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H - This photo takes place in 1880, 20 years after the opium wars ended. The opium wars were an elongated conflict between Britain and China, in which the British smuggled opium (drugs) into China in order to gain an upper hand in trading. Opium addiction remained a severe problem even after the war. In the photograph, people are showing off their opium as if they are proud.

I - This photo is intended for upper-class Chinese individuals, mainly from Hong Kong.

P - The photographer was a Chinese person named Lai Afong. He established the Afong studios, which were considered one of the most successful studios during the Qing dynasty. Lai Afong was famous for embracing both Western influences and Eastern traditions in his photographs. This can be seen through the coexistence of Chinese art, pottery, and furniture, but also the Western influence of glasses and opium.

P - The purpose of the photograph was for Lai Afong to earn money.

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This photograph was taken in China in 1880, perhaps following the Opium Wars. It is aimed at the public and is trying to brag to the public about common opium and how people were proud of doing it. The Opium Wars were a string of conflicts involving opium and trade between Britain and China. This caused millions of people to be addicted to opium and it affected China’s economy negatively because they had no farmers to grow crops, no students to study because they were all addicted to opium. The person who took this photo is probably Chinese. They could be close with the people in the photo and take a picture of them to remember that moment. They try to show this from the perspective of the Chinese nobility and how wealthy they are.

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This photograph shows John Bull (from England) trying to force China to accept Opium.  A Chinese person can be seen held at gunpoint and begging for his life in the drawing. John Bull (a symbol of the UK) is threatening the Chinese person in order to sell opium. In the background, British merchants are also threatening a Chinese person to buy opium and hold a whip. This was intended for Americans because it was an image in an American newspaper and the Westerns in the photo are portrayed as superior to the Chinese. The cartoon mocks Britain and how they did this just for their economic benefit from a 3rd person’s point of view that isn’t British or Chinese. The purpose of this drawing was to show American citizens what was going on between China and Britain.

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H - The photo depicts the Opium Wars. The opium wars were how the British threatened the Chinese to purchase opium. It establishes the higher-lower relationship between the merchants and the Chinese people. 'John Bull' appears in the photo as a personification of Britain, establishing the country's relation to China.

I - The general public of the US.

P - The point of view is the US. The US is an outsider in this conflict, so this image must have been what a third party would have thought of this incident. It’s somewhat unbiased, but also inaccurate because the artist most likely never saw this scene.
The photo also shows Britain and China in black and white. From the American perspective, this simply illustrates the superiority of the relationship.

P - The purpose of the photo is to inform people of the events of the Opium War, but also to slander Britain for its humanitarian actions.

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H - This photo was taken in 1880 by Lai Afong after the Opium Wars, in which Western powers like Britain got the Chinese majority hooked on opium, thus making the country vulnerable and easy to manipulate into unfair treaties for trading. Most middle class citizens, and even some authority members of China were addicted.

I - The photo could potentially be for Chinese officials or authority powers in order to emphasize how widespread opium usage was at the time, even after the Opium Wars and to show the lasting impacts of the wars.

P - The perspective / point of view is from Lai Afong, a Chinese photographer photographing his friends. He lived through a lot of the Opium Wars and may be hooked on it too.

P - The purpose may be to illustrate how being hooked on opium was not necessarily an unprofessional, taboo thing at the time; this is evident because the setting and the expressions of the men make it so that the atmosphere of the photo is not necessarily negative.

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H - This photo was taken in 1880, after the Opium war in 1860. The Opium war was caused by the illegal smuggling of Opium by the British, which ended the Qing dynasty in China. This photo shows the influence the smuggling of Opium had on the lifestyle on Chinese citizens.

I - This photo is intended for the general public of China

P - Lai Afong, Chinese photographer. Lai Afong was a Chonese photographer who created Afong studios.

P - To showcase the far-reaching influences of opium even decades after the Opium war.

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H - This photograph was taken in 1880, roughly 20 years after the Opium War. During the Opium War, because of disagreements about trade, the British illegally smuggled opium into China. They sold opium to the Chinese and many Chinese citizens were addicted as a result. This caused the country of China to become very weak socially and economically. Chinese addiction to the drug continued even after the conflict, as shown in the photo.

I - This photo was taken for themselves (the people in the photo). Because smoking and having opium was illegal and banned, they wouldn't have taken this photo for the audience or the public. This means that they probably took the photo to celebrate among themselves.

P - This photo was taken by a Chinese photographer named Lai Afong.

P - The purpose of this photograph is to show the effect of British opium on China even after the war.

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H - I think this is drawn in 1864 which is after the Second Opium war. China had to open five ports and had to actively trade with Britain. In Particular, China had to import opium with the silver they have. Because, Britain used all of their silver buying tea from China. They used that way to get it back.
I - Probably, US citizen to show what’s happening in China.

P - US artist, because it is from the US newspaper. The drawing reveals more western style art. John Bull, who is a personification of Britain, is also included in the drawing. In this picture, Britain is forcing them to have opium which also depicts that Britain is more superior than China.
P - The purpose may have been to point out wrong doing of Britain during the opium war and racism at that time.

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HIPP: Friends Smoking Opium Picture - Chan, Nick, Sara, Yejin

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HIPP: Friends Smoking Opium Picture - Chan, Nick, Sara, Yejin

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H - This is not long after the opium war after the Chinese lost and were forced to trade opium with GB. This recked China socially and politically.

I - This is aimed toward the general audience, or a group photo requested by these people in the pictures.

P - No particular point of view; may show how the opium culture developed in china

P - To take a group photo; maybe show their punk

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H - The photograph was taken after the Opium war. The Opium war was sparked by the conflict between the British and Chinese. British illegally smuggled Opium causing widespread addiction across China. This weakened China socially and economically. Due to this, tensions rose and the war was sparked. When the photo was taken, the qing dynasty was very unstable.

I - The intended audience seems to be the Chinese Public. The photo seems very professional, it is symmetrical and staged. The person who took this photo is a journalist so it is likely that it was published.

P - The photograph was taken by a famous Chinese photojournalist called Lai Afong.

P - I think the purpose of this photograph was to inform the public of the prevalence of opium in the upper classes even after the Opium War. The use of opium is painted in a positive light, showing that the use of drugs were not necessarily negative.

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H- This photograph takes place after the opium wars, in 1880. The opium wars were brutal conflicts between China and Britain, in which Britain was trying to illegally import opium into China in order to get goods like tea and also control the trading ports in China. This made China weak and unstable because of the addiction and led to China losing the wars.

I- The intended audience was for the general audience, specifically in China

P-

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Brian Lee, Kanon Cote, Nathaniel Taein (Nathan) Kim

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Brian Lee, Kanon Cote, Nathaniel Taein (Nathan) Kim

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H - This was after the Opium Wars. The British were able to import opium, and the public had access to this drug, and were hooked onto it. This shows the aftermath of the Opium War for China, which shows that even when Opium was still illegal after the Opium Wars, the upper class had access to the intoxicating drug.

I - This is for the Chinese public who consume Afong's media.
P - Lai Afong was a very successful Chinese photographer. There is not specific bias that the photographer had that influenced what the photo portrays. However, it is worth noting that the photo seems to portray men in the upper class smoking the opium. The photograph is portraying a group of friends loitering around and utilizing the illegal narcotic. The photo looks posed and everything in it seems purposefully placed.
P - There may be multiple purposes to this photo. On one hand, it may portray the lack of enforcement of the law against opium in China, which suggests that there was instability in the Chinese political system. On the other hand, it may just show the luxury of these people, and may show the lower class that you can become rich and smoke opium like these men.

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H - Photo was taken in 1880. After the Second Opium War in 1856-1860. Opium war happened between the Chinese and the British. When the British illegally exported opium into China, which was banned in their country, the Chinese took all of the imported opium and destroyed it. The British companies realized that their products was being destroyed and pressured their government to imply more force to the Chinese government. This lead to the Opium War and after the Chinese lost, China had to pay a lot of money, give up 5 ports, and hand over the island of Hong Kong due to the Treaty of Nanjing. They also kept illegally exporting opium to China.

I - General Chinese public (because Lai Afong generally catered to the public's needs since he was after monetary gain and informed his audience of a certain topic.)

P - This artwork was created by Lai Afong (1880). Lai Afong was one of the biggest and most influential Chinese photographers of the 19th century.

P - The purpose of this picture is to depict the general Chinese societal image at the time. (influence of opium illegally exported by the British)

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H - This photo was taken after the Opium war; in 1880. The historical context behind the Opium war was that the British illegally smuggled opium into China. This image depicts the inevitable situation the Chinese people faced on a daily basis as they were all addicted to opium. In addition, the photo implies opium became the biggest market in China.

I - The audience was the local people of China as well as foreigners. This is justified by Lai afong studios publishing these images of the Chinese people smoking opium.

P - Lai Afong was a Chinese photojournalist and he traveled to many areas of Asia.

P - As a photojournalist, Afong's intentions behind all of his publications were to notify people about the social aspects of Asia.

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H - ​​ the historical context of this photograph is during the opium war when the illegal trade of opium was taking place in China. The opium wars were during 1839 - 1860, a series of wars between China and Britain over the right to sell opium in China. China eventually lost the war, which led to the Treaty of Nanking that forced China to cede 5 ports and Hong Kong to Britain. Opium trade continued. This painting is during this era when the opium trade was rampant in opium.

I  - The intended audience of this photograph could be the Chinese government officials, or the general public itself.

P - The photographer was a famous Chinese person named Lai Afong. He created the Afong Studios. He is photographing his friends smoking opium. The photographer is showing how they lived through the Opium Wars and after. It seems likely that the photographer was trying to portray upper-Chinese classmen smuggling in opium and eventually, smoking it.

P- The photo portrays a few Chinese men smoking opium years after the war. The intended audience of this photograph was established to be Chinese people in general, so it seems likely that Lai Afong took this photo to warn the Chinese about their addiction to opium. This is because the photo was taken in 1880, years after the opium war came to a close, even when opium was illegal, which goes to show the seriousness of the addiction.

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H - the historical context of this cartoon is during the later stages of the opium war during a state when Britain had relatively cemented control over China. This is a stage after the Treaty of Nanking. The justification for this historical context is for two reasons. Firstly, opium traders can carry opium in public without the fear of facing consequences. This suggests that Britain already owns the port where opium is being traded or that Britain has immense control over China. Secondly, notice that a British man is whipping a Chinese man in the background, which symbolizes British control over China.

I - The intended audience of this cartoon is the people in the US, who would have the most exposure to the US newspaper.

P - The person who drew this cartoon is unknown however, it most likely originated in the US. The point of view of this cartoon is the US. This cartoon is most likely a third-party incident as it seems the Chinese lived there. The cartoon seems highly inaccurate as it is made by a person who physically did not see this incident. From the American perspective, this shows a sense of superiority by forcefully trading opium.

P - The cartoon features English, such as “John Bull’s Merchant,” so we know that this cartoon was to inform the US general public. Additionally, the caption for this cartoon said it was published in a US newspaper, which reinforces the previous claim. Lastly, this cartoon seems to have less bias, because it portrays the Chinese and British under a negative light, which further strengthens the claim that this cartoon WAS intended to inform the general public of the US.

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H - This is an image from China from 1880, which is after both opium wars. The Opium Wars were a series of wars between Britain and China over trade and opium. After the end of the opium war, Britain gained massive control over the Qing Dynasty, and the British continued to smuggle opium to the Chinese. This picture shows the aftermath of the opium wars, in which the Chinese citizens were still addicted to opium and trading millions of opium.

I -  The intended audience of this photograph seems to be the general Chinese public, as it was taken by a Chinese photographer. This could have been for spreading information about the aftermath of the Opium Wars.

P - This photograph is by a Chinese photographer named Lai Afong, a famous photographer during the 18th century who was born Chinese. This picture displays a group of Chinese men smoking opium. Afong’s expertise lies in taking photos that carry the intended messages by exposing the situation during his specific period.

P - This photograph shows a couple of friends smoking opium that are sitting and lying down lazily. The photograph’s purpose is to alert Chinese citizens about the aftermath of the opium wars.

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H - In 1842, the treaty of Nanking was made and China had to allow other countries to trade through five ports, which is 4 more than before. Through this trade route, Britain sold opium for silver in China. Since most of the Chinese citizens were addicted to opium, Britain got a lot of silver while China lost its citizens (soldiers, merchants, construction workers, etc).

I - Considering how these political cartoons were drawn in newspapers to inform the readers about events, we think the intended audience of this picture are people who don't know about opium war.

P - ...

P - The cartoon was created to inform people about the opium war and what Britain did to China.

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H - The photograph was taken around 20 years after the Opium Wars. During the Opium Wars, Britain smuggled Opium into China even though it was illegal. Even after the war, Opium was still illegal, however, the group of friends have the photograph taken while smoking opium. Because so many people in China are addicted and have access tp Opium, it is nearly normalized within the citizens. China was also having an internal crisis because of the process of changing the political system from the miscalculations they had over the power they held.

I - The photograph was likely taken for a keepsake. The people in the photo are posed and facing the camera, meaning the photo was planned to be taken as a group.

P - Lai Afong was a successful professional photographer of the late Qing Dynasty. He was often hired to take pictures of those in upper classes. This could mean the group in the photograph is somewhere in the upper classes, also considering their clothing and furniture. Asking a professional photographer, who is well known by Chinese officials, to take a photo while smoking opium (a drug that was still illegal at that time) could again show that opium is somewhat normalized because of the large amount of people addicted.

P - At the time the photograph was taken, it was likely just taken as a keepsake for the group. But now we can see the opium addiction in China even years after the Opium War took place.