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The Truman Doctrine was created to prevent the fall of countries such as Greece and Türkiye to communism. This Policy of containment was used to stop the spread of communism. The Marshall plan economically supported countries that would become democratic, or stay democratic.

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This proclamation was announced by President George Washington, and declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. This was mainly because of the fact that the U.S. was not prepared for war.

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The British Parliament declared that only English ships would be allowed to bring goods into England and that the North American colonies could only exports its commodities, such as tobacco and sugar to England. This led to a balance of payments deficit.

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Lessened tensions with the United States and Great Britain. It also made it so the British agreed to stop ceasing and plundering U.S. merchant ships, and promised to compensate the U.S. for whatever losses it may have caused.

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The Sugar Act aimed at raising revenue from the American colonies. It imposed a tax on sugar imported from the West Indies, placed duties on goods imported into the colonies (wine, coffee, and textiles), increased enforcement of trade laws (British officials began to seize goods and prosecute smugglers), and it also restricted trade to only Britain. This caused outrage, eventually leading the American Revolution.

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The Stamp Act was ratified by the British parliament under King George III. It imposed a tax on all papers and official documents in the American colonies (didn’t effect England). This caused violent protests in America as the colonists argued that there should be “No Taxation without Representation”.

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By reducing the import tax on British tea, British merchants were given an unfair advantage in selling their tea in America. This would cause reasonable frustration and unrest from the Americans, leading to the Boston Tea Party. This act, along with the Sugar, and Stamp Act, all contributed to the frustration that would boil down to the American Revolution.

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In response to the Boston Tea party, British Parliament sought to punish the Massachusetts colony. So they passed the Intolerable Acts. The act closed the Boston Port, suspended the Massachusetts charter, and instituted martial law (military gov.). This was all done in an attempt to isolate Massachusetts. The led to the colonists undergoing a boycott, as well as form militias.

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Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo, Pinckney’s Treaty was made in order to settle a dispute over the boundary of Spanish Florida. In the end it granted navigation rights on the Mississippi River to the Americans.

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The United States purchased 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. This massive expansion westward doubled the size of the U.S. This massive increase of land not only helped to expand American agriculture, but it also eventually ties into slavery as there is suddenly a greater need for labor. This would also contribute to the eventual Civil War.

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The Monroe Doctrine basically states that the U.S. government won’t tolerate any further European powers attempting to colonize within the Western Hemisphere, and that they wouldn’t interfere with any existing European colonies/territories existing in the Western Hemisphere. However if any European power attempted to colonize/control any nations within the Western Hemisphere, they would view it as a hostile act.

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Decided boarder between Canada and US. Also settled ownership of Great Lakes with Great Britain.

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The war started over the US annexation of Texas which Mexico considered theirs, even after the Texas Revolution. The war gave 500,000 square miles of Mexican territory to the US.

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Ended Mexican-American War. US acquired new land, present day states of; California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona, Colorado, parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming.

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William Seward(Secretary of state Under President Lincoln) bought Alaska from Russia. This helped emphasize the American Philosophy of Manifest Destiny.

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Sparked by imperialist feelings and the mysterious destruction of the U.S battleship Maine.  The war was originally for the support of the Cuban’s struggle for independence. Marked the US on the world scene as a world power and the end of Spain’s role as a colonial power. The US acquired more land from the Caribbean to Southeast Asia. Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and occupied Cuba, the place that they were helping get independence.

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1902, European Countries in Western Hemisphere 

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1902, European Countries in Western Hemisphere 

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European powers (Great Britain, Germany, and Italy) entered western hemisphere, going against the Monroe Doctrine, in order to collect debt from Venezuela and other Latin American countries. The US forced the European powers out by issuing a corollary to abide the Monroe Doctrine.

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Treaty signed with the newly founded Panama (Founded with help from US) to build a five mile wide canal and in return the US would guarantee and maintain the independence of Panama.

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“Dollar Diplomacy” was used to control Latin American Countries by using the US’s economic power to influence the countries’ government to protect American economic interests in those countries.

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1914-1917, American Neutrality during WWI

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1914-1917, American Neutrality during WWI

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America decided to adopt a policy of neutrality. Helped both sides of the War. Due to the Allies domination of the sea, most trade was done with the allies.

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United States enters the war after the sinking, by German U-boats, of the Lusitania, killing American Passengers. The US declares war on Germany on April 6, 1917.

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Formally ended WWI. Signed on June 28th, 1919. Germany had to pay major financial reparations, disarm, loose territory to the allies and accept fault for the war. This put Germany in a place of weakness, and would eventually lead to the rise in Hitler, and WWII.

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Resistance to international commitments like the League of Nations, which was first proposed by Woodrow Wilson and his 14 points. This is similar to the Neutrality Proclamation in a way as the U.S. sought to avoid intervention in foreign affairs.

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Prohibited the export of arms, ammunition, and other weapons to foreign nations at war. Arms manufactures had to apply for an export license.

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Under FDR the second neutrality act was passed. This act forbade U.S citizens from traveling on hostile countries’ ships and for arms to be transported to hostile countries. This act gave the president authority to control the hostile ships in U.S waters.

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Under FDR this act was passed and it lifted the arms embargo. But still banned loans and barred US ships from transporting goods to the hostile countries.

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On October 17, 1941 the Neutrality Acts were repealed after the United States committed itself to helping the allies through the Lend-Lease Act of 1941.

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After the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941 the US officially declares war on Japan, later Germany and Italy.

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It was passed on March 11, 1941 and it allowed the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed vital to the defense of the United States. This mostly benefited the British and the allies.

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President Truman’s policy decision of making Japan submit by force led to the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan. This led to the surrender of Japan.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization was made to combat communism and secure peace in Europe and to safeguard the countries from communism. They wanted to provide a collective security from the threat of the Soviet Union.

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Following the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, President George W. Bush created a War on Terror. This basically made it so America can treat all countries that support terrorists against the U.S. as enemies.

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NSC-68 was a report written by the National Security Council and this provided a blueprint for how the two conflicting ideologies couldn’t coexist and it showed the need for a huge military buildup.

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2001, Operation Enduring Freedom (Invasion of Afghanistan)

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2001, Operation Enduring Freedom (Invasion of Afghanistan)

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Following the 9/11 attacks, the al-Quaeda terrorist group which was based in Afghanistan, was under the protection of the Taliban. Thanks to the War on Terror, America was able to invade Afghanistan with a main goal of dismantling al-Qaeda, removing the Taliban from power, and preventing any terrorist groups from using Afghanistan in the future.

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The main reasons for the war on Iraq according to the U.S. were that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and they wanted to overthrow the leader of Iraq, Saddam Hussein (accused of human rights abuses and sponsoring terrorism). Though it was later found that Iraq actually didn’t have any WMD.

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The opened door policy was a policy in which the US and other countries(Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia) called for protection of equal privileges for trading with China. Important part of American foreign policy in East Asia until the communist take over of China.

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The Korean War ultimately led to the division of Korea into the the communist North (which aligned with the Soviet Union, and China), and the democratic South (aligned with the U.S). This division is similar to Vietnam as in both, the North became communist, and the South became democratic. This led to a significant U.S. military presence within the South.

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Beginning when the U.S. provided military aid to the French in their effort to maintain their colony in Indochina, the U.S. continued to stay in active in Vietnam. After the French’s defeat, and the division of the country (democratic South, communist North), The U.S. continued to support the South through economic and military aid. This was all to prevent the domino theory from coming true. Thanks to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964), President Johnson was able to escalate U.S. involvement in the conflict. This led to increased U.S. military presence in Vietnam, and a growing number of casualties on both sides. Mass opposition to the war from within the U.S. began to take place, with many protests to the conflicts as many viewed the war as “useless”. Following the Paris Peace Accords (1973), U.S. troops were withdrawn from Vietnam. The war ended in 1975 when the South fell to the North. This contrasts the end of the Korean War because rather then a continued separated state, Vietnam became reunified.

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The Bay of Pigs Invasion was part of the US’s policy of containment and this strategy was carried out by the CIA and failed at overthrowing the Cuban Dictator, Fidel Castro. This was an embarrassment for Kennedy and it pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union, Strained relations with Cuba.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest event that brought the world to a nuclear war. The Soviet Union made a deal with Cuba to store nuclear weapons there. The US decided to quarantine Cuba. There were many secret communications between the US and the Soviet Union in order to prevent major losses on both sides. The Soviets removed weapons from Cuba and the US secretly removed Missiles from Türkiye.

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SALT or Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. President Johnson called for SALT to stabilize U.S-Soviet relations. Richard Nixon also believed in SALT and there was an agreement between Leonid Brezhnev(Soviet General Secretary). SALT I was signed on May 26, 1972.

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INF is the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces(INF) treaty. This treaty eliminated an entire class of missiles that threatened Europe. As an effect this reduced the number of weapons in each superpower’s nuclear stockpile This was a momentous moment in the Cold War. This was a diplomatic success.

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In 1991 the Soviet Union Collapsed signaling the end of the Cold War. Gorbachev the last Soviet ruler, lost control of some of the Soviets countries, for example the Berlin Wall was toppled over and many were taking steps toward independence. The economy also contributed to the fall of the USSR, for example the shortage of consumer goods, the black market being 10% of the GDP and more. Once the Soviet Union collapsed in December of 1991. Many countries declared independence after the fall of the USSR. Now there was only one superpower left, the US.

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START was Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties. This was an agreement to reduce the number of long-ranged nuclear weapons in the United States and Soviet Union. START I was signed by both Soviets and American leaders

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2009-2010, Iraqi Withdrawal and End of Iraqi War

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2009-2010, Iraqi Withdrawal and End of Iraqi War

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President Barack Obama announced that U.S forces would withdrawal from Iraq in 2009. Iraq was never found to posses WMD ,which was the purpose the U.S was describing. The war was finally over in 2010. Iraqi was defeated and they retreated from Kuwait, the placed they invaded.

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Under President Biden the 20 year Afghanistan war ended, with the mass withdrawal of 120,000 people evacuated safely. Starting from President Bush’s policy of War on terror, this war has continued. There were casualties in the evacuation, a dozen American service members were killed.

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The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to Japan formally surrendering, ending WWII. The Paris Peace Treaties were signed on February 10th, 1947 and it marked the official end of WWII.

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The American Revolution was won over through innovative military tactics, and bold attacks. Following America’s victory, the then thirteen colonies separated from Britain and claimed their independence. This led to the spread of democratic ideals and principles throughout. Another important breakthrough was advancement of human rights through things such as the Declaration of Independence. This helped to lead the way to freedom and equality as it was the baseline for American ideals. It contributed to the roots of America, as well as things like the Civil Rights Movement, and the Women’s Rights Movement.