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DEFINITION: The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency and wavelength.

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DEFINITION: Communication links that transfer data without using physical cables or wires. Instead, they rely on electromagnetic waves to transmit information through the air or space.

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Used in cooking, radar, telephone and other signals

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Transmits heat from sun, fires, radiators...

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Used to broadcast, radio and television

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Makes things able to be seen

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Absorbed by the skin, used in fluorescent tubes

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Used to view inside bodies and objects

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Used in medicine for killing cancer cells

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How it Works:

Uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency bands (and, more recently, 6 GHz with Wi-Fi 6E).

Wi-Fi networks are created by a router or access point that connects devices in a local area to the internet or each other.

Uses protocols like IEEE 802.11 standards for communication.

Range:

Up to 150 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors, depending on obstructions and frequency band.

Examples of Devices:

Laptops, smartphones, smart TVs, tablets, IoT devices (smart home products)

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How it Works:

Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band.

Designed for short-range, device-to-device communication.

Uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) to avoid interference.

Range:

Standard Bluetooth (Class 2): Up to 30 feet (10 meters).

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Typically 100–300 feet for low-power, data-light applications.

Examples of Devices:

Wireless headphones, keyboards, mice, fitness

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How it Works:

Uses infrared light (just below visible spectrum) for close-range data transmission.

Often uses line-of-sight, meaning devices need to be aligned directly for communication.

Range:

Generally very short, about 3-5 feet, depending on the device.

Examples of Devices:

Remote controls, older mobile phones with IR ports, some medical devices (e.g., thermometers)