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control the body's metabolism, by  transform the food we eat into energy

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Inflammation of the Gallbladder usually when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. Acute Cholecystitis is potentially serious because of the risk of complications

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large ductless glad in the neck which secretes hormones regulating growth and developed through the rate of matabolism

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large ductless glad in the neck which secretes hormones regulating growth and developed through the rate of matabolism

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Sudden sharp persistent pain in the upper right side of the tummy and spreads to the right shoulder, fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, jaundice, bulging stomach

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structure located in the center of the brain that serves as the primary link between the central nervous system and the endocrine system. The endocrine system is responsible for releasing different hormones into the bloodstream to help the body functions properly.

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Characterized by repeated attacks of pain(biliary colic) that occurs when gallstones periodically block the cystic duct. Gallbladder becomes thick-walled,scared and small.

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Cancer of the Pancreas

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1)Ultrasound
2)(CT)scan
3)(MRI)
4)(PET)
The most accurate way to diagnose pancreatic cancer is Biopsy

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Controls the amount of calcium in the blood. 4 glands located around the thyroid gland.

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Inflammation of the Pancreas

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ØCan be life-threatening inflammation of pancreas

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primary reproductive organs responsible for producing the sperm and ova. They also secrete hormones and are considered to be endocrine glands.

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Chronic Alcohol use

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-Monitor and maintain a healthy weight
-Stay hydrated
-eat small. frequent meals
-High protein foods with every meal
-consider the use  of liquid supplements or shakes
choose food that are easy to digest

Surgical care
Standard of care for pancreatic cancer is SURGICAL RESECTION. curative  treatment  and provides a survival benefit  in patients with small ,localized pancreatic tumors, but should be considered only along side systemic therapy. Patients with unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent disease are unlikely to benefit from surgical resection.

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N/V
Abdominal distension
Diminished or absent bowel sounds.
Severe abdominal pain, often mid-epigastric or LUQ

Jaundice

Severe acute pain

Weight loss

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Low PTH - gland doesn't produce enough PTH
*can also cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.

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Autoimmune disorder
Neck surgery
Radiation to the neck

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Patchy hair loss
Tingly fingertips and toes
Brittle nails.
Hardening and changes to the bones cause poor growth.

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Elevated amylase: stay elevated
Elevated lipase
Elevated Trypsin

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Urine test
ECG
Blood test for: Calcium, parathyroid and phosphorus levels.

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Medication:
Oral calcium, Vitamin D, magnesium, Thiazide diuretics, parathyroid hormone replacement.

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Excess parathyroid hormone - Hyperparathyroidism

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Excess parathyroid hormone - Hyperparathyroidism

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When the gland produces too much hormones in the bloodstream and tissue. Causes Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Primary- enlargement of the parathyroid gland. Secondary- occurs from another disease that affects calcium levels.

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Secretion of sex hormones.

Production of gametes.

It facilitates cell division, especially meiosis.

They are indirectly responsible for controlling the maturation of reproductive organs.

They are responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in both males and females.

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NPO, REST, IV FLUIDS ,PAIN MEDS,ANTIBIOTICS,SURGERY

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Low blood calcium levels.
Tumor(Primary)
Chronic Kidney Failure (Secondary)
Vitamin D deficiency (Secondary)

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Increased Temp
decreased appetite
affects sleep.
Hypothalamic obesity occasionally develops in response to major hypothalamic injury/damage affecting the centers of appetite regulation and energy balance.

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FSH(follicular stimulating hormone)

LH (luteinizing hormone)

GH (growth hormone)

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Prolactin

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S/S (Hypothyroidism) low thyroid Levels 

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S/S (Hypothyroidism) low thyroid Levels 

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tiredness,weight gain,depression,muscle aches and weakness,muscle cramps and being sensitive to cold.

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1)ALT (increase)
2)AST(increase)
3)WBC(increase0
4)Tumor markers -CA 19-9
Carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)
5)CBC

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Kidney stones
Osteoporosis
Bone and joint pain

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NPO to rest the bowel (Acute)!
Pain Management (Acute)
Alcohol cessation ( chronic)
Low fat diet
drink 2-3 L of fluid daily if not contacindicated

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Urine test
Bone mineral density test
Ultrasound
Sestamibi parathyroid scan

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S/S of Hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid) 

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S/S of Hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid) 

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weight loss,rapid or irregular heartbeat,sweating and irrtability

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Stool tests. (FOBT)

Ultrasound.

Pancreatic Function Test (PFT). Lipase, Amylase, Trypsin

( CBC) Elevated white blood test

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Symptoms that may appear in females include:

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Symptoms that may appear in females include:

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lack of menstruation

slow or absent breast growth

hot flashes

loss of body hair

low or absent sex drive

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Symptoms that may appear in males include:

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Symptoms that may appear in males include:

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loss of body hair

muscle loss

abnormal breast growth

reduced growth of penis and testicles

erectile dysfunction

osteoporosis

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Pancreatic ascites occurs when pancreatic secretions collect in the peritoneum as a result of a pancreatic duct injury which  can leads to peritonitis.

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1.Surgery- only for the glands that are enlarged or have a tumor.
2.Hormone replacement therapy- after menopause for those suffering from osteoporosis.
3. Bisphosphonates- lessens osteoporosis prevent loss of calcium in the bones.

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1)Jaundice
2)Abdominal pain
3)Rapid weight loss
4)Bloating
5)Loss off appetite
6)Discolored stools
7)Dark colored urine
8)Stomach Ache
9)Dermatitis (eczematous dermatitis)
10)Nausea
-Polyuria .
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-Icterus

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main causes of steatorrhea in client with pancreatitis

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main causes of steatorrhea in client with pancreatitis

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Lack of enzymes due to pancreatic damage results in poor digestion and absorption of food, especially fat

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Chromosomal abnormalities such as Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome.

Mutations in the FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) genes.

Infections such as mumps and orchitis(inflammation of one or both testicles).

Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy.

Trauma.

May cause cirrhosis of the liver.

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70-110  mg/dL

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Serum hormone testing

Semen analysis

Iron saturation

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain helps in diagnosing disorders of the pituitary gland.

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Normal  below 5.7%
6.5% or more indicates diabetes

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ALT. 7 to 55 units per liter (U/L)

AST. 8 to 48 U/L

ALP. 40 to 129 U/L

Albumin. 3.5 to 5.0 grams per deciliter (g/dL)

Total protein. 6.3 to 7.9 g/dL

Bilirubin. 0.1 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)

GGT. 8 to 61 U/L

LD. 122 to 222 U/L

PT. 9.4 to 12.5 seconds

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MRI or CT scans, Eyeball pressure tests, blood or saliva tests used to assess cortisol, estrogen, thyroid and other hormone levels

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Symptoms of the hypothalamus dysfunction 

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Symptoms of the hypothalamus dysfunction 

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temperature fluctuation, muscle loss and weakness, delayed puberty, poor bone health, infertility, weight loss or weight gain with or without changes in appetite., mood swings

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Dysfunctions that may be manifests as a result of hypothalamic injury.

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Labs :
elevated bilirubin and Alkaline phosphate assays.
Diagnostic:
Ultrasound,X-ray,CT scan, MRI scan, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP )

Gold standard for diagnosis of  Acute Cholecystitis is Cholescintigraphy
-alternative method of imaging HIDA is injected intravenously and taken up by the liver

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The most important hormone that the pancreas produces is insulin. Insulin is released by the 'beta cells' in the islets of Langerhans in response to food.

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Insulin is a hormone created by your pancreas that controls the amount of glucose in your bloodstream at any given moment

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Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. This buildup of glucose in the blood is called hyperglycemia.

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(TSH,T3/T4 and Tsl)
TSH is 0.5 to 5.0mlu,
T4 normal  is 0.7 to 1.9ng/dl.

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Excess insulin in the bloodstream causes cells in the body to absorb too much glucose (sugar) from your blood, which can leads to hypoglycemia or cause Diabetic ketone acidosis.

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Treatment of hypothyriodism is Levothyroxine.For  hyperthyroidism you can use methimazole(tapazole)and propylithiouracil. 

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Treatment of hypothyriodism is Levothyroxine.For  hyperthyroidism you can use methimazole(tapazole)and propylithiouracil. 

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Diagnostic Test; hepatobiliary scintigraphy or a HIDA scan with cholecystokinin(CCK)

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Risk Factors for Chronic  6 'F' for Chronic Cholecystitis

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Risk Factors for Chronic  6 'F' for Chronic Cholecystitis

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FEMALE, FAIR, FAT, FORTY, FLATULENCE, Fertility meds  (birth control)

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surgery/radiation  for tumors
hormone medications
appetite suppressant
diet modification
metformin