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On May 17th, 1954 the Supreme Court declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause.

Historical Significance:

This court case was a desegregation landmark

Ended racial segregation in schools, declaring it was unjust

Overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Social Implications:

Highlighted the need for universal access to quality education as a constitutional right, including students with disabilities

Inspired movements to address inequities for other marginalized groups

Encouraged Families to advocate for their children

Legal Precedents:

This case was cited in many cases following it as the basis for access to public education for students with disabilities

Influenced the passage of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Established that any form of discrimination in schools is unconstitutional and illegal

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Education For All Handicapped Children Act (1975)

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Education For All Handicapped Children Act (1975)

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On November 29, 1975, legislation required states receiving federal funds to provide Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) and introduced procedural safeguards, ensuring that parents could challenge schools not meeting their child’s needs.

Historical Significance:

Based on Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) which is a guarantee for students with disabilities and ensures they can no longer be excluded from public education systems

This resulted from activism by families and growing awareness of the educational and societal needs of students with disabilities

This law is important because it is the first major federal intervention in ensuring education equity for students with disabilities and required states receiving federal funding to provide special education services and establish accountability measures

Social Implications:

Increased opportunities for students with disabilities

sparked greater acceptance for students with disabilities

gave parents and legal guardians legal opportunities to advocate for their child's needs

Legal Precedence:

Introduced procedural safeguards, allowing parents to challenge schools that failed to meet their child’s educational needs

Is part of the foundations for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1990)

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On January 20, 1988, the court ruled that schools cannot suspend or expel students with disabilities for more than 10 days for behavior directly caused by their disability without due process.

Historical Significance:

The case challenged the extent to which schools could discipline students with disabilities under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA), specifically the amount of time they could be suspended

The Court ruled that schools cannot expel or suspend students with disabilities for behavior caused by their disability for more than 10 days without due process.

Affirmed that a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) is protected even in cases of disciplinary actions

Social Implications:

Ensured that students with disabilities could not be unfairly excluded from education due to disability-related behavior

Gave families legal ways to advocate for their child and their child's IEP

Legal Precedents:

Created the concept of "stay-put" provisions, which allow students to remain in their current educational placement while disputes are occurring

Require schools to focus on restorative punishment and connect a students behavior with their disability