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I find it shocking that one middle class worker has to work a month to get what a rich person makes in an hour. I think it is ridicules that 1 percent of the population has 40 percent of all the money. Thy own 50 percent of all the stocks and bonds. It baffles me that the poorest people in America are not even on the chart. The narrator showed that even the middle-class population are struggling to make ends me. Research shows that around 700 million people around the world live on less that 2.15$ per day. That is the extreme poverty line. In the United States about 37.92 million people were living below the poverty line in 2022. Research also shows that in 2021, approximately 38 million Americans lived at or below the poverty line. How can the richest country in the world have so many poor people? The narrator also showed a chart that asks Americans how wealth was disturbed. Their perception was totally different than reality. The wealth should be distributed more evenly.

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Social stratification is the separation of society into economic classes, rich vs poor, gender groupings that reinforce patriarchy, racial and ethnic hierarchies, and birth-based castes. This is a way of ranking individuals. Rich individuals and individuals in power create the class system. This system utilizes hierarchy.  There is four principles of stratification.  Stratification is a characteristic of society.  Every society, no matter the location, has a class system. There are no individual differences. Second it persists over generations.  Third it is universal. Last it is different ideologies. The degree of vertical social mobility varies among stratification systems. In this sense, certain communities are more open, while others are more closed. Slavery, estate, caste, and class systems are the main forms of stratification. There are two types of stratification systems.  One is the caste system ge, gender, color, caste, disability, inherited title, and multigenerational riches are a few examples of assigned status. An assigned status is one that is typically given  upon you from birth and is not something you choose. An accomplished status is one that is obtained on the basis of merit; it is a position that is chosen or earned and is a reflection of an individual's efforts, skills, and abilities. For example, becoming a professional athlete is a position that is attained.

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Right How much money do you make in a year versus wealth.  Wealth is a measure of the goods and services that you own goods and services that you own money that you have in the bank.  Income is the total quantity of money or goods earned over a specific period of time, whereas wealth is the total amount of valuable economic goods amassed at a specific point in time. The accumulation of wealth over time is represented by income or reduction, if it is negative.  So you make 150,000 dollars a year but, you owe 300,000 dollars therefore you have no wealth because you owe more than you make. The wealthiest one percent of families in the United States own half of the wealth in this country.  This is outrageous. Since revenue is the sole source that can contribute to wealth creation, it can be argued that income produces wealth. The primary distinction between income and wealth is that income is the sum of money received on a regular basis in return for capital invested or goods or services rendered. So , what’s the difference? The flow of money derived from the factors of production is called income. Conversely, wealth is the market value of the stock of assets that a person or household has. Income is earned or received over a specific time frame. On the other hand, wealth is built up over time; in other words, it takes time to create.
An individual's income from a variety of sources, including their salary, home, capital gains, business, and profession, is subject to income tax. On the other hand, a wealth tax is imposed on the wealth of a person or household.  The differences are sometimes complicated. According to David Morgan, managing partner of the High Net Worth Advisory, "we would classify that as someone who has a current larger income than their fixed expenses, allowing them to live an extravagant lifestyle."  "A person who is wealthy has more assets than liabilities, which enables the assets to produce enough income to pay for fixed expenses" (Treetina. par 6).

Tretina, K.  2023 What’s The Difference Between Rich And Wealthy https:/www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/differences-between- rich-and-wealthy

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The functions of poverty

In America, poverty functions to n provide a low wage labor pool that is willing or rather, unable to be unwilling -to perform dirty work at low costs.” (Henslin 378). This function is so important that some states cut off welfare thus forcing poor people to do dirty jobs because no one else will do them.  Second, the impoverished support a range of economic activities that benefit the wealthy because they are forced to work for meager pay. In addition to paying a larger share of property and sales taxes, the impoverished also contribute to the funding of numerous state and local programs that assist wealthier populations. Jobs in a variety of professions and occupations are created by poverty. The impoverished purchase items that others do not, extending their useful lives. Fruit, veggies, and day-old bread are a few examples. The legitimacy of customary standards can be upheld by identifying and punishing the impoverished as genuine or suspected deviants. Being liberated from the restraints of wealth, the impoverished provide the general public with vicarious participation in the unrestrained sexual, alcoholic, and drug-related behaviors that the middle classes are frequently perceived to enjoy more than the poor. When more affluent people absorb culture made by or for the poor, the impoverished fulfill a direct cultural purpose. The status of people who are not impoverished is guaranteed by poverty. In the class structure, the impoverished also help groups immediately above them move up the ladder. The initiatives that assist the underprivileged give many jobs to those who work for the programs; the impoverished give jobs to doctors, lawyers, teachers, and other professionals who might not be qualified to work in jobs serving richer patients, clients, pupils, and so on.

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In this section a young man talks about how his parents would tell him not to show his color when they went out especially when going out where white people were. What it means is a chastisement or warning, admonishment or adulation, satire or self-hatred or celebration. Do not act out or show angry.  As a young boy Page realizes that there are differences between how his friends lives and the way he lives. Blacks could not use the same drinking fountains, swimming pools, and even company picnics were held separately. In "Showing My Color," Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Clarence Page approaches the problem of race pragmatically, arguing that the toughest problem facing much of black America is to continue the struggle against racism while also enjoying a well-earned life of success” (Walter. Par 1).  More than 75 years after the civil rights movement blacks are still confronted by racism even though things have supposedly changed. As long as color remains a significant factor in determining possibilities and chances in life, I don't want Americans to be blind to my color," says Page. While Americans freely discuss race, few truly address the problem of racism, he notes with great insight, because "it exposes so much, institutionally and personally."  Segregation was very much a part of life in the 50’s.  Sometimes you can still hear black people say, in the heat of frustration, 'I almost showed my color today,' which is a way of saying they almost lost their cool. Segregation is  the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.  I was born in 1953 and by the time I was old enough to understand the civil rights movement was fighting for the rights of black people.  I went to school with children of all color and my friends were black and Mexican. Even today there are negative stereotypes against people of color.

Walter, J. 1996 ''Showing My Color: Impolite Essays On Race And Identity'' ''Showing My Color: Impolite Essays On Race And Identity'' | The Seattle Times

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I am white.  I know I am white by my physical characteristics. I am Polish, German and Irish that tells me I am white.   I have blue eyes and was born with blonde hair.  My skin color ius white.  All of these factors helped me make the decision that I was white.   I learned I was white because my parents told me that I was white.  Also, I had the same features of other white children. I received negative messages about black people and Hispanics.  I was told that both of these races were inferior to whites.  That people of color were violent and dangerous.  But I found that not to be true.  There are good and bad people in all races including the white race. I look at physical features.  For example, what type of hair do they have, the shape of their eyes, color of their skin.  I do not make any assumptions.  I usually just ask the person what race they are.  An example my first husband appeared to be black which he was but, he was also Puerto Rican.  Hiis mother looked black but she was Putero Rican.  So physical features can be misleading would assume others decide I am white cause I have blue eyes, and white skin.

First person.  I am African American and Puerto Rican. I know because of my physical features and my race is listed on my birth certificate. My parents taught me about my race and heritage.  Like I said my physical features are I have brown eyes, nappy hair, and brownish red skin. My parents told me I was black.  White society told me I was black. When I was young, I was called a nigger, a blackie, nigger baby all of which are derogative names.  I hated white people. I do not associate with whites unless I have to.   There are many factors in my deciding what race a person is.  Physical features, accents, or the way they talk, and their families traditions. People take one look at me and know I am black.

Second person I am African America.  I know that because of my features and the color of my skin. I learned about race in school. I received mixed messages about race.  My grandparents are anti-white.  So, when I was young all I heard was whiter people are the devil. In school I had friends of all races.  So, the message was positive. Basically, on the persons physical attributes. Sometimes the way they speak. All people have to do is look at my skin color and the type of hair I have.

Third person- I am Mexican.  I was born in Mexico, I speak Spanish. I have black hair, brown eyes, and olive color skin.  That is what told me what race I am.  I have had some bad experiences being called a wet back, and a spic.  I look at people’s features, and their traditions to decide what race they are.  People judge me by the color of my skin and my accent.

Fourth person- I am an African-American mixed with Jamaican.  My culture , traditions, and physical features along with my accent told me what race I am.  I learned about race from my grandmother.  She told me about slavery and their inhumane treat blacks have suffered at the hands of white people.  Physical characteristics, language, and their traditions and culture are how I decide what race a person is.  I think people judge my race by the color of my skin, my accent, the way I talk, and my hair.

Fifth person- I am Native American I know this because of the language we speak at home, our traditions, and our culture.   I have features like most Native Americans.  I learned the truth about race from my grandparents.  Then I learned the white man’s version of my race which is mostly lies.

Race is a categorization of people based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society. Race is social constructed means " that it is not biologically defined, but rather shaped by language, culture, and societal norms. Dominant groups in society have influenced and informed racial categories, leading to racial inequality"

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According to Johnston, “Sociologically we can think of music in three key waays1. An art form 2.as a commodity, and 3. As a tool of resistance”( Johnston 332).  The author goes on to say as an art form music has not function.  I disagree. Among the many purposes of music is the ability to express oneself. One can express themselves without fear of being told they are wrong. Preservation of culture is important because some cultural history is known because of music. Interaction, (people at a concert) amusement, and mood preservation (for some people that are depressed music can lift their mood)
Music is used in ceremonial and spiritual purposes. N Church services are full of music praising the Lord . Therapists use memory to trigger emotional reactions to music that can help the patient focus on a certain subject. When people hear music, they will dance and dancing is a form of physical activity. Music is sometimes viewed as a commodity that can be purchased and sold in the popular music industry. Some people dispute this viewpoint, claiming that it encourages "commodity listening," in which listeners absorb music with little effort.  Making music makes jobs for people. Music can be used as a tool of resistance. For example, rap music expresses how people of color are treated unfairly.  It also talks about society’s problems, racism, no affordable housing, and police violence are just a few examples. Music conveys different message.  So, music  is a means of communicating. Music is rich with symbolisms giving people a way to understand the artist’s point of view. Self expression.

Johnston etAl. 2017 Introducing Sociology Using the Stuff  of Evey day Life. Routledge Publishing New York.

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Raphael Ezekiel has study racism for decades.  In the beginning of the chapter Ezekiel confirms that, “The militant white racists look at the world  in which white Americans and nonwhite Americans are treated different in every interaction”  (Henslin.369).  This is no surprise, ever since Whites landed here in America there has be3en racism.  First the racism was aimed at Native Americans.  While continuing this racism against Native people and people of color were added to being the subject of racism. This does not surprise me at all.  People who are racist have a racist mindset and do not see racism as a social injustice.  This is because almost all     positions of power are held by men who are white. These types of individuals think and believe that white people are superior to people of color.  This is a bold face lie.  I know some white people that are stupider than hell.  Ezekiel talks about being at a KKK rally and how he felt so uncomfortable.  Of course he is Jewish, and the KKK are also against Jewish people. White supremacists which KKK members are would like to exterminate all races that are not lily white.  Look at the racist mind of Hitler.  Hitler blamed Jewish people  as the reason Germany was going through economic hardships. There is no reasoning with a racist mind.  The Jewish people id not even live in Germany but yet he killed hundreds of thousands of innocent men, women, and children.  How could a sick racist mind control his people into believe that Germans were the superior race.   At the rally the word Nigger was tossed around like it was a compliment.  To show how racist people use the word to Ezekiel acknowledges it by saying, “Yea, just move your niggerized self along, Jewboy!“ (Henslin. 372).  There is no use in arguing with the racist mind, the person is not going to change. They were probably raised that way. But there is hope.  My great grandmother mother was brought up believing in racism.  My grandmother married an African-American man.  She did not like it at all. But when my grandmother had my mother  my great grandmother changed, she loved my daughter and became close to my grand father.  That is all good butt, that is only one person out of a million.

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How has your social class affected your life and choices?

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How has your social class affected your life and choices?

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My social class has affected me a great deal. Growing up we lived in nice neighborhoods with good schools. Things like education and social class were very important to me. Because I have always wanted to be at least in the upper middle class. I don't want to me just middle class because today they are struggling to make ends meet. My class has made me strive to do as well as I possibly can. For example, my education. I am continuing my education so that I can obtain a degree in Business. Once I learn all the ins and outs of how to successfully run a business I want to open my own sea food restaurant. If I had been in a lower class, I do not think I would have been inspired to get an education and open a business. I get good health care and dental care that people in a lower class do not receive. For example, I have beautiful straight teeth because my mother paid for braces. Medical does not pay for braces. All they pay for is the pulling of teeth and dentures. So being in a higher class than poverty has made my life better and has given me opportunties that people in low class do not receive.

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I went to Walmart to look at how the toys are put on the shelves. The first section was Toys for girls. It included dolls in all shapes and colors. The dolls were divided in to sections. For example, there were baby dolls including cribs, walkers and clothes. Next, I saw Barbie dolls. Of course, there were clothes and accessories. There were Barbie's car and dream house. Then the next section was Dolls from Walt Disney. I notice allot of the clothes were pink which is the color for girls. The next Isle was trucks, Lego sets, action figures, tools, and cowboy out fits. This clearly were directed towards little boys. There was a doctor's bag and, in the girls, section there was nurse's bag. There were cars and race tracts sure to attract the attention of boys. The action figures were either Gi Joe or wrestlers. These are also geared toward boys. There were trucks of all sizes. Then the last section of the toys was toys that both a girl or a boy could play with. This section was more for toddlers with stuff animals, puzzles, and learning toys. I then went to the bikes. I wanted to know if they were separated by gender. I found a pink, bike, and many different color, size and shapes. The pink was for girls while the other colors were for boys and girls.

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We are informed that pink is for girls and blue is for boys. However, are these gender standards culturally manufactured or do they represent some innate biological difference between the sexes? Depending on who you ask, yes.
In our text book the authors argue that, “This historical contrast illustrates an important sociological lesson, no color is inherently gendered.   Our ideas about what is suitable for boys and girls is socially constructed.” (181).  Social constructed means this seemingly natural category has actually been created by society. What this means is society dictates what colors are for girls and which color is for boys.  I was surprised that while reading I found out that in the early 1900s pink was a color for boys.  In the past pink has been associated with homosexuals. Now pink is somewhat accepted for men.  Toys are made to associate with gender.  Here again. gender is a socially constructed ideas about masculinity and your femininity.

According to decades of research by historian Jo Paoletti of the University of Maryland, there was a lot of confusion around baby paraphernalia colors until the 1950s. "There was no gender-color symbolism that held true everywhere," Paoletti spoke about Life's Little Mysteries. Paoletti has suggested that the societal conventions of "pink for a girl" and "blue for a boy" cannot reasonably be attributed to any evolutionary distinctions between the favored colors of boys and girls because they were only established in the United States during the 20th century. (Live par 2)

Through socialization girls and boys learn how to do gender. “Socialization refers to then learning that takes place to prepare humans to function in their social world” (184) For example your little girls is playing with a friend.  My friend is wearing a pink dress. Both of the girls are playing with dolls and their clothing is pink.  The friend’s bedroom everything is pink.  So, your child associates pink with girls.  The same can apply with boys.  Boys are supposed to be tough, so they play with trucks and tool Whereas girls are supposed to be feminine, so they play with dolls and kitchen sets. This is how society trains our children into believing certain things are for girls and certain things are for boys.

Why Is Pink for Girls and Blue for Boys? | Live Science www.livescience.com/22307-pink-girls-blue-boys.html

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The textbook talks about the qualifications to be a cheerleader.  Attractiveness, appearance, skills, and smiles made the list.    This is evidence that women are seen as sexual objects.  That is what our culture is based on.  Cheerleaders had to be cut, slim, have a great smile, and impeccable appearance.  This is a discriminating sport.  You never see chunky cheerleaders.  The are no plain jane cheer leaders.  These beauty standards put so much pressure on young girls, especially teenagers.  For a long time, young girls have been particularly susceptible. However, we have seen concerning patterns in recent years that require immediate attention from families, communities, and society at large.  “here’s really no way to sugarcoat it: )  Dr. Gail Saltz  who is a Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill-Cornell Medical College  talks about body imagine and how to help your daughter have a good body imagine. According to Saltz, “Raising a confident, self-assured daughter who is comfortable with her body is not an easy thing to do these days. From the time she’s a toddler a girl is bombarded with media and other cultural messages that undermine the kind of healthy, resilient self-image you want her to develop” (Saltz. Para 1) Teenagers and preteens are juggling a lot as they deal with the physical changes of puberty as well as cognitive, emotional, and social changes.  So it is not unexpected that girls spend so much time on their appearance given the significance of appearance in elevating one's reputation among peers and avoiding unfavorable assessments. Research has shown, “The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that between February 21 and March 20, 2021—during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic—suspected suicide attempts resulting in an emergency department visit shot up 50.6% among girls aged 12–17 years compared to the same period in 2019—as well as compared to an increase of only 3.7% for boys” (Feuer. Par 2.)  There are many reasons for this increase, and body image is one of them.

Feuer, V. Girls are suffering silently—facing many changes during their adolescent years. They need mental health support too. Low self-esteem is a crisis among young girls. Here’s how to help them. | Northwell Health

Saltz, How to Help Your Daughter Have a Healthy Body Image How to Help Your Daughter Have a Healthy Body Image

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I survey 30 women and 20 men.

For the woman.

There were three blondes, and all the rest had long dark colored hair.  There were 5 Afro-American women, One Middle Eastern woman, and the rest was white.  Their skin tone went to white, light brown and then very dark brown. All women’s skin looked silky smooth. All the women had makeup on.  The amount of makeup ranged from very light to very heavy. Six of the women were smiling and the rest of the women looked like they were posing, unnatural.  All of the women looked gorgeous.   Not one once of body fat was shown.

Men

All 20 men had dark hair and only one had long hair. Half of the men had facial hair, ranging from 5 o’clock shadow to full grown beards. There was one African American, three Latinos, and the rest were white.  All of the men had six pack abs or they had flat stomachs.  No fat was shown. Only three out of the twenty were smiling. The other men were just posing.  All the men had thin lips except one.

Conclusion

In order to be one of the beautiful people, an individual has to be white or light-skinned, and for women, you have to have a killer shape.  Men need to be slim with killer abs. Researchers from Northumbria University claim that men and women consider beauty to be facial hair. Facial hair on a man is a huge turn-on for most women. Whether it's a full-grown. A deep voice is attractive. A deep voice screams sexy. Men with deep voices sometimes come off as very manly. Height. Height does matter. There's just something about a man who towers over you that makes women sexually attracted to these kinds of men. Women must have a radiant smile. A warm, genuine smile can transform you from beautiful to gorgeous.  Sparkling eyes.  Healthy hair. Who doesn’t love a lady with luscious, well-taken-care-of hair? Feminine curves. And big breasts. Physical curves could also be what attracts a guy to a girl.  You cannot have one ounce of fat on your body.  It seems that society puts appearance over everything else that should matter, for example, honesty, loyalty, intelligence, and good moral convictions.   Society does not realize there is an inner beauty that is more important than outer beauty.

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Miscommunication is defined as failure to communicate adequately. In the textbook Down to Earth Sociology, Henslin states, " Conversation is a ritual. We say things that seem obvious without thinking of the literal meaning of our words” (Henslin. 192).  There is a vast amount of miscommunication.  For example, they say women apologize too much.  Sometimes, apologies are given to stop an argument or disagreement. Criticism can be misunderstood.  It depends on the tone of the speaker.  Women tend to use a soft approach, whereas men tend to be harsher.  Some individuals like the soft approach and others want straightforward criticism. The next is Thank you. Many people use thank you as an automatic way to start a conversation.   Fighting- Men seem to think that talking about different ideas is fighting.  Men firmly state their ideas, and if their logic is weak, the other party will point that out.   Females feel this is a personal attack.    Praise is another example.  When too much praise is given, it becomes invaluable. Men and women have different approaches to giving praise.  After the presentation, the woman told the other presenter it was a great talk; he said thank you.  When asked about her presentation, he gave her a long critique, not giving her any praise.  That led her to be honest about his presentation not being that good.  This led to an argument.  Jokes can really be a source of miscommunication.  The presenter says it one way, and the listener takes the joke another way.  Sometimes, it is not so much what you say but how you say it.  Some individuals do not have a sense of humor.   Miscommunication un the workplace can have devasting results. “A recent study revealed communication barriers cost businesses an average of $62.4 million annually” (Sherman, par 2).   Just think what better communication could do for these businesses.

Sherman, R.  9 causes of miscommunication (and how to fix them). 9 causes of miscommunication (and how to fix them)

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The process by which a culture's gender-related laws, customs, and expectations are learned is known as gender socialization. For most people, this process starts at a very young age.  As previously discussed, the color blue has always been associated with boys.  Trucks, cars, tools, dinosaurs, GI Joe, and wrestling action figures have always been toys for boys. Playing cops, robbers, Indians, and cowboys has always been how boys played.  Parents can put a child on a predetermined course. Toys and colors are one way parents do this, sometimes without thought. Henslin argues, "These represent both current activities thought gender appropriate and those symbolic of our future masculinity of courage, competition, daring and of violence” (Henslin. P 163).  This is how messed up society is in their perception of what being a male is.  Boys are taught that men are superior to women.  That women can only do certain jobs not requiring much intelligence.  Research has provided evidence that “the elevated risk status of boys and men can be seen in their tendency to experience certain developmental difficulties at greater rates than do girls and women.  More boys and men suffer more than women do in the following areas: Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorders (CD), Substance use disorders, Physical and mental health, and suicide” (Biglan et al. 1789) 78 percent of suicides are committed by men. Risk-taking, impulsivity, rage and violence, heart disease, depression, and early death are among the maladaptive physical and mental health effects that males who are educated to hide emotions and conform to traditional masculine gender standards are likely to experience. For example, boys are taught that men do not cry.  Holding your emotions in is harmful to people.

Biglan A, Van Ryzin MJ, Moore KJ, Mauricci M, Mannan I. The socialization of boys and men in the modern era: An evolutionary mismatch. Dev Psychopathol. 2019 Dec;31(5):1789-1799. doi: 10.1017/S0954579419001366. PMID: 31718736; PMCID: PMC7643809.

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After reading Women in the Military, written by Laura Miller. I was amazed to find out that in today's military service, there is still gender discrimination.  It is the same old story: men think they are superior to women.  According to Miller, “My research shows some men devote a great deal of energy resisting their women co-workers and commanders through methods such as sabotage, name-calling, foot-dragging, and spreading rumors” (Henslin. 519). Men complain that military women are to controlling. Although there has been improvement, there are still issues with gender equality in the military.  Henslin describes gender harassment as harassment that is not sexual and is used to enforce gender roles or in response to the violation of those roles. Some forms of harassment are resisting authority, constant scrutiny (always criticizing someone), gossip, and rumors.  Gossip and rumors usually cannot be proven; Some men go as far as to sabotage women’s equipment, thus putting their lives in danger.   Research has shown that despite rising seniority inside the US military, prejudice against women persists. Men looked for methods to set themselves apart and keep their position of authority in the organizational structure as women were breaking into the military. Three main actions were taken by men and the military as a whole: Give special operations, which are still nearly exclusively male, a major role in US military strategy; prioritize combat experience for promotions, which limits women's access to senior leadership positions; and prioritize certain physical standards, like upper body strength, regardless of job requirements that favor men over women. (Nagel et al. par 4)

Nagel, D., Spears, K, Maenza J. 2021. Culture, Gender, and Women in the Military

Implications for International Humanitarian Law Compliance Culture, Gender, and Women in the Military - GIWPS

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The importance of being beautiful p. 342

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The importance of being beautiful p. 342

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Henslin discusses the halo effect.  “It is assumed (Henslin. 342). It defies human reasoning, but if you look like Jane Fonda, you are more generous, trustworthy, sociable, modest, sensitive, interesting, and sexually responsive than the rest of us.” The halo effect is a cognitive bias that influences our judgment of others based on their appearance or one trait. In my opinion, that is absurd.  Those qualities come from within. Researchers showed a picture of a beautiful little girl; they were told a girl was throwing rocks at a dog until the dog’s leg bled.  When asking the women what they thought of the behavior, the response was oh, it is normal.  When shown a picture of a less attractive child in the same scenario, the response was that she was doing something very wrong.  Why are there different outcomes for the same wrongdoing?  Misbehavior is wrong regardless of beauty or lack of. Henslin uses another example to back up the halo effect theory.  “If a beautiful woman is on trial, you practically have to show the judge and jury a movie of her committing the crime in order to get a conviction” (Henslin. 343).  What does society think? A beautiful person cannot commit a crime.  This shows that society has its standards of judging people messed up. When assessing their students in the classroom, teachers are vulnerable to the halo effect fallacy. For instance, before objectively assessing a well-behaved student's aptitude in these areas, a teacher may infer that the student is also intelligent and driven. An unattractive child might be thought of as lazy and unmotivated.  Like the old saying says, beauty is only skin deep. When picking a mate men asses if the woman is pretty or not.  The bottom line is that an individual's innermost beauty is what should matter. Traits like honesty, compassion, and trustworthiness are more valuable than physical beauty.

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Gender separation is the separation of girls and boys in friendships, and casual encounters is central to daily life in elementary school (Henslin, 181).   Playing with peers of the same sex takes up a significant portion of both boys' and girls' time, while playing with peers of the opposite sex takes up a minor portion. Gender segregation is the term for this phenomenon. 8. Gender segregation starts between the ages of 2.5 and 3 and gets more substantial and more pronounced throughout elementary school. Children are, therefore, more likely to be socialized by their peers who share their gender.

Henslin talks about when we are told to line up frequently and cluster into same-sex groups. This reminds me of an episode of The Cosby Show.  Rudy is in elementary school, and the teacher is teaching a unit on manners. The teacher told the class that they were having a dance tomorrow.  When the dance started, the teacher told the children to mingle. All the boys got in one group and all the girls in another.  I remember that at lunch in school, all the girls sat at one table, and all the boys sat at the other table.  Henslin states, “Gender segregation in elementary and middle school has been found to account for more segregation than race” (Henslin. 181).   Another example is boys and girls know bad words, but out of fear of punishment, girls do not use bad words very often.  Meanwhile, little boys flaunt bad words, risking punishment more often. Boys like breaking the rules. These separation behaviors in young children are automatic. Children learn gender role behavior by doing "things that boys do" or "things that girls do.

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In the United States, marriage practices have undergone significant change since 1950. Nowadays, most men and women get married later in life and are more likely to divorce, even if most still get married at some point. A growing percentage of births occur outside of marriage, and cohabitation has become frequent as a prelude to or substitute for marriage.  Research has shown that “We’ve seen a retreat from marriage within all racial and ethnic groups and across the socioeconomic spectrum. But the decoupling of marriage and parenthood has been much less prevalent among college graduates.” (Lundberg & Pollard. Par 1) People feel that the American family is worse off than before.  Henslin discusses several scenarios of the American family in the 1920s and the 1950s. At first glance, it looks like we are worse off today. But digging deeper I found that is not the case. Henslin argues “that in 1955 Congress discussed 200 bills aiming at curbing juvenile delinquency.” (Henslin. 427) Even though today’s crime committed by adolescents is more dangerous, there really is no difference in the amount of juvenile delinquency.  In 1950, the divorce rate was at an all-time low, as it had been since the 1920s. There is also a dramatic increase in the divorce rate today. The 1950s marriages were like the show Leave it to Beaver, where the housewife stayed home, cleaned, cooked, and cared for the children.  Unwed mothers were not as prevalent as they are in today’s society. Certain kinds of marriages have grown increasingly prevalent, even though the proportion of married adults has decreased overall. The percentage of Americans in interracial or interethnic marriages has been rising since the 1970s. Since same-sex marriages were legalized nationwide in 2015, the percentage of Americans in same-sex marriages has likewise increased. More than 700,000 same-sex couples were married in the US in 2021, making up around 1% of all married couples. (How par 2)

How the American Family Has Changed | Pew Research Center

Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (2015). The evolving role of marriage: 1950 –2010. The Future of Children, 25(2), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2015.0011

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When individuals get married, there is an expectation of gender equality. But this is not true.  One of the wedding vows is I promise to love, honor, and obey.  This is the vows of a woman.  The groom does not have to say obey.  Nowadays, couples omit the word obey from their vows. The wedding day is said to be the bride’s biggest day of her life.  Men don’t say the wedding is the biggest day of their life.  The bride is expected to look feminine, with a long, flowing, beautiful gown and a long veil trailing behind her. The bride is supposed to be the center of attraction. There is so much pressure on the bride regarding

her appearance.  All the groom does is put on a suit. The role of the of the bride is socially valued as a performance of femininity, but it is generally not as powerful or flexible as the masculine role of the groom” (Johnston et al. p.219). Gender roles in marriage are different now than they were in the 1950s. Gender roles have shifted, which is one of the many reasons why marriages can fail in today's world. Men traditionally wore the pants, or at least that was what men thought. An example of these roles is the Donna Reed show. N The father ruled the house.  While the mother took care of the kids. Their views were frequently crucial in most matters about the family and household. Both men and women outwardly seemed to accept this arrangement, although no one should imagine that many women were delighted about it. One benefit was that couples had fewer arguments since both of them or rather, the women, knew their place. The ideas of marriage, sex, and child-rearing have changed dramatically.

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I started to dream f the day In would get married when I was about 12.  I would have a beautiful white dress with a train that was longer than ten feet.  It would have been made out of lace and satin. The garter belt would be purple just like the dresses of my bridesmaids.  The day before our wedding both of us would go to confession. We would be married in the middle of Mass in a Catholic church. During the ceremony a gold silk rope would be put around me and the groom.  Signifying that we are now one. This would be the first time we received communion as husband and wife. Following the Mexican traditions, we would have God parents for different things.  A set of God parents would get the wedding cake, another would be responsible for music, and another would be responsible for the food.  There would be a mariachi band and DJ there to provide music.

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It was crucial to the experiment that a flip of a coin decided roles because it showed that the results could happen to anyone in their situation. An individual’s status has a strong influence on their personality trait.  After only a few days, the participants believed their situations were reality, not just an experiment.  The students all showed no emotional issues. None of these students had a criminal history.  At the end of six days, the students who were guards treated them like animals. They were having fun being cruel to the others.  While the prisoners became docile, and their only thoughts were of escape. “With regards to prison, we can state that the mere act of assigning labels to people and putting them in a situation where those labels acquire validity and meaning is sufficient enough to elicit psychological behavior” (Henslin 319).  In other words, giving a person a title and putting them in a situation to use that title can change people’s personality traits and behavior. Because situational controls over behavior are frequently subtle and non-obvious, we can avoid situations where we might be so controlled, and we label them as weak; people in those situations, when they do behave differently from how we believe we would, we undervalue their persuasiveness and power.

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Eating your friends is the hardest p. 277

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Eating your friends is the hardest p. 277

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I was shocked when reading Eating Your Friends is the Hardest in our textbook.  The only people I heard of eating humans were a certain tribe of Africans; I can not imagine how these people must have felt. The author argues that our world is socially constructed; nothing has a built-in meaning (Henslin 283).  People as a society decide what meaning to give a word.  People change the meaning of words all the time. For instance, the people that were in the airplane crash believed that a body, while not a person, is still human and must be respected. We have been taught that the human body is not food.  That is why some of the survivors would not eat the flesh of the dead individuals. Therefore, their decision led to their death.  When circumstances change, the meaning of the word can change.  The survivors had a choice: either eat the flesh of the dead or die themselves. They had to change the meaning of bodies to eat the flesh.  That was the only way they could make it out of there alive.

Speaking to the Times newspaper on the tragedy’s 50th anniversary, survivor Carlos Paez said it was their duty to travel the world and explain the grim story of their 72 days in the freezing mountains. He said: ‘In a sense, our friends were some of the world's first organ donors—they helped nourish us and kept us alive.’ Many of them have gone on to do incredible things, including Mr Paez, a grandfather of five, who travels the world as a motivational speaker, telling the story to everyone. After becoming an engineer in the United States, Mr. Harley retired at 70.  In 14 years, Gustavo Zerbino won 12 Uruguayan championships by using his knowledge to support the country's rugby scene. He is given credit for his nation's first rugby triumph over Chile. Mr. Canessa is a renowned pediatric cardiologist who received a British Council Scholarship to study at Guy's Hospital in the United Kingdom. (King  par 2)

King, J. 2022 Plane crash survivors don’t regret eating dead passengers to survive Chile plane crash survivors don't regret eating passengers to survive | World News | Metro News

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I was waiting to pick up my grandson, and I saw this lady sitting on the ground, throwing clothes all over while talking to herself.  She then picked up the clothes and started throwing them all over again.  She became angry and started kicking the clothes, cussing, and talking to herself as though someone was talking to her, and she was waiting for them to answer.  This went on for about 20 minutes.  Finally, my grandson came out, and we left. This lady was violating the norm of talking to yourself.  People without emotional issues do not talk to themselves like this lady did.  Her behavior violated the norm of how we act in public. This lady’s norms were different because she was homeless and mentally ill.  These norms would be ok in a mental hospital.  People in mental hospitals often have bizarre behaviors. The significance of this situation is the lady needs help with housing and psychiatric help.  She needs supervision. No, I cannot imagine a situation where I would behave similarly. I did not think about a label for the lady.  All I thought about was how sad the lady was in that situation and not receiving the help she needed. I did not interact with the lady because of fear.  Emotionally unbalanced people can turn violent from one minute to the next.

In front of the drugstore, this man was just yelling and screaming.  He would be calm talking about God, and the next minute, he was yelling about Satin.  His demeanor changed back and forth.  I sat there for about 5 minutes just watching him.  It was not apparent if he was emotionally ill or high on drugs.  The man looked homeless.  His clothes were dirty and disheveled. He would look around and then turn and look again as if he thought someone was after him. He is violating the norm of how we should behave in society.  Normal people’s behavior is different than his behavior.  Normal people are not paranoid.  These norms were specific to his race (he was black), his class (homeless), and his age (look about in his fifties).  Being poor and homeless decreases the chances he will receive treatment for his emotional state. Only if he was in a mental hospital would this be normal. Under no circumstances would I ever be in this person’s situation.  I know how to use the resources the community offers. The label crazy made me frightened of him. I would not interact with him because of this fear I had because I thought he was crazy.

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The use of unnecessary force has been in the news recently.  Several individuals have been killed using too much force.  The textbook talks about how police deal with the subject of force. Henslin argues, “Peer approval helps neutralize the guilt and confusion that rookies often experience when they begin to use force to assert their authority” (Henslin 472). This is very evident in the death of George Floyd.  Floyd was handcuffed on the ground, and a cop kept his knees on his neck even though Floyd was not resisting.  Yet none of the other cops pulled Chauvin off Floyd, nor did they tell him to get off Floyd. This is not an accident; it is murder.   Derek Chauvin was sentenced to 22.5 years in the death of George Floyd. There is also discrimination within the police force.  Women rookies encounter special problems when learning to use normal force while becoming recognized as real street cops. (472). Women have to do more than men when trying to prove they are a good cop. Using not enough force can have devasting effects.  But when deadly force was used there is always an excuse or supposed justification. Excuses are where the policy denies responsibility for an act but recognizes its inappropriateness. Police also justify the use of extreme force against certain categories of morally reprehensible persons. So, it's ok to kill someone that does immoral acts.  Who made police judge, jury, and executioner? The police department always tries to downplay the situation. The only reason George Floyd’s situation made the news is because someone was recording the whole incident on their cell phone.  Racism plays a part in the use of unjustified use of deadly force. All the victims of deadly force are black.  You never have heard about a white victim of deadly force.  All the policemen involved in these situations are white. If a person's life is in danger, then deadly force has to be utilized, only but if there is no other way.

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What does being insane mean? It should be very straightforward to tell the difference between someone who is mad and someone who is absolutely normal, as we all have an innate sense that insanity is an extreme condition. For an untrained individual, it might not be as simple, but psychiatrists could undoubtedly tell. Would they be able to? Henslin asserts that “the belief has been strong that patients symptoms, that those symptoms can be categorized, and implicitly that the same are distinguishable from the insane”  (Henslin 323) If that is true how can people fake symptoms and the professionals believe them.  Eight individuals were admitted to a psychiatric hospital that were located in different states.  A medical history of schizophrenia was presented.  As soon as these 8 were admitted they stopped producing symptoms and behaved normal.  After a few days they were released with the diagnosed Schizophrenia remission. That right there is evidence that mental staff in psychiatric hospitals do not always do their job. How was the patient given a discharge diagnosis of Schizophrenia in remission when the individuals did not have schizophrenia.  The participants were educated people. So is it that easy to fool trained medical personnel. Therefore, Hensly argues that “The uniform failure to recognize sanity cannot be attributed to the quality of the hospitals, although there were considerable variations among   them, several area considered excellent” (Henslin 326). If these hospitals were so good, how was it that they were fooled so easily?  People that have been charged with a serious crime sometimes act insane hoping they will not get convicted of the crime.

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How consumption conveys class and status

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How consumption conveys class and status

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“Sociologists have observed that  people in different classes consumes different kinds of things in different ways” (83). .  People understand their own class position. We consume things to send a message to people who we are.  The term conspicuous consumption means the way social elities purchase and display high status items to distinguish themselves as socially superior and to demonstrate their high status, the amount of respect, deference or prestige a person commands.  For example, regular people drink coffee out of a coffee cup or mug.  The rich drink coffee out of China.  What is the difference, coffee is coffee no matter what you drink it out of. Social influences on food consumption are the direct or indirect, conscious or unconscious effects that one or more people have on other people's eating habits. Social factors influence food choices even when eating alone since interactions with other people shape attitudes and behaviors.

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Bassok argues, "According to recent reports, kindergarten nowadays is marked by a greater emphasis on academic abilities and fewer play opportunities, and accountability pressures have permeated the early elementary schools” (Bassok). Today, Kindergarten is nothing like the class presented in our textbook. A couple of generations ago, kindergarten was play time, time to make friends, and there was time to learn. Children learn through playing. A child should enjoy going to school to increase their chances of success. Kindergarten used to be 3 hours. Now a day, kindergarten is all day long, just like the upper grades. Gone are the days off taking a nap, playing in the dollhouse, and coloring. It is ABCs, counting, reading, spelling, and more. This is why it is called Boot Camp. Even in preschool, the students are taught their colors, letters, and shapes. Henslin asserts that “Kindergarten is conceived by educators as a year of preparation for school. It is thought of as a year small children, five or six years old, are prepared socially and emotionally or the academic learning which will take place over the new twelve years” (Henslin 448). This is a new outlook on education. The structure of what is to be learned every year has changed. Thus focusing more on academics than socialization. What about children that are immature for their age? These children get lost in a whirlpool of academics thrown at them. Children at this age need to be learning socialization skills. Children need time to play and be children.

Bassok, D., Latham, S., & Rorem, A. (2016). Is Kindergarten the New First Grade? AERA Open, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858415616358