga' as a jacket back in the day. Modern day usage of the sinompukung is usually worn by older women as a blouse and is embroidered.

3) Kihongon

Long-sleeved blouse usually worn by elderly women and female priestesses during ceremonies. Has similar embroidery found on the sinuangga'.

Accessories

1) Himpogot

Silver "dollar" belt. Used to show personal wealth depending on the number of belts used. The maximum number of belts that can be worn at a time is three.

2) Tiningkokos (brass or silver spiral bracelet)

3) Simbong (Earrings)

4) Siga do Bobohizan

Ornate headdress made from the feathers of peacocks or turkeys. Usually worn by the Bobohizan during rituals or ceremonies.

Next would the explanation for the traditional costume worn by the men.

1) Gaung

Long-sleeved shirt that has no embroidery traditionally. In modern times, it is decorated with gold trimming and gold buttons.

2) Souva

Black trousers with a wide indigo-blue waistband with gold trimming on the seams.

3) Siga

Handwoven kain dastar made into a headcover by folding in a number of distinctive ways.

4) Tupi' sinikat

Circular hat made out of sturdy string worn to support the siga.

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Kadazan-Dusun man and woman wearing their traditional costumes.

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Sustaining Ethnic Identity Through Fashion

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1. Britannica. (1998, July 20). Kadazan. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kadazan-people

2. Kadazan Dusun Association Sabah. (2024). KDCA Sabah. KDCA Sabah. https://kdca.org.my/about/hongkodkoisaan/costume

3. OLUMES. (2021, March 30). Facts about the unique kadazan-dusun people of Borneo. https://olumes.com/facts-about-the-unique-kadazan-dusun-people-of-borneo/?srsltid=AfmBOorINKscPoUr3rDD24drzgmljxxH2-hBh5dxlYLcr60lGCVRpS2-

4. Sabah Government Official Website. (2024). Rakyat & Sejarah. https://sabah.gov.my/ms/content/rakyat-sejarah

5. Yeong. (2017, July 18). Dusun women’s traditional costumes: Then and now. In Search of Sabah. https://insearchofsabah.wordpress.com/2017/06/30/dusun-womens-traditional-costumes-then-and-now/

6. Masirin, & Saliang. (2018, December). Sustaining Ethnic Identity Through Fashion. Welcome to UiTM Institutional Repository - UiTM Institutional Repository. https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/53361/1/53361.pdf

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According to the Joshua Project (2024), the Malaysian Minangkabau inhabits the majority of peninsular Malaysia's Negeri Sembilan. They continue to say that although they speak Malaysia's national language, the Malaysian Minangkabau have a dialect that is rooted in their Indonesian linguistic background.

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The picture above shows where the majority of Malaysian-Minangkabau people reside in Malaysia. According to Newbold (1835), the Minang people from Indonesia moved to other areas that include Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Penang, Kedah and Perak when the only way to travel was by ship and across the strait.

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A notable characteristic of the Minang people is their traditional attire from Negeri Sembilan. Malaysian-Minangkabau women's traditional clothing includes a highly detailed velvet shoulder cover with embroidery and a headpiece fashioned like a buffalo horn. The men on the other hand would wear a woven waist cloth, a jacket with gold thread embroidery, and a headdress called a tanjak (Fadly, 2008).

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Minangkabau woman pictured wearing traditional costume.

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The video above is about showcasing the different types of traditional costumes that the Malaysian-Minangkabau wear.

Timestamp:

6:33 - The first traditional costume is called busana ibu soko which is comprised of songket bunga penuh, a sash, kain samping, and baju kurung minang.

8:45 - Second traditional costume is the baju kebaya setengah tiang.

10:48 - Third traditional costume is pakaian busana dato ompek which includes samping ikatan janda berhias.

11:47 - Fourth traditional costume is pakaian rasmi istana which includes the desta solok timba headpiece and ikatan samping pahlawan. This costume is usually worn by men of status.

12:35 - Last traditional costume would be the wedding attire called pakaian pengantin asli Negeri Sembilan. This men's costume consists of baju cekak musang butang lima, desta solok timba headpiece and samping ikatan orang kaya. The women's costume would be the baju kurung potong kembang payung.

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6 MEI 2023 – SPM@NEGERI SEMBILAN - PAKAIAN TRADISIONAL NEGERI SEMBILAN

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1. Fadly. (2008, February 9). Traditional attire. Negeri Sembilan the "Adat Pepatih State". https://negeri9-fadly.blogspot.com/2008/02/traditional-attire.html

2. Joshua Project. (2024). Minangkabau, orang Negeri in Malaysia. People Groups of the World | Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14208/MY

3. Kingsckt. (2021, January 13). Jangan Berani Nak Mengaku Kau Anak Nogori, Kalau Sejarah Nismilan pun Kau Tak Tahu. Jom Baca Keunikan Sejarah Pembentukan Negeri Sembilan. Kings Char Kuey Teow. https://kingsckt.com/keunikan-sejarah-pembentukan-negeri-sembilan-yang-ramai-tak-tahu/#google_vignette

4. Berita RTM. (2023, May 5). 6 Mei 2023 – SPM@NEGERI SEMBILAN - Pakaian TRADISIONAL Negeri Sembilan. YouTube. https://youtu.be/IE7ut5D2w6Q

5. GettyImages. (1999). https://www.gettyimages.com/search/2/image?page=3&phrase=malaysia+ladies+culture+costume

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The Iranun people are originally from the southern region of Mindanao. About 150 years ago, the Iranun began migrating to northern Borneo due to ecological harm in their homeland. They are a close-knit social group founded on profound brotherhood and support for one another (Mohammad Sham Mohammad & Mosli Tarsat, 2022).

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The picture above shows where the Iranun people are mostly located in Sabah. According to Jalil (2010), the majority of Iranun people live by the seaside since they are skilled sailors. He continues to say that they can still be found in the district's interior. Places where they reside are such as Lahad Datu, Kudat, Likas and Kota Bongan (Jalil, 2010).

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According to Budaya Iranun (2009), the traditional costume worn by the women of the Iranun people are called sinipak. Listed below are the accessories that make up the attire.

Malung (skirt)

Mandapun (neckwear)

Sambitan (worn at the waist)

Saripang (headdress)

Kiniku (worn on the fingers)

Next would be the attire worn by the men of the Iranun people (Budaya Iranun, 2009).

Tubau/Tanjak (headdress)

Kain mogah

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1. Jalil. (2010). Suku kaum iranun Di Sabah. Blog Informasi Untuk Semua. https://myvoiceeheart.blogspot.com/2010/04/suku-kaum-iranun-di-sabah.html

2. MOHAMMAD SHAM MOHAMMAD, & MOSLI TARSAT. (2022). Sejarah asal usul iranun Dan balangingi Di tungku, 1840-1879. Jurnal Borneo Arkhailogia (Heritage, Archaeology and History), 7(1), 178-188. https://doi.org/10.51200/jba.v7i1.4215

3. Webonary. (2018). Iranun of Sabah dictionary » map. Webonary – Dictionaries and Grammars of the World. https://www.webonary.org/iranun-sabah/language/map/

4. Iranun: Budaya iranun. (2009). MAPAIT TANTU.....!. https://mapaittantu.blogspot.com/2009/09/iranun-budaya-iranun.html

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Assalamualaikum and hello everyone!

My name is Halimatus Sa'diyah Binti Khairul Hezry and I am from Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Currently, I am a student of LG243. I enjoy writing short stories in my spare time and playing volleyball!

Back to the task at hand, i enjoyed the process of researching the different traditional costumes of the cultures that i chose to talk about. I have been exposed to many different types of cultures and the clothing that they wear and it has shown me how important traditional costumes are in representing a community.

I hope you get to learn a lot as how i did when making this padlet.

Happy reading!