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Theodore Herzl founds Zionist Ideology in Der Judenstaat, an address to the Rothschilds relaying the logics and processes of Zionism, mainly involving aspirations for a national homeland as well as an end to the diaspora, met with immense opposition from Orthodox Jews and Jewish Socialists. Herzl's early work described the lands of the people which they would establish themselves over as "wild beasts" which would be justified in killing, and included working with "honest antisemites" to advance/finance the project.

Eventually, however, pushback would weaken, and the bid for Herzl's vision, from its vision of violent establishment to international recognition by any means necessary, would begin.

source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48758454.pdf

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McMahon–Hussein correspondence, British promise Arab independence in Palestine in exchange for inciting rebellion within the Ottoman Empire. The Zionist narrative includes the fact that McMahon would go on to say there is nothing in the language of the correspondences that implied a promise of Palestine to the Arabs, and therefore the correspondences are not a legitimate political claim. However, this statement was made after the situation began to blow up into the Britsh's face, so it is far more likely that this statement was made to cover for himself. Further, the wording of the correspondences did not specifically exclude Palestine -- only "portions of Syria to the west of Damascus" which were not elaborated on.

One years later with the leaking of the Sykes-Picot agreement, and two years later with the Balfour Declaration, it would become evident the British made a promise they had no intention of keeping.

source: https://www1.udel.edu/History-old/figal/Hist104/assets/pdf/readings/13mcmahonhussein.pdf

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Jewish Anti-zionist peace activist Jacob Israel de Haan is assassinated by the Haganah. Seeing the writing on the wall of lack of cooperation with Arabs increasing tensions and seeing the Zionist mission as too domination-oriented, he attempted to broker a deal of unrestricted Jewish immigration into Palestine, in return for a Jewish renouncement of the Balfour Declaration. He was universally hated for his statements against the "tyranny" of the zionist movement. For his anti-zionist efforts, he was shot in 1924. De Haan's assassination was considered the very first political killing by the Jewish community in Palestine. This marked a major signal of intent within Palestine of domination on Jewish terms, rather than working with Arab authorities to a mutual agreement.

sources: https://web.archive.org/web/20230103190552/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2013-06-30/ty-article/.premium/this-day-zionisms-first-political-assassination/0000017f-dc30-db5a-a57f-dc7a40570000, https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru7dqV3a-LUC&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false

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Haavara agreement is established between Zionist German Jews and the Nazi party, which authorized the transfer of a number of German Jews to Palestine, where their labor would be used to undercut Palestinian laborers. The agreeement allowed for the transfer of over 60,000

This agreement drew international ire, as this both legitimized and drew criticism away from the Nazi party. Zionists argued this deal was made because of the precarious situation in Nazi Germany, but Zionists effectively tipped their own hand as Ben-Guiron, founder of the State of Israel, was quoted to say, "If I knew that it was possible to save all the children of Germany by transporting them to England, and only half by transferring them to the Land of Israel, I would choose the latter, for before us lies not only the numbers of these children but the historical reckoning of the people of Israel.”

sources: https://www.progressiveisrael.org/ben-gurions-notorious-quotes-their-polemical-uses-abuses/, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/haavara, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48758454.pdf

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UN partition plan is approved. Due to mass population displacement on specifically the Arab side, this plan was rejected, leading to war and the breakdown of negotiations.

The Zionist perspective of this was that this was undertaken due to general antisemitism and an unwillingness to cooperate. However, many historical facts are not acknowledged:

the plan of partition would displace over 407,000 Palestinians within the Jewish State. This compared to only 10,000 Jewish people within the Arab lines.

the Zionist side only marginally accepted this plan due to being "pragmatic expansionists" -- in effect having no true intention to actually abide by partition, but rather by using this agreement as a stepping-stone to further expansion.

the partition plan also granted the majority of the land to Jewish people, in spite of being the minority in the land. Partition was, by all accounts, biased toward the Jewish population.

sources: https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1947.stm, https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq6MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false

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The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument

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Israel wins the war, and initiates the Nakba, or catastrophe in Arabic, an ethnic cleansing campaign that kills, expels, and displaces over 700,000 Palestinians.

Multiple far-echoing results come of this, most of which reveal that the blame for "Palestinian Terrorism" squarely falls on Israel due to its lack of intent to atone for the Nakba.

the founder of Hamas, Ahmed Yassin, had to flee his village after it was razed to cinders. The co-founder of Hamas, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, watched as his uncle was shot in front of him. The ethnic cleansing and expulsions of the Nakba -- still largely denied by the Israeli government today -- would form the later justifications for Hamas.

Tha Nakba sparked the issue of the Palestinian Right of return, which Israel still denies today, causing many Palestinians outside of Palestine to live in abysmal conditions. This is a significant reason why Arafat walked away from negotiations at the Camp David Summit, continuing conflict into today, and sparking the second Intifada.

any institution that commemorates Nakba Day can have its funding cut by Israel.

Sources: https://archive.org/details/footnotesingaza0000sacc_j9j4, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/3/24/the-life-and-death-of-shaikh-yasin, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/08/opinion/fictions-about-the-failure-at-camp-david.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/3/24/the-life-and-death-of-shaikh-yasin, https://www.adalah.org/en/law/view/496

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Footnotes in Gaza : Sacco, Joe : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

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Exodus is published by Leon Uris and was the biggest bestseller in the U.S. since Gone with the Wind, an ahistorical novel which laid the foundation of anti-Arab tropes and Zionist narrative in America, that attempted to explain within zionist eyes the reason for the Palestinian refugee problem.. This and the success of Israel in the 1967 war laid significant foundations of US-Israeli relations today. These tropes include:

A consistent portrayal of Palestinian society as a "stagnant rock", uniquely backwater and in desperate need of modernization by outside force, although Palestine was adapting into the global market and adopted many western scientific advancements at the time. Instead of a settler-colonial ideology, this portrayed to the west Zionism as an ideology of benevolence and burden.

The blame of the conflict would be placed on the Palestinian people, unwilling to compromise, too antisemitic for their own good, and whipped into passionate frenzy and gang violence. Resistance to settlers, however, came from a populist, anticolonial perspective, which was ignored by Exodus completely. This is stacked on top of the myth that Islam spread through violence, so its followers are by extension inherently violent.

Erasure of palestinian statehood and any spiritual ties to the land. This also persists through other writers, such as Mark Twain, who would constantly refuse to pronounce palestinian city names.

source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/08969205221132878

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Pre-emptive strike by Israel initiates the Six-Day war, illegally occupies the Golan heights and over the next 20 years forcibly and undemocratically integrates it into Israeli territory.

The Israeli government occupied the Golan heights through a number of extremely draconian strategies, including:

appointing mayors (not holding elections) to run things -- in some cases candidates came from outside the golan heights

Hundreds of teachers were fired for their political awareness and views

scaring the populace into silence using overtly authoritarian displays of power

Instituting systems of inequality by favoring those who accepted israeli policy over those who rejected them, sanctioning and blacklisting protesting groups

blockades, round-the-clock curfew, and door-to-door arrests

large swaths of land were taken for control by the
state, and self-supporting projects were passionately discouraged

settlement projects to dilute national identity.

Israeli victory triggers the Khartoum resolution at the 1967 Arab League Summit, better known as the "three noes": no peace with Israel, no negotiation with Israel, no recognition of Israel.

Source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537689, https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/141

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The Oslo Accords of 1993-1995 were initially presented as some of the first major steps in the peace process between Israel and Palestine, yet such principles truly became a "framework" for peace where ongoing issues would rather be handled under "permanent status negotiations". The greatest details of asymmetry in the process is that while Palestinian President Arafat recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounced terrorism, the state of Israel moreso recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people without recognizing the right for Palestine to exist. Israeli forces would withdraw from parts of Gaza and the West Bank over a 5-year interim period until final agreements of governing authority were reached. However, many Palestinians recognized how this attempt at a two-state solution moved forward without re-addressing past injustices and historical grievances of the Nakba. The demands of self-determination and the rights of refugees fueled frustration with Palestinian leadership, which ultimately perpetuated widespread tension and division amongst the Palestinian people. Many individuals criticized the PLO for essentially agreeing to terms that disregarded Palestine's ultimate right for statehood and rather legitimized complete Israeli sovereignty.

Source: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.37.2.0161?casa_token=hAmQ5ASDMJgAAAAA%3AwfNYFmzUzHAm6fPEIs8031YAgJwL-IoYMDNBsCoYXq2zU375lMVzpfRcnAHFwHnUOB_Gd8Bs9xYkLwdcawxvEwvT9GmXYxpEaIPo6naupvpXQe9Ni5c_&seq=1

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JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources.

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Camp David Summit

The 2000 Camp David Summit mediated by the United States has been critiqued as a failure after Palestinian President Arafat rejected a "generous offer" from Israel. However, leading diplomats and prominent negotiators have further critiqued the widely leading narrative in the United States and Israeli public opinion at the time that Arafat was not interested in a two-state solution and rather wanted to completely destroy Israel by inciting the violent uprisings of the 2nd Intifada. Rather, the complexity of the issues of refugees, land distribution, and borders were not adequately addressed in the proposed solutions. The continued Denial of Nakba recognition and the Palestinian right to return, alongside the growing number of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, contributed to each side's disdain. In the weeks following the Summit, Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount/al-Aqsa mosque, one of the holiest sites in both Islam and Judaism. Many diplomats warned of the possibility of protest, and have rather attributed this event to the start of years of violent conflict that ended in the deaths of 3000 Palestinians and 1000 Israelis. Ultimately, many critics have argued that a "myth" of Palestinian refusal following the Camp David Summit has been utilized ever since to justify Israeli policies and delegitimize Palestinian claims.

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The Second Intifada

Within the Second Intifada, violence became a normalized way of life for both Israelis and Palestinians, with more chronic insecurity and fear of survival ruling all aspects of social engagement more prevalently for Palestinians. Concepts of relationships, communal ties, and collective resilience were all uprooted in this period. Palestinians involved in uprisings fought to improve their rights that had reached an all-time low at the Camp David Summit, while Israeli leaders wanted to continue to force Palestinians to accept their unjustified status-quo. "The Israelis thought that dealing a severe military blow to the Palestinians would lower their political demands in the negotiations in the aftermath of Camp David summit.”-Abu Yusef (PLO). Much of the Palestinian protests of this time were actually non-violent, but such activity was disregarded as it didn't fit into much of the narrative portrayed by Western media. What truly occurred was the violent breaking of international law and the killing of thousands of innocent civilians by Israeli military forces alongside a growing loss of Palestinian land. Source: https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2008.00015.x

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Hamas Control of Gaza

From its foundation in the late 1980s to its control over the Gaza Strip in 2007, Hamas, or the Islamic Resistance Movement, has promoted Palestinian nationalism in the Islamic context while being removed from official PLO authority in the West Bank. While dozens of countries including the United States have designated Hamas a terrorist organization, some have only attributed this to its military wing which violently rejects the existence of Israel. Complexly, many scholars have pointed to the dual role of Hamas through both its negative impacts to the region but also the broader social-political context that it acts upon. Hamas's armed resistance and authoritative governance is based in Israel's military campaigns and targeted violence. The narrative of Hamas as a "resistance" resonates with its supporters who view the group as a defender against Israeli corruption and aggression. However, the group has struggled to govern the Gaza Strip, leading to economic hardship due to its international isolation. Crucially, the split in Palestinian governance is one that has been difficult to address, and rather the Israeli government has used this divide and Hamas violence to continue to justify the further expansion of the Israeli state and the military defense of its people.

Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01436590802528739?casa_token=muyjCw5d4xAAAAAA:u-lH_RtK2PrAa5cgjWTp3ozJ0tg5zMkFbG3QwIkQZT3eFPLFCzxneGmblETkDvJHZdssMN73SOu1hw

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The First Gaza War or Israeli Operation Cast Lead was a 3 week armed conflict that resulted in 1500 Palestinian deaths and 13 Israeli deaths. Israeli Defense Forces first made a raid breaking ceasefire agreements to target Hamas militants, which resulted in a Palestinian militant rocket response. Scholars have critiqued Israel for its advanced use of force against a civilian-dense and resource-deprived Gaza strip with violence that largely outweighed the threat posed by Hamas. The destruction of civilian infrastructure contributed to exacerbating the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, alongside the normalization of violence that broke multiple international laws and human rights violations. This narrative has been largely suppressed in terms of national security discourse, and overall the possible narratives of self-determination for Palestinian people were once again undermined. Yet, both sides of the conflict have been convicted of committing war crimes. Much of the public understanding of such events largely depends of media portrayal of the conflict from this inciting event.

Source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0308275X12449103?casa_token=P1aOfQKLf-UAAAAA:vR6NHQTr_1QD_sUpIGu0UJCOMTGZzbFor-Baga9GP7_kj_Xj4I6OR8-5P9tWY1hQLHNJUPoWrrQCmQ

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The scales of occupation: ‘Operation Cast Lead’ and the targeting of the Gaza Strip - Lori Allen, 2012

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This article analyses the role of scalar politics in the 22-day Israeli assault on the occupied Gaza Strip that happened in the winter of 2008–9, and argues tha…

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2014 Gaza War/Operation Protective Edge

In a similar manner to the First Gaza War, the 2014 Gaza War resulted in thousands of Palestinian deaths. By the middle of this conflict, almost 300,000 Palestinians had been displaced with little access to shelter, food, water or health services across the Gaza Strip. Scholar Said Shehadeh explores the systemic targeting of civilian life by the IDF as a means of psychological warfare and trauma. Once again, the collective resilience of Palestinian civilians is put to the test as widespread helplessness and fear in Gaza upended daily life. Such traumas arguably exposed the vulnerabilities of Palestinian society, yet nevertheless, war crimes and human rights violations continued to be acted upon. Overall, scholars have analyzed Israeli aggression as a form of psychological suppression, reducing resistance or the success of a more peaceful solution.

Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aps.1457

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Continuing Israeli-Hamas Crisis, Analysis of Media Portrayal.

In the third direct military conflict since Israel began a blockade on Gaza in 2000, the population of Palestinian civilians in Gaza is now over 2 million people. As has been discussed, it is crucial to analyze media portrayal of such ongoing conflicts, as it can speak to the power of suppressed narratives that are difficult to break from. In many mainstream representations of various wars in Gaza, many outlets took what is deemed a "war journalism" approach focusing more on violence and polarization than "peace journalism" which focuses more on the underlying causes of conflicts, the human cost, and possible solutions. Media coverage can often reflect such biases, often towards that of Israel in justifying their security concerns. Many critics have called for journalists to explore more historical contexts when reporting on these ongoing conflicts, as it solely contributes to public opinions that such wars are perpetual cycles of uncontrollable violence. "Sensationalism" is one term that has been utilized to define such coverage, and such critiques have continued through the modern-day conflict that has brought the most media attention to Israel and Palestine out of the entire timeline.

Source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/01634437231154766?casa_token=8frfW7ofyp4AAAAA:miw3mMvHinOFgdb1oB2ajGDLokz1cWewPTKIG6seD3cqyiu2BIwHqvZcI9KXF2_0OFVsmjuTZOx-eQ

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Hamas Attack's Israel, Devastating Israeli Response.

Following warnings from Palestinian Authority Officials about the growing possibility for explosive revenge from its more militant groups under continued Israeli occupation, Hamas ultimately led a major attack on Western Israel from Gaza that killed over 1000 Israeli individuals. It was the deadliest attack on the Jewish people since the Holocaust. The obscene and horrific attack was the result of ongoing back and forth tensions of over 15 years of Hamas's reign in Gaza. Ultimately, many scholars have analyzed Benjamin Netanyahu's response and subsequent attacks on Gaza as inhumane and breaking international law. Since Israel's ground and air invasion of Gaza on October 7, 2023, over 40,000 Palestinians have been killed, with more than half of them being women and children. Over 90% of Gaza's 2.3 million population has been displaced. Ultimately, many scholars have pointed to the criteria of "proportionality" in war, or how much death and violence upon innocent people in war is considered plausible. Even on the basis of moral justification, the war has been highly disproportionate.

Source: file:///Users/johnokeefe/Downloads/10.1515_auk-2024-2024.pdf