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After the Ottoman Empire's defeat in WWI, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led the Turkish War of Independence. The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 officially recognized the Republic of Turkey as the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, covering modern-day Turkey and establishing Ankara as the new capital.

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The League of Nations granted France a mandate over Syria following the collapse of Ottoman rule. This territory included modern-day Syria and Lebanon. The mandate system was designed to prepare these territories for eventual independence under European guidance.

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1920: British Mandate of Palestine Established

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1920: British Mandate of Palestine Established

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Britain received a League of Nations mandate over Palestine, which included modern-day Israel, Palestine, and Jordan. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 had promised support for a Jewish homeland, creating tensions that would persist for decades.

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1921: Kingdom of Iraq Under British Mandate

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1921: Kingdom of Iraq Under British Mandate

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The former Ottoman provinces of Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul were combined to form Iraq under British mandate. Faisal I was installed as king, and the mandate lasted until Iraq gained independence in 1932, though Britain maintained significant influence.

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While the Arabian Peninsula was nominally under Ottoman control, the Saud family had been gaining power. After WWI, Ibn Saud conquered much of the peninsula, eventually establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, unifying most of the Arabian Peninsula.

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1922: British Protectorate of Jordan Created

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1922: British Protectorate of Jordan Created

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Originally part of the British Mandate of Palestine, Transjordan (modern Jordan) was separated in 1922 and given to Abdullah I as an emirate under British protection. This created a buffer state and honored British promises to the Hashemite family.

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1919: Greece Gains Territory in Treaty of Sèvres

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1919: Greece Gains Territory in Treaty of Sèvres

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The harsh Treaty of Sèvres initially gave Greece significant Ottoman territory including parts of Anatolia around Smyrna (Izmir). However, the Greek-Turkish War (1919-1922) resulted in Greek defeat and the loss of these gains in the later Treaty of Lausanne.

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The First Republic of Armenia was established in 1918 from former Ottoman territories. However, this independence was short-lived due to conflicts with Turkey and invasion by Soviet forces, leading to the territory being divided between Turkey and Soviet Armenia by 1920.

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1920: French Mandate of Lebanon Established

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1920: French Mandate of Lebanon Established

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Lebanon was carved out of the larger Syrian mandate as a separate entity under French control. This was partly due to France's historical ties with Lebanese Christians and the desire to create a Christian-majority state in the region.

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The Treaty of Sèvres imposed harsh terms on the Ottoman Empire, including severe territorial losses. It was never implemented as the nationalistic resistance in Turkey led to its renegotiation. The treaty served as a precursor to the changes formalized later in the Treaty of Lausanne.

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1923: Treaty of Lausanne Replaces Treaty of Sèvres

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1923: Treaty of Lausanne Replaces Treaty of Sèvres

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The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 annulled the harsh terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. It granted Turkey more favorable borders, leading to international recognition of the Republic of Turkey and stability in the region.

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1920: Creation of Mandatory Mesopotamia (Iraq)

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1920: Creation of Mandatory Mesopotamia (Iraq)

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After the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, the region of Mesopotamia was mandated to Britain, leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Iraq. The mandate system laid foundations for Iraq's future independence in 1932.