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Global Desk

In a landmark advancement for oncology and personalized medicine, Russia's Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology-the creators of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine-announced this year that it will begin human clinical trials of the world's first personalized mRNA-based melanoma vaccine within the next few months.

Alexander Gintsburg, director of the Gamaleya Center, confirmed that this groundbreaking vaccine, tailored specifically to the genetic profile of individual patients' tumors, will start experimental administration as early as September-October 2025 in collaboration with leading Russian oncology institutions.

A. Melanoma cells come from melanocytes, the skin cells that give it color. When these cells grow too much and become cancerous, they cause melanoma, a dangerous kind of skin cancer that can spread fast if not treated early.

Q. What is mRNA, and how is it used in vaccines?
A. mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA to the cell's protein-making machinery. It acts like a messenger, conveying the code needed to build specific proteins that perform various functions in the body. In vaccines, mRNA teaches cells to produce a harmless piece of a virus or cancer antigen, triggering the immune system to respond and protect the body.

This novel cancer vaccine is designed to train the immune system to recognize and attack melanoma cells by creating a bespoke mRNA blueprint derived from each patient's unique tumor mutations. The process involves sophisticated artificial intelligence algorithms that analyze the tumor's genetic data to produce a molecular template, which is then synthesized at Gamaleya's production facilities. This tailor-made mRNA encodes proteins that activate a targeted cytotoxic immune response, aiming not only to eradicate primary tumors but also to address metastatic cancer sites.

Gintsburg elaborated that the entire vaccine development cycle-from tumor sequencing to vaccine production-can be completed within about one week due to AI-assisted mathematical modeling and neural network computing. This rapid manufacture represents a significant leap compared to typical timelines in personalized cancer therapies.

Q. What is a personalized cancer vaccine?
A. Personalized cancer vaccine is a tailored immunotherapy designed to train the patient's immune system to recognize and attack their specific cancer cells. It uses information from the patient's tumor genetics to create a unique vaccine that targets tumor-specific mutations, differing from general vaccines.

The vaccine model was developed starting in mid-2022 and has already demonstrated promising efficacy in preclinical animal studies, showing the ability to suppress tumor growth and reduce metastasis.

The upcoming Phase I clinical trials will take place at two of Russia's foremost oncology centers: the Hertsen Research Institute and the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology in Moscow. Importantly, this tailored vaccine is part of a wider Russian initiative to advance cancer treatment across various difficult-to-treat types, including pancreatic, kidney, and non-small-cell lung cancers.

The Russian Ministry of Health classifies this vaccine development and approval under a new, specialized regulatory process recognizing its individualized nature, differing fundamentally from traditional drug registration. The state plans to provide this cancer vaccine free of charge to Russian citizens, with an estimated production cost of around 300,000 rubles (approx. USD 2,869) per dose covered by government funding.

According to health authorities, about 4 million Russians live with cancer, and approximately 625,000 new cancer cases are diagnosed annually, underlining the urgent need for innovative therapies. The vaccine's success could mark a pivotal moment in Russia's fight against cancer and elevate its personalized medicine program.

Unlike the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines designed to target a single viral antigen, this personalized cancer vaccine encodes multiple neoantigens specific to each patient's tumor, offering a multi-targeted immune approach.

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Cancer cure? Russia commences human trials of revolutionary personalized cancer vaccine

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Russia's Gamaleya Center, famed for Sputnik V, will initiate human trials for a personalized mRNA melanoma vaccine by late 2025. This innovative vaccine, tailored to individual tumor genetics using AI, aims to stimulate the immune system to target and eradicate cancer cells.

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Impact of Radioactive Iodine Treatment on Long-Term Relative Survival in Patients with Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancer: A SEER-Based Study Covering Histologic Subtypes and Recurrence Risk Categories

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For patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), that is, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), the American Thyroid Association and European Thyroid Association generally recommend radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy after surgery only for high-risk patients. For intermediate-risk patients, RAI therapy is recommended only as a should-be-considered option. For low-risk patients, RAI therapy is not routinely recommended. Other countries, such as Germany, are more in favor of using RAI. Thus, RAI therapy remains a matter of controversial debate, because prospective long-term data on survival are scarce. Methods: We retrospectively compared long-term relative survival in DTC cohorts treated with and without RAI. From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database, 101,087 patients harboring DTC were identified between 2000 and 2020. Patient cohorts were subdivided based on histology (classical PTC, aggressive variants of PTC, FTC, and minimally invasive FTC). These cohorts were stratified into the following categories: very low risk, low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk. Relative survival was determined for each subgroup. Statistics included a z -test specifically developed for comparison of relative survival, testing the long-term effect of RAI therapy (3, 5, and 10 y). Results: The relative survival rate is higher or tends to be higher in most subgroups undergoing RAI therapy than in subgroups not undergoing RAI therapy. Even for low-risk minimally invasive FTC, the 10-y relative survival rate tends to be higher by 2.0% ( P = 0.055). For larger tumor size or lymph node involvement in classical PTC, a 10-y relative survival benefit of 1.3%–2.0% ( P = 0.045) in the RAI subgroup prevails. In high-risk DTC, benefits in relative survival of up to 30.9% ( P < 0.05) were observed. Relative survival is not negatively affected in any RAI subgroup. Conclusion: In patients with DTC, depending on histology subtype, a benefit in relative survival prevails in low-, intermediate-, and high-risk subgroups that underwent RAI therapy compared with patients who did not undergo RAI therapy. Even in low-risk minimally invasive FTC, a clear trend toward higher survival rates is observed. For PTC, a survival benefit prevails in the presence of lymph node involvement, larger tumor size, or distant metastasis.