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established a tripartite test to determine violations of the First Amendment establishment clause. The Court found that two states violated the establishment clause by making state financial aid available to “church-related educational institutions.”

In Lemon v. Kurtzman, the court held that, first, a statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and, finally, a statute must not foster “an excessive government entanglement with religion.”…

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Prior restraint is censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression.

the government might outright prevent public distribution of media, or place conditions on speech that make it difficult for it to occur. Something as seemingly harmless as a town ordinance restricting where newspapers can be sold could be considered prior restraint

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The Free Exercise Clause accompanies the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause together read: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,

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The Supreme Court applied the rational basis test to determine if the law enacted by the federal government should overrule state marriage laws. As more and more states began to allow same-sex marriage, the Court saw that DOMA could be used to deny the rights of individuals based on sexual orientation

To pass the rational basis test, the statute or ordinance must have a legitimate state interest, and there must be a rational connection between the statute's/ordinance's means and goals.

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Wainwright, In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment creates a right for criminal defendants who cannot pay for their own lawyers to have the state appoint attorneys on their behalf.

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Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for Black people.

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The Dred Scott case addressed the moral and political struggle that in those years was threatening to tear the United States apart

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this was a court case challenging a Texas law making abortion illegal except by a doctor's orders to save a woman's life.

Roe v. Wade was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States generally protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion.

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No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

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The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African-American. Such laws remained in force until the 1960s.

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the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups regarded as disadvantaged or subject to discrimination.

Affirmative action, also known as positive discrimination, involves sets of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to include particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality in areas in which such groups are underrepresented — such as education and employme

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an examination to determine whether a person meets the literacy requirements for voting, serving in the armed forces, etc.

A literacy test assesses a person's literacy skills: their ability to read and write have been administered by various governments, particularly to immigrants.

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The high court said evidence seized unlawfully, without a search warrant, could not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts.

Ohio decided on 20 June 1961, was a landmark court case originating in Cleveland, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that under the 4th and 14th Constitutional amendments, illegally seized evidence could not be used in a state criminal trial.

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Equal Protection refers to the idea that a governmental body may not deny people equal protection of its governing laws. The governing body state must treat an individual in the same manner as others in similar conditions and circumstances.

bars the government from passing laws or taking official actions that treat similarly-situated people or groups of people differently.

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the Fifth Amendment requires that law enforcement officials advise suspects of their right to remain silent and to obtain an attorney during interrogations while in police custody.

Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape and was sentenced to 20-30 years imprisonment on each count. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Arizona held that Miranda's constitutional rights were not violated in obtaining the confession.

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Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down the “Separate but Equal” doctrine and outlawed the ongoing segregation in schools.

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the Supreme Court ruled that school-sponsored prayer in public schools violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment.

The state cannot hold prayers in public schools, even if it is not required and not tied to a particular religion. The state board of regents in New York wrote a voluntary prayer to Almighty God that was intended to open each school day.

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The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which parts of the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

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Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.
Symbolic speech consists of nonverbal, nonwritten forms of communication, such as flag burning, wearing armbands, and burning of draft cards. It is generally protected by the First Amendment unless it causes a specific, direct threat to another individual or public order.

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The case was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.

Bakke is a 1978 Supreme Court case which held that a university's admissions criteria which used race as a definite and exclusive basis for an admission decision violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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reasonable grounds for a member of law enforcement to make a search or enter a private building

In United States criminal law, probable cause is the standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal or the issuing of a search warrant. There is no universally accepted definition or formulation for probable cause

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De jure segregation refers specifically to potentially discriminatory segregation imposed or allowed by government-enacted laws, regulations, or accepted public policy.

Judicial rulings and legislation passed during the era of the Civil Rights Movement ended de jure segregation, separation that was mandated by law and enforced by the government.

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Suspect classification refers to a class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination.

The Supreme Court recognizes race, national origin, religion and alienage as suspect classes; it therefore analyzes any government action that discriminates against these classes under strict scrutiny.

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Speech plus, which is known as symbolic speech, involves the communication of ideas through the combination of language and action

Speech plus involves actions, such as demonstrating or protesting, as well as words. Speech-plus is not generally protected as strictly as is pure speech, because actions can be physically dangerous. The courts have ruled that demonstrators may not obstruct traffic, endanger public safety, or trespass illegally.

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the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense

In jurisprudence, double jeopardy is a procedural defence that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same charges following an acquittal or conviction and in rare cases prosecutorial and/or judge misconduct in the same jurisdiction. Double jeopardy is a common concept in criminal law.

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fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement

due process, a course of legal proceedings according to rules and principles that have been established in a system of jurisprudence for the enforcement and protection of private rights.

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prohibits the government from establishing a religion

In United States law, the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, together with that Amendment's Free Exercise Clause, form the constitutional right of freedom of religion. The relevant constitutional text is: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion

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a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

In the United States, the exclusionary rule is a legal rule, based on constitutional law, that prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law

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The Skokie case engaged questions of morality and legality

The state supreme court rejected that argument, ruling that display of the swastika is a symbolic form of free speech entitled to First Amendment protections and determined that the swastika itself did not constitute "fighting words". Its ruling allowed the National Socialist Party of America to march.

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if you make a false statement of fact about someone else that harms that person's reputation

Defamation is the communication of a false statement that harms the reputation of another. When in written form it is often called 'libel'. Defamation has always acted as a limit on both the freedom of speech as well as the freedom of the press.

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the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation
The most common examples of slander per se are: Accusing the plaintiff of criminal actions. Stating that the plaintiff has certain infectious diseases. Making harmful statements about the plaintiff's business or occupation.

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all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

the Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,” extending the provisions

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The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects against imposing excessive bail, excessive fines.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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This amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases and inhibits courts from overturning a jury's findings of fact

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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encourages people to fight against or oppose the government

Seditious speech is speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders.

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this guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a public trial without unnecessary delay and the right to a lawyer

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law

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the Supreme Court held that the wartime internment of American citizens of Japanese descent was constitutional

the court ruled in favor of the United States, contending that the government had not exceeded its authority in forcing Japanese Americans to relocate to internment camps.

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This gives you the right to remain silent or plead the 5th during a case

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia,

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Congress cannot make any law getting rid of the freedom of speech or the press or for people to peacefully assemble.

This protects freedom of speech, the press and the assembly and the right to petition the government

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Someone who knows what their doing and is being security for the people around them have rights to bare a weapon in public and this law will not be touched

This protects people rights to bare arms

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The right that people should feel secure and safe against unnecessary searches shall not be violated and is set by oath that searches will not happen without a warrant

This protects people from any illegal searches or seizures of you or your property without a warrant

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People were separated into schools, jobs and houses not by law but by fact and legislature tried to keep it a secret but clearly failed

This was were the legislature didn't overtly segregate kids by race but this still continued