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Preschool - "It is unquestionably the period  during which

the  foundation is laid for the complex behavioral

structures that are built during a child's lifetime"

(Bijou, 1975)

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Behavior can be affected by

biological, societal, and

learning factors

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Misbehavior during learning centers limits students from meeting learning targets.

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Disruptive behaviors can lead

to lower academic achievement

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Academic achievement from

classroom behaviors

(C. Flynt, 2008)

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Table 2. Recommendations and corresponding level of evidence to support each

Recommendation

Level of evidence

1. Identify the specifics of the problem behavior and the conditions that prompt and reinforce it. Every teacher experiences difficulty at one time or another in trying to remedy an individual student’s behavior problem that is not responsive to preventative efforts. Because research suggests that the success of a behavioral intervention hinges on identifying the specific conditions that prompt and reinforce the problem behavior (i.e., the behavior’s "antecedents" and "consequences"), we recommend that teachers carefully observe the conditions in which the problem behavior is likely to occur and not occur. Teachers then can use that information to tailor effective and efficient intervention strategies that respond to the needs of the individual student within the classroom context.

Moderate

2. Modify the classroom learning environment to decrease problem behavior. Many effective classroom-focused interventions to decrease students’ problematic behavior alter or remove factors that trigger them. These triggers can result from a mismatch between the classroom setting or academic demands and a student’s strengths, preferences, or skills. Teachers can reduce the occurrence of inappropriate behavior by revisiting and reinforcing classroom behavioral expectations; rearranging the classroom environment, schedule, or learning activities to meet students’ needs; and/or individually adapting instruction to promote high rates of student engagement and on-task behavior.

Strong

3. Teach and reinforce new skills to increase appropriate behavior and preserve a positive classroom climate. We recommend that teachers actively teach students socially- and behaviorally-appropriate skills to replace problem behaviors using strategies focused on both individual students and the whole classroom. In doing so, teachers help students with behavior problems learn how, when, and where to use these new skills; increase the opportunities that the students have to exhibit appropriate behaviors; preserve a positive classroom climate; and manage consequences to reinforce students’ display of positive "replacement" behaviors and adaptive skills.

Strong

4. Draw on relationships with professional colleagues and students’ families for continued guidance and support. Social relationships and collaborative opportunities can play a critical role in supporting teachers in managing disruptive behavior in their classrooms. We recommend that teachers draw on these relationships in finding ways to address the behavior problems of individual students and consider parents, school personnel, and behavioral experts as allies who can provide new insights, strategies, and support.

Moderate

http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/pdf/practice_guides/behavior_pg_092308.pdf

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Reducing behavior problems

in elementary classrooms

(M. Epstein, 2008)

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Grade: Pre-Kindergarten

# of students: 23

-13 boys

-10 girls

Ages: 3 - 5

Centers: Literacy, Math, Science,

Technology, Dramatic Play, Art

Time: 10:00am - 11:15am (Daily)

Tuesdays/Thursdays: 1 student

from Special Needs classroom

participates in learning centers

Educators: Teacher and teacher's

aide

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Positive behavior support

(W. Sailor,2009)

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George Sugai, Ph.D., is Carole J. Neag Endowed Professor in Special Education in the Neag School of Education at the University of Connecticut, with expertise in behavior analysis, classroom and behavior management, schoolwide discipline, function-based behavior support, positive behavior support, and educating students with emotional and behavioral disorders. He has been a teacher in the public schools, treatment director in a residential program, and program administrator. Dr. Sugai conducts applied school and classroom research and works with schools to translate research into practice. He is currently codirector of the Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports at the University of Connecticut and University of Oregon.
Rob Horner, Ph.D., is professor of special education at the University of Oregon. Dr. Horner brings a 25-year history of research, grants management, and systems change efforts related to school reform and positive behavior support. Dr. Horner has published more than 150 professional papers and 6 texts. He has directed more than $20 million dollars in federal grants, and currently codirects the OSEP Technical Assistance Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports and the OSEP Research and Demonstration Center on Schoolwide Behavior Support. Dr. Horner also codirects the Positive Behavior Research and Support research unit at the University of Oregon. During the past 10 years Dr. Horner has directed projects working directly with schools and school administrators in the development of systems for embedding schoolwide systems of positive behavior support.
Glen Dunlap, Ph.D., is a research professor in the Division of Applied Research and Educational Support at the University of South Florida, where he works on several research, training, and demonstration projects in the areas of positive behavior support, child protection, early intervention, developmental disabilities and family support. Dr. Dunlap has been involved with individuals with disabilities for more than 30 years and has served as a teacher, administrator, researcher, and university faculty member. He has directed numerous research and training projects and has been awarded dozens of federal and state grants to pursue this work. He has authored more than 175 articles and book chapters, coedited four books, and served on 15 editorial boards. Dr. Dunlapwas a founding editor of the Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions and was recently named the editor of Topics in Early Childhood Special Education. In 2005, he moved to Reno, Nevada, where he continues to work on research and training projects as a member of the faculty at the University of South Florida.
Wayne Sailor, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Special Education, School of Education, University of Kansas; a Senior Scientist with the Beach Center on Disability, Life Span Institute, University of Kansas; and a Courtesy Professor with the Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas. Dr. Sailor's focus of interests are full integration of students with severe disabilities through school restructuring processes; and service integration strategies for health, social, and educational services for all children at the school site. He has done extensive research on schoolwide applications of positive behavior support and, in particular, uses of empowerment evaluation in whole school reform. His most recent research is focused on a structural school reform model call the schoolwide applications model (SAM), which is being field tested in the Ravenswood City School District, East Palo Alto, California, and in the New Orleans, Louisiana Recovery School District.

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With its origins and conceptual underpinnings in the applied behavior analysis arm of psychology, positive behavior support (PBS) emerged during the 1980s as a comprehensive approach to addressing the need for community support for persons with disabilities who engage in challenging behavior.

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Designing preschool

interventions for behavior

(D. Barnett,1998)

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This practical text delineates the basic steps of developing effective interventions for learning and behavior difficulties in children aged two to five. The authors set forth an ecological framework that stresses identifying problem situations rather than classifying individual children as disabled or at risk.

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Core principles of Postive

Behavioral Interventions

and Supports (PBIS, n.d.)

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Improve students' behavior

during learning centers.