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I ruled with my divine right over the people of England. I fought with Parliament over taxes and power. As leader of the church of England, I had the bible translated into English. I was King during the colonization of North America and founded Jamestown in Virginia which was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was easy, I survived with no trouble, no one can take me down. It was an assassination attempt against me, planned by English Roman Catholics.

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As James I, I also believed in the divine right of kings. Because of this, the struggles with Parliament over taxation, religion, and governance continued. My feud with Parliament caused me to be rebellious. Without their permission, I kept dissolving the governed body. The English Civil War in 1642 happened because of my issues with Parliament. My forces were called Royalists or Cavaliers and the other side was led by Oliver Cromwell. They were called the Roundheads. I ended up being defeated and executed for treason against my country, shame on me.

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I was an amazing military leader during the English Civil War and Puritan Army General. I was so successful in the Civil War that I was crowned the Lord Protector where I ruled England until my death in 1658. I changed the government of England by abolishing the monarchy and establishing the Commonwealth. I am known for participating in the execution of Charles I and ruling England as a military dictator. I also led the conquest of Ireland and Scotland. During this I attempted to name England as the dominant European power. I always wanted to be in control because I had great visions for society.

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During the Cromwell rule I struggled greatly. I was unfortunately exiled to France by Cromwell because of the threat I posed to the throne as Charles I’s son. When Oliver Cromwell died, I got another chance and returned to England to restore the Monarchy.This period was known as the Restoration. I had many problems like The Great Fire of London 1666 and a resurgence of the Black Plague. During my reign, I sought to heal the wounds that the Civil War left. I pursued a policy of religious tolerance in the Declaration of Indulgence which granted freedom of worship to non-anglican protestants and catholics. Because of me, the revival of popular pastimes like country dances, singing, live music, and blood sports flourished.

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I am the Roman Catholic brother of Charles II. Because my brother had 12 illegitimate children, I was the last Roman Catholic King of England, Ireland, and Scotland. I faced a lot of challenges regarding religions due to England being a majority Protestant and another Catholic King upsetting them. This caused the start of the Glorious Revolution of England. The Constitutional Monarchy was solidified and the foundation for the English Bill of Rights that limited the powers of the monarch was laid. I eventually was overthrown and there peacefully ended my career.

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Mary- I am the daughter of King James II and was raised Protestant unlike my father. I married my precious 1st cousin William of Orange who was a Protestant Dutch Prince.

William- When parliament completed the overthrow of King James II they asked me and Mary to rule jointly as a Protestant alternative. Our rule began the Constitutional Monarchy in England by agreeing to govern in accordance with the laws and decisions of Parliament. During our reign we passed the English Bill of Rights in 1689 which officially limited the monarchy, this is what we are known for.

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The English Bill Of Rights was signed into law by William & Mary in 1689. It limited the power of the monarchy while also giving Parliament power over them. This bill outlined specific constitutions and is the inspiration behind the U.S. Bill of Rights.

Key Liberties:

- Freedom to elect members of Parliament, without the king or queen’s interference

- Freedom of speech in Parliament

- Freedom from royal interference with the law

- Freedom to petition the king

- Freedom to bear arms for self-defense

- Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail

- Roman Catholics could not be King of Queen

- Parliament should be summoned frequently

- The succession of the throne would be passed to Mary’s sister, Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs (than to any heirs of William by a later marriage)