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The tribes of Angles Saxons and Jutes migrated to the Britain Isles in 449 AD.

THE people who invaded Britain in the fifth century are said to have belonged to three distinct nations, the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes. The primary authority for this classification is a passage in Bede's Ecclesiastical History, 1.15, which, as it has always been regarded as the basis of investigation in English ethnology, deserves to be given here in full. “They had come,” he says, “from three of the bravest nations of Germany, namely, from the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes.

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Introduction of Christianity.

The official and most common story is that Saint Augustine came in 597 AD on a Pope-sanctioned mission to convert the pagans. This is the date we most commonly associate with the arrival of Christianity in Britain and the eventual conversion of Anglo-Saxons.

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The earliest inhabitants of Britain about which anything is known are the Celts (the name from the Greek keltoi meaning "barbarian"), also known as Britons, who probably started to move into the area sometime after 800 BC.

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The Romans first entered Britain in 55 BC under Julius Caesar, although they did not begin a permanent occupation until 43 AD, when Emperor Claudius sent a much better prepared force to subjugate the fierce British Celts.The Romans first entered Britain in 55 BC under Julius Caesar, although they did not begin a permanent occupation until 43 AD, when Emperor Claudius sent a much better prepared force to subjugate the fierce British Celts.

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Also influencing English at this time were the Vikings. By about 850, the raiders had started to over-winter in southern England and, in 865, there followed a full-scale invasion and on-going battles for the possession of the country. Viking expansion was finally checked by Alfred the Great and, in 878, a treaty between the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings established the Danelaw, splitting the country along a line roughly from London to Chester, giving the Norsemen control over the north and east and the Anglo-Saxons the south and west.

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One of the most influential monarchies in the history of England began in 1066 C.E. with the Norman Conquest led by William, the Duke of Normandy. England would forever be changed politically, economically, and socially as a result.

The conquest was personal to William. He was once promised a higher title, the king of England. But ultimately, before he died in 1066, England’s King Edward chose a different successor, Harold Godwinson, an English nobleman. Feeling betrayed, William gathered an army and made his way to England in hopes of properly taking his place atop the throne, which was becoming more crowded. Not only were Harold and William in a power struggle, but there were other challengers to the throne as well, including Harald III of Norway and Harold Godwinson’s brother, Tostig.

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The Hundred Years’ War (French: Guerre de Cent Ans; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts fought between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from English claims to the French throne initially made by Edward III of England. The war grew into a broader military, economic and political struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fueled by emerging nationalism on both sides. The periodization of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the Black Death, and several years of truces.

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Introduction of printing

William Caxton ( c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England in 1476, and as a printer to be the first English retailer of printed books.

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Early English

Sonnets

Shakespeare’s sonnets are considered a continuation of the sonnet tradition that swept through the Renaissance from Petrarch in 14th-century Italy and was finally introduced in 16th-century England by Thomas Wyatt and was given its rhyming metre and division into quatrains by Henry Howard. With few exceptions, Shakespeare’s sonnets observe the stylistic form of the English sonnet—the rhyme scheme, the 14 lines, and the metre. But, Shakespeare’s sonnets introduce significant departures of content.

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1. 1476 William Caxton brings a printing press to England from Germany.

Publishes the first printed book in England. Beginning of the long process of standardization of spelling (The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers)

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1. 1362 - The Statute of Pleading, which made English the official language of the courts and Parliament (although, paradoxically, it was written in French), was adopted in 1362.

If that hadn’t happened, the English language wouldn’t be so used , and couldn’t have developed in British Isles.

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Name : « BEOWULF »

Genre : heroic poem

Dialect : Northumbrian , West Saxon Anglian.

What is it about: A man seeks to prove himself as a hero. A monster seeks silence in his territory. A warrior seeks to avenge her murdered son. A dragon ends it all.

Why important: The English language in "Beowulf" reflects the linguistic characteristics of its time, allowing modern readers to connect with the cultural heritage of early medieval England. Without the evolution of English, readers would lose access to this window into the past.

"Beowulf" stands as a cornerstone in the development of English literature. It demonstrates the transition from Old English to Middle English and eventually to Modern English. The evolution of language in
"Beowulf" reflects broader changes in society, culture, and the English-speaking

Cultural and Historical Insight: The poem provides valuable insights into the values, beliefs, customs, and societal structure of the Anglo-Saxons, shedding light on early English history and culture.

Literary Influence: "Beowulf" has had a profound impact on English literature, inspiring countless writers and poets over the centuries. Its themes of heroism, loyalty, and the struggle between good and evil are recurring motifs in literature.

Poetic Tradition: The poem's alliterative verse and complex poetic structure represent a significant aspect of Old English poetic tradition, influencing subsequent English poetic forms.

National Identity: "Beowulf" is often considered a foundational text for English national identity, reflecting the heroic spirit and resilience of the English people.

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Name : « The owl and the Nightingale »

Genre : poem

Dialect: Anglo - Norman

The Owl and the Nightingale is the earliest extant long comic poem in the English language, and one of the most accomplished and entertaining texts written in Middle English before the age of Chaucer. It describes an imagined quarrel between the two nocturnal birds of its title (both of whom are imagined as female), in which each energetically abuses the other’s songs, looks, behavior, nesting habits, diet, and personality—and just as energetically defends her own. Both birds frequently appeal to human values and comment on various aspects of human behavior. As a result, the poem presents perspectives on all sorts of issues that are not obviously or exclusively of avian concern—including, in particular, an extended consideration of women’s experiences outside and inside marriage (lines 1340–1602). The protagonists tell, or allude to, several stories that have recognizable analogues elsewhere in medieval literature, such as the fable of the Hawk and the Owlet (lines 101–125) and the tale of the Nightingale and the Jealous Husband (lines 1049–1110).

Why is it important : arly Middle English Literature: It is one of the earliest known examples of Middle English literature, written around the 13th century. As such, it provides valuable insights into the development of the English language during this period.

1. Literary Form: The poem is a debate poem, a popular genre in medieval literature where two characters engage in a debate or argument. It offers a glimpse into the literary conventions and themes of the time.

2. Language Evolution: The poem reflects the transition from Old English to Middle English, showcasing changes in vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. Studying it helps linguists and historians understand the evolution of the English language.

3. Cultural Context: "The Owl and the Nightingale" provides insights into medieval culture, society, and beliefs, offering a window into the values and concerns of the time.

4. Literary Influence: The poem has influenced later works of literature and continues to be studied for its poetic techniques, themes, and imagery.