# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
One of the many outdoor sermons given during the Second Great Awakening

# data[].attributes.body
Dorothea Dix

# data[].attributes.body
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

# data[].attributes.body
A poster from the Knowing Nothing Party

# data[].attributes.body
The Mormon Trail

# data[].attributes.body
The Oneida Community

# data[].attributes.body
The Second Great Awakening was another wave of religious revival that hit the US in the early 1800s. A lot of the religious themes that rose during this time contributed to inspiring many groups to further pursue later reforms down the line such as that of abolition.

Characteristics:
- Led to more religious diversity in the US, despite all still being religions that are of Christian denominations

- Charles Grandson Finney was a leading Evangelical preacher during this movement and Second Great Awakening

- Empowered many of the future reform movements, providing a basis of beliefs that would go on to inspire the women's rights movement, abolitionist movement, etc.

- It was the first major movement to really unite all of the US, despite there still being a less significant impact in the South

# data[].attributes.body
During the women reform movements, there were also many who sought to improve the education and prison systems in the US as well. Much of these reforms would later become the foundation for modern day jail and education systems.

Characteristics:
- Dorothea Dix was one of the leading figures in the reform of schools in the US, advocating for a moral change in schools as well as an overall improvement in what schools taught

- Dorothea Dix's role in American jails primarily lied in her advocating for the better treatment of the mentally ill inmates, thus helping to give them better overall living conditions and treatment

- Horace Mann was another prominent figure in the reform of US schools, advocating for and successfully establishing some of the first unified school districts in the US

# data[].attributes.body
The prominence of women during the abolitionist movements, as well as other reforms and their practice of activism, led them to eventually question current gender issues in the US. Later on, this cascaded into a new wave of reformers who advocated for equal rights for men and women.

Characteristics:
- The Seneca Falls convention was the first major women's rights convention, allowing for many speeches and protests to be made and thus inspiring many to follow in the women's rights movement later on

- Given by Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention, the Declaration of Sentiments was one of the major speeches at the convention detailing and furthering the argument made for equal rights for men and women

- Elizabeth Cady Stanton became one of the leading figures in the women's rights movement, being an esteemed author and philosopher

- Lucretia Mott was a famous and early feminist activist, best known for her speeches and arguments made in pursuit of equal rights for both genders

# data[].attributes.body
By the year 1850, immigration had already dramatically increased the number of citizens in the US as well as the diversities in American cities. Much of this now meant that there was greater diversity in many US cities, as more and more cultures were introduced to the US urban lifestyle.

Characteristics:
- Some citizens were upset with the higher rates of immigration, eventually forming the Knowing Nothing Party as to advocate for stricter immigration laws

- In New York, citizens who were unhappy with the higher rates of immigration formed anti-immigrant gangs, targeting foreign businesses and individuals as to oppose immigration to the US

- German and Irish immigrants were among the most common, with many German food businesses popping up and many Irish immigrants joining the American Catholic Church, eventually turning it into an Irish Dominated Institution

# data[].attributes.body
As the market and industrial revolutions came by, towns and cities grew more and more, with cities now larger and ever and the ever growing population introducing a brand new urban culture. New forms of entertainment and businesses began, and thus set completely new standards and factors for development in the future of the US.

Characteristics:
- Commercialized sex became a new reality for the new urbans societies, as brothels and other similar institutions sprang up as a new form of business

- In response to the growing popularity of commercialized sex, the Female Moral Reform Society also sprang up, going against prostitution and advocating for the end of it

- The growing alcohol business and sales during the time also gave rise to the Temperance Movement, promoting abstaining from alcohol in general

- With the rise in urban societies also came a revolution in the entertainment industry, as minstrelsy became a very popular form of entertainment, being certain theatrical plays that involved many themes related to racism and social criticism

# data[].attributes.body
The Mormons were another religious utopia that sprang up during the mid 1800s, emerging from puritan descent and following a much more conservative and radical way of life compared to other utopias. Because of this, they faced much more heavy persecutions than the other utopias as well.

Characteristics:
- Mormonism had many unorthodox religious beliefs and communal solidarity, and because of this religious difference from traditional protestants or Christians, they faced much religious persecution

- After being persecuted and chased out of Illinois, the Mormons were led by their new governor Brigham Young on the Mormon trail, which followed the Oregon trail and led to a small territory claimed by and near Mexico

- The 1st amendment, although it didn't allow for the practice of polygamy, did lower tensions and religious persecution of Mormons in general

# data[].attributes.body
During the mid 1800s, there was an immense growth in America's national pride as well as fears on a variety of the changes going on at the time such as that of the Market Revolution. This was the inspiration for many artistic movements that swept the nation later on.

Characteristics:
- Transcendentalism was a big part of the influences on art and literature during the time, as it was an intellectual movement laid upon the beliefs of bettering oneself as to become a part of a greater change in society

- Ralph Waldo Emerson was a leading figure of the transcendentalist movement, emphasizing this importance of the power of the individual and individualism through his many essays and poems

- Henry David Thoreau was another leading figure in the transcendentalist movement, inspired by Emerson and urging for men of the US to seek self realization

- "Leaves of Grass" was a series of poems written by Walt Whitman, which gained much attention during the time as it emphasized the transcendentalist beliefs of transcending boundaries, further adding foundation to this idea of the individual breaking free of society's bounds and seeking something beyond themselves

# data[].attributes.body
During the mid 1800s, utopias began to appear as groups of people began experimenting with new lifestyles led by ideals of religion and other beliefs differing from those of normal societies. This was a form of social protest and experimentation that most had religious foundations.

Characteristics:
- Many followed and were inspired by Protestant beliefs, and also supported many of the ideals of abolitionist movements and gender equality movements

- Many failed in the end, as these societies proved ineffective in functioning through a loose and uncomplex structure

- The Shaker community for instance developed strict standards that their members have to live by, such as that of celibacy, sharing of property, abstaining from alcohol, and faith in religion

- The Oneida community is another Utopia that developed based upon the idea of defining primarily sexuality and gender roles in a new light, as well as practicing the ideals of Perfectionism and the belief that societies can improve indefinitely

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
"The Old Dutch Church" by Edward Lamson Henry