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1. As Allied troops drove German troops towards defeat, they uncovered Nazi camps and massive evidence of Nazi crimes.

2. The war had uprooted millions who were now “displaced persons” (DPs) waiting for repatriation to their home countries.

3. For tens of thousands of Holocaust survivors, the choices were limited and daunting.

4. Allied occupation forces faced enormous responsibilities: housing and feeding DPs, denazifying and democratizing Germany, and bringing those responsible for Nazi crimes to justice.

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1. The International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany, begins a trial of 21 (of 24 indicted) major Nazi German leaders on charges of crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit each of these crimes.

2. It is the first time that international tribunals are used as a postwar mechanism for bringing national leaders to justice.

3. The word genocide is included in the indictment, but as a descriptive, not legal, term.

4. Two defendants face the Allied prosecutors because of their propaganda activities: Hans Fritzsche and Julius Streicher.

5. Their cases mark the first time in history that an international court prosecuted propagandists for their role in the commission of such murderous crimes.

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1. German armed forces surrender unconditionally in the west.

2. Soviet forces encircled Berlin, the German capital on April 25, 1945.

3. That same day, Soviet forces linked up with their American counterparts attacking from the west in central Germany (Torgau).

4. After heavy fighting, Soviet forces neared Adolf Hitler’s command bunker in central Berlin.

5. On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide.

6. Within days, Berlin fell to the Soviets.

7. German armed forces surrendered unconditionally in the west on May 7 and in the east on May 9, 1945.

8. Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) was proclaimed on May 8, 1945, amid celebrations in Washington, London, Moscow, and Paris.

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1. End of the War

2. As Soviet forces near his command bunker in central Berlin on April 30, 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide.

3. Berlin falls to the Soviets & Americans within days.

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1. As Soviet troops approach, SS units begin the final evacuation of prisoners from the Auschwitz camp complex, marching them on foot toward the interior of the German Reich. These forced evacuations come to be called “death marches.”

2. In mid-January 1945, as Soviet forces approached the Auschwitz concentration camp complex, the SS began evacuating Auschwitz and its subcamps.

3. SS units forced nearly 60,000 prisoners to march west from the Auschwitz camp system. Thousands had been killed in the camps in the days before these death marches began.

4. Tens of thousands of prisoners, mostly Jews, were forced to march either northwest for 55 kilometers (approximately 30 miles) to Gliwice (Gleiwitz), joined by prisoners from subcamps in East Upper Silesia, such as Bismarckhuette, Althammer, and Hindenburg, or due west for 63 kilometers (approximately 35 miles) to Wodzislaw (Loslau) in the western part of Upper Silesia, joined by inmates from the subcamps to the south of Auschwitz, such as Jawischowitz, Tschechowitz, and Golleschau.

5. SS guards shot anyone who fell behind or could not continue.

6. Prisoners also suffered from the cold weather, starvation, and exposure on these marches.

7. At least 3,000 prisoners died on route to Gliwice alone; possibly as many as 15,000 prisoners died during the evacuation marches from Auschwitz and the subcamps.

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1. As Soviet forces continue to approach, SS chief Heinrich Himmler ordered the destruction of the Auschwitz-Birkenau gas chambers and crematoria.

2. During this SS attempt to destroy the evidence of mass killings, prisoners were forced to dismantle and dynamite the structures.

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1. On June 6, 1944, under the code name Operation “Overlord,” US, British, and Canadian troops land on the beaches of Normandy, France, on the English Channel coast east of Cherbourg and west of Le Havre.

2. After the German conquest of France in 1940, the opening of a second front in western Europe had been a major aim of Allied strategy during World War II.

3. Under the overall command of US General Dwight D. Eisenhower and using the code name Operation “Overlord,” US, British, and Canadian troops landed on the beaches of Normandy, France, on the English Channel coast east of Cherbourg and west of Le Havre.

4. A successful Allied deception plan led the Germans to believe the main attack would fall further north and east on the coast near Calais and the Belgian border.

5. Fooled, the Germans moved only slowly to reinforce the Normandy defenses after the initial landing.

6. Yet the Germans contained Allied troops in their slowly expanding beachhead for six weeks.

7. Allied forces finally broke out of the Normandy beachhead near the town of St. Lo in late July and began the liberation of northern France.

8. By mid-August, Allied troops had encircled and destroyed much of the German army in Normandy (Falaise pocket) and by late August, Free French forces liberated Paris.

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1. Between June 18 and 22, 1944, the Auschwitz Report, written by two Slovak Jewish prisoners who escaped from Auschwitz on April 7, 1944, and composed a report in Slovak by the end of April, goes public worldwide through media channels in Switzerland.

2. In April 1944, Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler escaped from Auschwitz and wrote a report providing some of the first reliable eyewitness accounts of the camp.

3. Romanian diplomat Florian Manoliu, who was assisting George Mandel-Mantello in rescue efforts, received a copy of the Protocol and immediately gave it to Mandel-Mantello in June.

4. Recognizing the Protocol’s importance, Mandel-Mantello recopied it, translated it, distributed it to Swiss Protestant clergy, and launched a worldwide press campaign condemning Nazi atrocities.

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1. The War Refugee Board, established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1944, was established to help holocaust victims fleeing to America.

2. It was too late.

3. 5 million Jews had already died.

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1. Aid agencies like the red cross wanted to enter europe and find ways to further help people in the concentration camps.

2. US government denied this.

3. FDR wanted money focused on military, and not helping the Jews.

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1. The death toll of Jews dying in the Holocaust is about 4,000,000.

2. In less then 2 years, 2,000,000 more Jews were killed before the end of the Holocaust.

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1. Organized armed resistance was the most forceful form of Jewish opposition to Nazi policies.

2. German forces intended to liquidate the Warsaw ghetto beginning on April 19, 1943, the eve of the Jewish holiday of Passover.

3. When SS and police units entered the ghetto that morning, the streets were deserted. Nearly all of the residents of the ghetto had gone into hiding, as the renewal of deportations of Jews to death camps triggered an armed uprising within the ghetto.

4. Though vastly outnumbered and outgunned, individuals and small groups of Jews hid or fought the Germans for almost a month.

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1. The man behind this was named was named Josef Mengele.

2. He would use his medical knowledge to torture Jews.

3. His most horrific experiments were on twins.

4. He was considered himself an Angel because of his work for the Nazi party.

5. He focused on twins to create the perfect Aryan race.

6. He would use one twin as a healthy twin and conduct cruel tests on the other.

7. After the twin being tested on died, they would study both twin's bodies.

8. They used these twins to "research" illness.

9. The most famous one was Ravens brück, the "rabbits" experiment.

10. They would cut out the women's calves, and replace them with something to make them stronger.

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December: Jewish Leaders meet w/ President FDR

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December: Jewish Leaders meet w/ President FDR

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July: Jewish Deportation Amsterdam, France, and Poland

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July: Jewish Deportation Amsterdam, France, and Poland

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1. German authorities begin the deportation of Dutch Jews from the Westerbork, Amersfoort, and Vught camps in the Netherlands to killing centers and concentration camps in Germany and German-occupied Poland.

2. By September 3, 1944, around 100 trains have carried more than 100,000 people to Auschwitz, Sobibor, Theresienstadt, and Bergen-Belsen, including about 60,000 Jews to Auschwitz and about 34,000 Jews to Sobibor.

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1. Public document.

2. Decided how to get rid of all the Jews in the world.

3. The document was called the "Final Solution"

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1. Japan launches a surprise attack on the United States Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, severely damaging the fleet. The attack prevents, at least for the short term, serious American interference with Japanese military operations.

2. In response to the attack, the United States declared war on Japan. Following Germany's declaration of war on the United States, the United States also declared war on Germany.

3. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan attacked and occupied Guam, Wake, the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, and Burma. Only in mid-1942 were Australian and New Zealander forces in New Guinea and British forces in India able to halt the Japanese advance.

4. But the turning point in the Pacific war came with the American naval victory in the Battle of Midway in June 1942.

5. The Japanese fleet sustained heavy losses and was turned back.

6. Allied forces slowly gained naval and air supremacy in the Pacific.

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1. NY Times published an article talking about what Hitler was doing.

2. Concentration Camps

3. Gas Chambers

4. Jews specifically targeted by the Nazis.

5. America still didn't get involved.

6. Very reputable news company.

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September: Gassings at Chelmno and Auschwitz

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September: Gassings at Chelmno and Auschwitz

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1. Killing operations begin at the Chelmno killing center, located about 30 miles northwest of Lodz.

2. SS and police authorities established the Chelmno killing center in order to annihilate the Jewish population of the Wartheland (an area of western Poland directly annexed to the German Reich), including the inhabitants of the Lodz ghetto.

3. It was the first stationary facility where poison gas was used for mass murder of Jews.

4. The killing center operated from December 1941 until March 1943 and then briefly in June and early July 1944.

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July: Complete Solution to Jewish Question

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July: Complete Solution to Jewish Question

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1. Hitler creates a plan to get rid of all Jews.

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1. Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union in "Operation Barbarossa."

2. In accordance with previous agreements between SS and police and Wehrmacht representatives, German mobile units of Security Police and SD officials, called Einsatzgruppen, followed the frontline troops into the Soviet Union.

3. RSHA chief Heydrich had tasked the Einsatzgruppen commanders with identifying, concentrating, and killing Jews, Soviet officials and other persons deemed potentially hostile to German rule in the east.

4. Einsatzgruppen squads began to carry out mass shootings during the last week of June 1941.

5. Invasion ends up failing because the Soviets have a counter offensive during the winter. Germans were far from their supplies and dying due to the harsh winter conditions the soviets were accustomed to.

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1. It is the largest ghetto in both area and population, confining more than 350,000 Jews (about 30 percent of the city's population) in an area of about 1.3 square miles, or 2.4 percent of the city's total area.

2. At times, before the deportations of July 1942 began, the actual population in Warsaw ghetto approached 500,000.

3. German authorities order the Warsaw ghetto to be sealed. (closed off from the rest of the city).

4. The Jews here were held in very close spaces.

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1. Largest concentration camp.

2. It included three main camps, all of which deployed incarcerated prisoners at forced labor.

3. 1 section was used as a death center.

4. The camps were located approximately 37 miles west of Krakow, near the prewar German-Polish border in Upper Silesia, an area that Nazi Germany annexed in 1939 after invading and conquering Poland.

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May: Holland, Luxembourg, France, and Belgium

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May: Holland, Luxembourg, France, and Belgium

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1. Hitler takes all of these countries in fast succession.

2. Blitzkrieg (lightning war)

3. Germnas moving very fast in fight.

4. Not enough chance to fight back.

5. New war style.

6. Everyone was used to trench warfare.

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Honoring their guarantee of Poland’s borders, Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. Two days earlier, on September 1, 1939, Germany had invaded Poland.

Axis:

Germany

Italy

Japan

USSR

Allies:

Fr.

G.B.

USA (entered later)

USSR & Italy (ends up switching sides after being invaded by the Nazis)

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1. Tried to do the same thing, with diplomacy.

2. Poland knows this is coming, so they prepared to defend.

3. Hitler invades Poland.

4. Blitzkrieg

5. Hitler was too powerful for Poland.

6. 2 days later, war is declared.

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1. People realized they needed to leave these countries.

2. Left Germany with 937 non-Aryan passengers. Mainly Jewish.

3. Headed for Cuba, got approval by Cuba.

4. They got turned away at Cuba.

5. Then they went to America.

6. They got denied by America.

7. Went to Canada, and were denied.

8. Go back Europe. Not back to Germany. Most of these countries were taken over by the Nazis.

9. Only 250 people survived from this boat.

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1. Did the same thing Hitler did the same thing he did with Austria.

2. Went in with his military, still considered peaceful.

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1. 2 US Senators, Wagner and Rogers propose a bill to help refugee children.

2. Let in 20k children 14 and under.

3. Vetoed by the American government. Got shut down in congress.

4. Could have helped, but did not.

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1. Everything was non violent until November.

2. Night of Broken Glass.

3. Over 2 nights from Nov. 9-10 100 Jews were killed, thousands of Jewish homes, schools, businesses, and synagogues destroyed and burned, 30,000 Jews deported to concentration camps.

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1. Many people start to leave Germany.

2. Mostly because of Numbereg Laws and Property Registry.

3. 32 countries came together to discuss what to do with refugees fleeing from Germany.

4. Refugee quota because they couldn't take care of everybody.

5. Showed to Hitler that he can keep acting.

6. They were discussing if they should raise their quota.

7. They decided ultimately not to.

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1. All Jews in Austria & Germany required to register all property.

2. Anything valuable needed to be registered with Nazis.

3. Knew he had to prepare for war;.

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1. Parts of Austria, Poland, and Czechoslovakia part of Germany.

2. Wanted to invade these because there were many Germans.

3. Annexed Austria through diplomacy.

4. Austria is now part of Germany.

5. Other countries did not intervene because it was done peacefully.

6. No technical military overthrow.

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1. Leader was Joseph Stalin. He was a facist dictator.

2. Did not share ideas about Jews, but economy and political ideas.

3. Global depression so nobody payed attention to this axis.

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1. First section determined who was a Jew and who was not a Jew. If both grandparents and parents are Jewish you are Jewish.

2. If you are 3/4 Jewish you are a Jew.

3. If half of your grandparents are Jewish you are half Jewish.

4. If one grandparent is Jewish, then you are a Jew.

5. Wanted to create an Aryan race.

6. Eventually it expanded to marriage laws.

7. Jailed for being married to someone of another race.

8. Also took away jobs from Jews.

9. Eventually included the wearing of the Jewish star.

10. Determined who was a Jew through national files.

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1. Government Jobs

2. Political office, fire department, police, etc.

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1. Establishes his first concentration camp.

2. For people who "oppose nazi ideals".

3. Political Prisoners

4. Eventually became one of the largest death camps. Responsible for the deaths of Jews.

5. Lead with fear.

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1. Nazi party has the majority.

2. Hitler becomes the leader of Germany.

3. Declares himself Füher. Also means ultimate leader.

4. Gets rid of all future elections.

5. Very systematic. Plans ahead of time.

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1. Each political party can earn seats in the Government.

2. More seats = more power.

3. The Nazi party had 107 seats. The election before, they only had 12 seats.

4. Majority had 570 seats.

5. Many people didn't care that the Nazis were gaining seats.

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1. Affected the entire world.

2. Weakened everybody.

3. Lowered international trade.

4. Hitler promised to fix the Global Depression in Germany.

5. Many people were not focusing on Hitler, people were worried about themselves.

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1. As the Nazi party gains power, Hitler hires Joseph Goebbles.

2. Propoganda Minister. Tried to influence how people think.

3. What you wanted people to hear, rather then reality.

4. Responsible for messages about Jews that were sent out. Presented the Nazis as the group that would 'save Germany'.

5. Reason why Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power so quickly.

6. Era of the Jews is over. Responsible for book burning.

7. Promoting courage, strength, good character.

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1. When Hitler gets out of jail, his followers are 4x as much.

2. He now has thousands of followers.

3. A small political party, however they are an official party in Germany.

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1. Named 'my struggle'.

2. Hitler's book.

3. Describes all the ways Germany has struggled since WW1.

4. Offers solutions on how to make Germany great.

5. Best Selling book.

6. Very small portion includes how Jews are bad.

7. People ignored that part, and thought it was weird.

8. Hitler is extremely popular after coming out of jail.

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1. In 1923 he started to gain power.

2. Only had a few hundred followers at the time.

3. Went into a beer hall, where the large meetings were.

4. Gave a very powerful speech. Hitler was known to be good at convincing people.

5. The speech was about the decline of Germany and how he'll bring Germany back to power.

6. People didn't agree with him taking over the government though.

7. His followers and Hitler are jailed.

8. He should have lost all power.

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1. Lost a lot of their land.

2. Had to pay respirations in money, devastated them economically.

3. Forced to demilitarize.

4. These all caused them to accept ideas they typically wouldn't have.