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Isoroku Yamamoto is a Japanese naval officer who conceived of the surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. He opposed to the Pearl Harbor attack, he was up against more powerful men who ultimately decided to go forward with the attack. Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff Chief Osami Nagano rejected Yamamoto's concerns, arguing that negotiations with the United States were a waste of time.

Sources:
https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=1

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During World War 2, he commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater. Kennedy's survival following the sinking of PT-109 and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, but left him with serious injuries. Later he then became the youngest president to ever serve a term in the United States.

Sources: https://www.jfklibrary.org/visit-museum/exhibits/past-exhibits/john-f-kennedy-in-wwii

https://www.nps.gov/articles/kennedyww2.htm

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Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany's Nazi Party, was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century. Hitler capitalized on economic woes, popular discontent and political infighting to take absolute power in Germany beginning in 1933. He also led mass executions such as the Holocaust, where millions of Jews were brutally murdered.

Sources:
https://history.as.uky.edu/hitler-essential-background-information

https://ehistory.osu.edu/biographies/adolf-hitler

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Winston Churchill was a statesman, writer, orator and leader who led Britain to victory in the Second World War. He served as Conservative Prime Minister twice from 1940 to 1945 (before being defeated in the 1945 general election by the Labour leader Clement Attlee) and from 1951 to 1955. He retired from office in April 1955, as he was "slowing down" physically and mentally. He is important to WW2 because he led Britain to victory in WW2 numerous times.

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Winston-Churchill

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goebbels-churchill/

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The USS Shaw explodes after being hit by bombs during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in this December 7, 1941 photo.

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1. Bomb Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7-8 1941, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States)

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1. Bomb Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7-8 1941, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States)

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The Bomb Attack on Pearl Harbor was a military operation by the Japanese to prevent the United States from interfering. The United States at that time was not involved in the war. The attack killed 2,403 U.S. personnel, including 68 civilians, and destroyed or damaged 19 U.S. Navy ships, including 8 battleships. The Japanese hoped that the defeat at Pearl Harbor would be so devastating, that Americans would immediately give up, but, the attack only convinced the United States even more to enter the Second World War.

Sources:
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/us-wwii/a/pearl-harbor

https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf

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Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong, December 1941

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2. Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong (December 18-25, 1941, Hong Kong, China)

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2. Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong (December 18-25, 1941, Hong Kong, China)

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Japanese troops land in Hong Kong on December 18, 1941, and slaughter ensues. A week of air raids over Hong Kong, a British crown colony, was followed up on December 17 with a visit paid by Japanese envoys to Sir Mark Young, the British governor of Hong Kong. The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young, surrendered the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to Imperial Japan on 25 December 1941. The surrender occurred after 18 days of fierce fighting against the overwhelming Japanese forces who had invaded on the territory.

Sources:
https://www.pacificatrocities.org/book-three-years-and-eight-months-the-forgotten-struggle-of-hong-kongs-ww2.html

https://www.scmp.com/knowledge/events/world-war-ii-hong-kong

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The surviving troops of the 18 Polish Division wrapped in great coats and blankets after their surrender to the XIX Motorised Corps of General Heinz Guderian.

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1. Germany and Soviet Union Invasion of Poland ( September 1-17, 1939, Poland)

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1. Germany and Soviet Union Invasion of Poland ( September 1-17, 1939, Poland)

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First, Germany also believed that Poland was executing ethnic Germans living there, which contributed to their motive. The German invasion of Poland was the tipping point to the start of WW2. 16 days later, the Soviet Union's invasion of Poland was a military operation without a formal "declaration of war". The Soviet Union had invaded Poland because they were trying to help the Ukrainians and Byleorussians, who were trapped in territory that had been illegally annexed by Poland. This event is crucial because it marks the start of WW2 and the first major event.

Sources:
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/invasion-of-poland-fall-1939#:~:text=On%20September%201%2C%201939%2C%20Germany,to%20encircle%20and%20dismember%20Germany

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-union-invades-poland

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Admiral Graf Spee scuttled and on fire 17 December 1939

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2. Battle of the River Plate (December 13, 1939, Europe, South Altantic Ocean)

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2. Battle of the River Plate (December 13, 1939, Europe, South Altantic Ocean)

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The Battle of River Plate was the first major naval engagement of WW2. The battle was fought between the British and Germans, and this was a huge victory for the UK. The British cruisers were able to defeat German pocket battleships. This was also considered the Allie's first naval victory of the war. The Battle of River Plate is important because it is the first ever major naval battle, but most importantly, it was won by the Allied Powers.

Sources:
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/river-plate#:~:text=The%20Battle%20of%20the%20River,with%20jubilation%20in%20New%20Zealand.

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During 26th May and 4th June 1940, Allied soldiers were being evacuated from the beaches of Dunkirk. (File | Associated Press)

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3. Evacuation of Dunkirk (May 26-June 4, 1940, Dunkirk, France)

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3. Evacuation of Dunkirk (May 26-June 4, 1940, Dunkirk, France)

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The Evacuation of Dunkirk involved the rescue of more than 338,000 British and French soldiers from the French port of Dunkirk between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The evacuation, sometimes referred to as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was a big boost for British morale. This was a major event because the soldiers were able to escape being trapped in Dunkirk, surviving to be able to fight more in WW2.

Sources:
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/dunkirk

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Pilots of 'B' Flight, No. 32 Squadron relax on the grass at Hawkinge in front of Hurricane Mk I P3522, GZ-V. From left to right: Pilot Officer R F Smythe; Pilot

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4. The Battle of Britain (July 10-October 31, 1940, Britain, United Kingdom)

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4. The Battle of Britain (July 10-October 31, 1940, Britain, United Kingdom)

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The Battle of Britain was fought largely over southern England in the summer and autumn of 1940. After the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk and the Fall of France, Germany planned to gain air superiority in preparation for an invasion of Great Britain. Germany was bombing against British fighters in a thwarted German prelude to invasion. This event is important because it shows the courage and resilience of the country's military and its people and allowed them to remain free from Nazi occupation.

video: https://youtu.be/6JB3bgzLCA0

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Britain-European-history-1940

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-britain-1

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German troops marching on the Champs Elysees, Paris, 14 June 1940. Parade on the day that Paris fell to the Nazi invaders. (Photo by Art Media/Print Collector/G

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5. Paris Fall to the Nazis (June 14, 1940, Paris, France)

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5. Paris Fall to the Nazis (June 14, 1940, Paris, France)

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Paris fell to Nazi Germany on June 14, 1940, one month after the German Wehrmacht stormed into France. Eight days later, France signed an armistice with the Germans, and a puppet French state was set up with its capital at Vichy. This event was important because France's military was seen as one of the strongest at that time, but even against the Germans it was merely not enough.

Sources:
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1940/jun/15/secondworldwar.france

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Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia

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SYDNEY, NSW. 1942-06. JAPANESE MIDGET SUBMARINE NO. 21 BEING LOWERED ONTO BLOCKS ON SHORE AFTER BEING RAISED FROM THE BOTTOM OF SYDNEY HARBOR IN A SALVAGE OPER

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3. Japanese midget submarine raid on Sydney Harbor (May 31, 1942, Sydney Harbor, New South Wales, Australia)

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3. Japanese midget submarine raid on Sydney Harbor (May 31, 1942, Sydney Harbor, New South Wales, Australia)

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The attack on Sydney Harbor ended in failure on both sides, and revealed flaws in both the Allied defenses and the Japanese tactics. During the primary attack, the Japanese lost all three midget submarines in exchange for the sinking of a single barracks ship. This event is significant because the Japanese reasoned that sinking a large Allied warship inside the harbor would not only lead American naval commanders to weaken its central Pacific fleet. It would create a potential threat off Australia, but that it would also demoralize Australian civilians.

Sources:
https://www.navy.gov.au/history/feature-histories/japanese-midget-submarine-attack-sydney-harbour#:~:text=It%20exploded%20on%20impact%20beneath,and%20two%20British%20were%20killed.

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 4. Atomic bomb dropped on Japan (August 6, 1945, Hiroshima, Japan)

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 4. Atomic bomb dropped on Japan (August 6, 1945, Hiroshima, Japan)

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The United States had dropped the world's first deployed atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan. The uranium bomb detonated over Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 had an explosive yield equal to 15,000 tonnes of TNT. It razed and burnt around 70 per cent of all buildings and caused an estimated 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945, along with increased rates of cancer and chronic disease among the survivors. This is a significant event because this was seen as "payback" for the air attack on Pearl Harbor.

Sources:
https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/hiroshima-nagasaki-75

https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/med/med_chp3.html

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Photograph of Hiroshima after the atomic bomb. (National Archives Identifier 22345671)

Online Exhibits

Photograph Gallery

Additional Photographs

Atomic Bomb Preparations at Tinian Island, 1945

Photographs used in the report Effects of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

Manhattan Project Notebook

Atomic bomb/Enola Gay preparations for the bombing missions

Post-bombing aerial and on-the-ground images of Hiroshima

Empty bottle of Chianti Bertolli wine signed by scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project

Archival Film
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Effects, 1945
The Last Bomb, a 1945 film, done in Technicolor, by the Army Air Forces Combat Camera Units and Motion Picture Units covering the B-29 bombing raids on Japan
Effects on the human body of radiation from the atomic bomb
Additional Records
Photos: Atomic Bomb Preparations at Tinian Island, 1945
Photographs used in the report Effects of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

Manhattan Project Notebook

Atomic bomb/Enola Gay preparations for the bombing missions

Post-Hiroshima bombing aerial and on-the-ground images

Color image of Hiroshima after bombing

Blogs and Social Media Posts

Unwritten Record: Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Unwritten Record: Witness to Destruction: Photographs and Sound Recordings Documenting the Hiroshima Bombing

Forward with Roosevelt: Found in the Archives: The Einstein Letter

Pieces of History: Little Boy: The First Atomic Bomb

Pieces of History: Harry Truman and the Bomb

Pieces of History: Morgantown Ordnance Works (part of the Manhattan Project) Panoramas, 1940-1942

Today's Document: Petition from Manhattan Project Scientists to President Truman

For Educators

Docs Teach resources on the atomic bomb

Teaching with Documents: Photographs and Pamphlet about Nuclear Fallout

Kennedy Library: "The Presidency in the Nuclear Age"

At the Presidential Libraries

Roosevelt Library: Albert Einstein's letter to FDR regarding the atomic bomb

Truman Library: "The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb "

Truman Library: Additional records on the bombing of Hiroshima

Truman Library: President Truman's Diary Entry for July 17, 1945 (the day before Truman learned that the United States had successfully tested the world's first atomic bomb)

Truman Library: Memo for the Record, Manhattan Project, July 20, 1945

Truman Library: Petition from Leo Szilard and other scientists to President Truman

Eisenhower Library: Atoms for Peace

Kennedy Library: " The Presidency in the Nuclear Age: The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It"

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The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945

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Photograph of Hiroshima after the atomic bomb. (National Archives Identifier 22345671) The United States bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, 1945, were the first instances of atomic bombs used against humans, killing tens of thousands of people, obliterating the cities, and contributing to the end of World War II.

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USS «Missouri», Cowpens Street, Honolulu, HI

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Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright, and Gen. A.E. Percival,prepares to sign the document of Japan's surrender aboard the battleship Missouri. Credit: Corbis Bettmann

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5. Formal Japanese surrender on deck of USS Missouri (September 2, 1945, USS Missouri, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States)

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5. Formal Japanese surrender on deck of USS Missouri (September 2, 1945, USS Missouri, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States)

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On the teak decks of USS Missouri, WWII finally came to an end on 2 September 1945. The Surrender Ceremony, which formally brought an end to the bloodiest conflict in human history, lasted a mere 23 minutes. It began at 0902 with a brief opening speech by General Douglas MacArthur. This event is significant because it signified the end of WW2.

Sources:
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1303405

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Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign.

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Stalin