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Made by: Rochelle Hernandez, Mia Canales, and Saja Sarhan

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Made by: Rochelle Hernandez, Mia Canales, and Saja Sarhan

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German- American

Developmental Psychologist & Psychoanalyst

8 Developmental Stages (1968)

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Russian/Jewish

Soviet Psychologist

Cultural-historical psychology, Zone of Proximal Development, and Inner speech (1929-1934)

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Erikson’s theory outlines eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. At each stage, individuals face a conflict, such as trust vs. mistrust, which shapes their personality. Successfully resolving these conflicts leads to virtues like hope and integrity, while failure can result in guilt or despair.

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Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance. Learning occurs most effectively in this zone, as the learner receives support from more knowledgeable individuals, such as teachers or peers, to help them reach the next level of understanding.

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The fifth stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is identity vs. role confusion, and it occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals (Mcleod, 2024).

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Vygotsky named the difference between what children can and cannot do by themselves as the zone of proximal development. He insisted that not respecting this zone, either by helping children on tasks they can complete on their own, or by not helping enough on difficult tasks, impedes cognitive development ((Morin, 2012).

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Gender is crucial for creating social and romantic roles. Confusion about gender can lead to issues in the subsequent stage, Intimacy vs. Isolation.

Erikson’s theory suggests that gender identity and sexual orientation begin to develop around 6 to 11 years of age during the Industriousness vs. Inferiority stage (Kumar, 2022).

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Social-cultural interactions, Vygotsky emphasized that a child’s overall development is shaped by their interactions with the social environment. Cultural norms, language, and societal expectations significantly impact a child’s perception of gender identity and roles.

The ZPD represents the gap between what a child can achieve independently and what they can accomplish with guidance. MKOs scaffold learning by providing support within this zone. Regarding gender, MKOs influence a child’s understanding of gender roles, stereotypes, and behaviors (Mcleod, 2024)

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According to Vygotsky emotional development is not simply based off biology (Santrock, 2021). It is based off the way the community around them interacts with them. The social interactions around the child shape the way the child grows.

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In Erikson’s opinion, there are 8 stages to developing emotionally. During each stage there is a crisis that can negatively or positively affect one’s development. This is based off the way one’s environment interacts with them (Santrock, 2021).

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These two theories are similar because they both evaluate the way one’s sociocultural background affects the way one grows. They both agree that encouragement from adults can make or break one’s feelings of autonomy and self-confidence. What makes them different is the way they evaluate this. One approaches this in stages while the other approaches it more as an idea.

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Erikson believes that during each stage others reactions determine whether or not one will repeat an action. At first this is how moral development begins. During the other stages, it develops further.  In stage 5 identity versus role confusion, Erik says that morality is learned by the child and ethics developed by the adult. (Sutton 2020). This goes along with knowing our roles as maturing like sexually because our body changes. Each stage marks maturity according to Erikson certain points in someone's life mark where the person's morals in life.

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According to Vygotsky moral development depends on social interactions. These interactions help each other create their meaning of morality. An example of this would be with language what's going on with the social content of another to shape moral thinking and actions. When a person is still learning in life and developing when an expected behaviour happens the person will learn others' points of view both cognitively and affectively. (Ohreen & Sundararajan 2021)

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Erikson and Vygotsky on moral development

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Erikson and Vygotsky on moral development

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These theories go hand in hand as they both believe that others help shape moral development.

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Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained

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Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development in Social Relationships