# data[].attributes.body
Triforium

A shallow, arcaded passage in the thickness of the wall between the nave arcade and the clerestory

Flying buttress

an architectural support that extends from the wall of a building to a separate pier or buttress, transferring the outward thrust away from the wall and down to the ground.

Pointed arches

Ribbed groin vaults

Flying buttresses

Nave

Transept

Crossing

Aisles

Ambulatory

Nave arcade

Gallery

Triforium

Clerestory

Compound piers

Westwork

Jamb statues

Cult of Mary

Gothic “sway”

Stained glass

Tracery windows

Rayonnant or Court Style

Fan Vaulting (England)

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Early Gothic
High Gothic
Rayonnant Style
Gothic Courtly Style
Gothic outside of France

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Palatine Chapel, Aachen

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The Lindisfarne Gospels was made at Lindisfarne Priory at a time of . . .

*Invasions and political upheavals.

All of the following features are typical of Hiberno-Saxon art EXCEPT . . .
*meanders

they do have these features

*animal hybrids
*spirals
*interlacing

The illustrations of the Lindisfarne Gospels show us that Hiberno-Saxon artists had a unsophisticated sense of design and little interest in detail

*FALSE

What detail of Matthew's portrait page in the Lindisfarne Gospels suggests a Classical influence on Hiberno-Saxon art?

*the figure's robes and posture

The intricate patterns and ornamental detail of this page from the Lindisfarne Gospels served to

*encourage meditative contemplation

Charlemagne instructed his artists at court to revive the artistic styles that were present in the days of ...

*Constantine

The influence of the classical tradition is present in the Lindau Gospel Cover in the . . .

*use of gold

The figures are examples of...

*Repoussé
which is a metalworking technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side.

Bishop Bernward got the idea for his doors from seeing monumental doors . . .

*on a pilgrimage to Rome.

In the bronze doors at Hildesheim, scenes on the left door show episodes from

*Genesis

while scenes on the right door show events from

*The life of Christ

In the bronze doors at Hildesheim, the scene of the Crucifixion is paired with . .

*The Temptation in the Garden of Eden

Each of Bishop Bernward's bronze doors was cast using . .

* the lost wax process

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Pilgrimage stimulated the local economy for which of the following reasons?

*pilgrims needed places to stay

*pilgrims wanted to buy souvenirs

* pilgrims needed places to eat.

Which of the following are true?

*As pilgrimages became increasingly popular, there was a building boom in Europe.
*The Cathedral of St. Lazare is believed to hold the relics, or bones, of St. Lazarus.
*This Last Judgment tympanum in Autun was one of the first monumental sculptures since antiquity.

Which of the following are true of the central figure of Christ in the Last Judgment?
*his body proportions are not naturalistic

*he appears flattened, frontal and symmetrical

*he is elongated

The almond shape that surrounds Christ is called a . . .

*mandorla Images of heaven and hell caused medieval people to consider . . .
*their own standing before God

# data[].attributes.body
Plan of abbey church of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France. Begun 1068

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Transverse section of Durham cathedral (after Acland)

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Transverse section of Durham cathedral (after Acland)

# data[].attributes.body
Transverse section of Durham cathedral (after Acland)

# data[].attributes.body
Plan of Durham cathedral, England. 1093–1130 (after Conant)

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Vault forms: (a) arch; (b) barrel vault; (c) groin vault;

(d) ribbed groin vault; (e) dome

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Plan of cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

ca. 1075–1120 (after Dehio)

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The Pilgrimage Routes to Santiago de Compostela

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Advantages of stone barrel
vaults vs. wooden trussed
roofs:
1. Less risk of fire
2. Better acoustics
3. Could be built taller and
wider

Disadvantages of stone barrel
vaults vs. wooden trussed
roofs:
1. Less light!

Why would people go on a pilgrimage?
1. expression of Christian devotion
2. could purify the soul and perhaps even
produce miraculous healing benefits.
3. could reduce time in purgatory
4. a criminal could travel the "Way of Saint
James” as an act penance
5. opportunities to travel and see some of the world

*Classical influence was also frequently mediated through an intermediary—most importantly Byzantine art

*and the ottonian art

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Nave of Saint-Étienne,

Caen, France.

Vaulted ca. 1115–20

# data[].attributes.body
Plan of abbey church of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France.

Begun 1068

# data[].attributes.body
St. Etienne, Caen, France

(façade, plan, nave)

West façade of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France. Begun 1068

# data[].attributes.body
Plan of Durham cathedral,

England.

1093–1130 (after Conant)

# data[].attributes.body
Transverse section of Durham cathedral (after Acland)

# data[].attributes.body
Durham Cathedral,

England.

1093-1130

Nave

(plan, nave, transverse section)

*made to contain relics of st cuthbert

*decrotive surfaces

*relies on the arch

*it feels fortified and heavy

*cylindeacal peirs- more basic with decrotive carvings that were likey og painted; and compound peirs- more complex

*emulate old important things

*interlaced blind aracde that were painted brightly

*rib vaulting used and was stone

*in the galilee was much lighter and made arches of wood

*it is wrapped around a river

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The Battle of Hastings, detail of the Bayeux Tapestry.

ca. 1066–83

*William is portrayed ordering his men to build a fleet of longships, stock them with arms and armor, food, wine, and horses, and set sail for England, where they feast, plan, and finally attack

*

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Crowds Gaze in Awe at a Comet as Harold Is Told of an Omen,

detail of the Bayeux Tapestry. ca. 1066–83

# data[].attributes.body
Bayeux Tapestry.

ca. 1066–83

# data[].attributes.body
Speyer cathedral,

ca. 103-61;

vaulted ca. 1080-1106 (interior)

# data[].attributes.body
Baptistery of San Giovanni,

Florence, Italy.

Ca. 1060-1150

# data[].attributes.body
Baptistery, cathedral, and campanile.

Pisa, Italy.

(west view)

1053–1272

# data[].attributes.body
Mouth of Hell,

from the Winchester Psalter.

Winchester, England.

ca. 1150

# data[].attributes.body
St. John the Evangelist,

from the Gospel Book of Abbot Wedricus. ca. 1147

# data[].attributes.body
Last Judgment portal by Gislebertus, cathedral of Saint-Lazare,

Autun, France.

Ca. 1120-35

*Jamb = a vertical element of a doorway or window frame, often a side post

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Trumeau and jambs, south portal, church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

*On the front, the viewer is faced with three pairs of intertwined lions and lionesses who are there to symbolically guard the entry into the sacred space of the church.

*On the east side of the trumeau is a representation of the Old Testament prophet Jeremiah (some scholars suggest it is Isaiah), who holds a scroll in his hands.

*On the west side is a figure identified as St. Paul, from the New Testament.

*Across from St. Paul is a representation of St. Peter, also a

New Testament saint (and the namesake of the church), and across from Jeremiah, is the Old Testament prophet Isaiah.

*The pairing of Old and New Testament figures was common during this period as a means of suggesting the fulfillment of Mosaic law (the law coming Moses) in the new Christian law under Christ.

*

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South portal with Second Coming of Christ on tympanum,

church of Saint-Pierre,

Moissac.

ca. 1115-30

*which represents—appropriately for this part of the church—the Last Judgment

*An inscription ("Gislebertus hoc fecit” “Gislebertus made me”), at the base of the giant immobile figure of Christ at the center, records the name of the artist or head of the workshop which produced it, though it has been suggested that it may refer to the original patron who was responsible for bringing the relics of Lazurus to Autun in the Carolingian period.

*In this case, the tympanum is surrounded by three decorative archivolts (arches), which have various foliate patterns carved into the individual blocks of stone, known as the voussoirs, which make them up

*The moment described in this passage, and represented here, is not a narrative in the sense that the Last Judgment is, but it is rather a more esoteric concept of the Second Coming of Christ and the End of Time.

*In his left hand, he balances a book on his knee, perhaps a reference to the Book of Revelation.

*Immediately to the left and right of the seated figure of Christ are the Evangelical Beasts, three animals, and one human figure, who represent the four Evangelists who wrote the New Testament Gospels. Matthew, in the upper left, is represented by the winged man, Mark just below is shown as the lion, Luke on the bottom right is seen as the ox, and John the Evangelist is represented as the eagle.

*

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Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela,

Spain.

ca. 1075–1120

inside

(inside, outside, plan)

*It is also an abbey, meaning that the church was part of a monastery where monks lived, prayed and worked.

*It is known as a pilgrimage church because many of the large churches along the route to Santiago de Compostela took a similar shape

*Not only did this plan take the symbolic form of the cross but it also helped control the crowds of pilgrims. In most cases, pilgrims could enter the western portal and then circulate around the church towards the apse at the eastern end.

*This design helped to regulate the flow of traffic throughout the church although the intention and effective use of this design has been debated.

*

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Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela,

Spain.

ca. 1075–1120

Plan

(inside, outside, plan)

# data[].attributes.body
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela,

Spain.

ca. 1075–1120

(inside, outside, plan)

# data[].attributes.body
Nave and choir,

church of Sant Vicenc,

Cardona, Spain.

ca. 1029-1040

# data[].attributes.body
pilgrimage

Going to a holy place

Santiago de Compostela

Santiago de Compostela in Spain offered a much more convenient option.

a pilgrimage site of saint james

“Way of Saint James”

barrel vault

A deep arch extended in length

compound piers

a vertical support with attached columns or shafts

bays

a unit of space that repeats within a larger structure

apsidiole

small chapels radiating from the apse; small little circles

ambulatory
transept
crossing
narthex
nave

reliquary

a decorated container for a relic

cloister

a covered walkway, typically surrounding a courtyard or garden, found in monasteries and convents

tympanum

a semi-circular recessed space typically found above a doorway, often decorated with sculpture

trumeau

a central vertical post or pier that supports the lintel and tympanum of a large doorway

jamb

a vertical element of a doorway or window frame, often a side post

groin vaults

A vault formation created by the perpendicular intersection of two barrel vaults.

campanile

Bell tower

mandorla

full body halo

champlevé

an enamel process where the surface to be enameled is carved or etched with a design prior to enameling

Historiated capital

a capital that tells a story

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Romanesque Art
c. 1100 AD

# data[].attributes.body
Gero Crucifix.

ca. 970

*the fallen christ

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St. Luke, from the Gospel Book of Otto III. ca. 997–1000

# data[].attributes.body
Jesus Washing the Feet of St. Peter, from the Gospel Book of Otto III.

ca. 997–1000

# data[].attributes.body
Manuscript pages from the Gospel of Otto III,

997-1000

*The double page opening of the ruler portrait of Otto III and the accompanying image of provinces bringing tribute is taken from the Gospels of Otto III

*Otto III was the Holy Roman Emperor and nominally ruled over territories corresponding to modern-day Germany, France, and northern Italy.

*Otto III looks out at us with hypnotic eyes, and is dressed in green and the imperial purple

*He is flanked on either side by members of his court: on the right by those who fight (two members of the nobility who carry a sword, a lance, and shield) and, on the left, by those who pray (two members of the clergy who hold books).

*The pendant image depicts four personifications of the territories over which Otto ruled and who are shown bringing him tribute. They are identified as: Sclavinia (Slavic east), Germania (roughly Germany), Gallia (roughly France), and Roma (Rome).

*this comes from classical art

*parrale jesus recieving gifts

*Otto III is represented out of proportion with the much smaller figures that flank him—indicating his status.

*

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Doors of Bishop Bernward, Sold Bronze, maybe lost bronze waxing

Hildesheim cathedral (originally made for abbey church of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim), Germany.

1015

*wanted to recreate art he saw

*upper left down

*eve nursing

*then on the right it goes from the bottom to the top

*scenes from genises

*the opposites of sides they will often parralle each other

*tree

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Interior, with view toward the apse (after restoration of 1950–60),

abbey church of St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany

# data[].attributes.body
St. Michael’s Hildesheim,

Germany

exterior

(exterior, plan, doors)

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St. Michael’s Hildesheim,

Germany

Plan

(exterior, plan, doors)

# data[].attributes.body
Front cover of binding,

Lindau Gospels.

Ca. 870

*Repoussé= a metalworking technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side.

*the truimphent of christ

*the un able to feel pain

*attempting to bring back classical forms

*like the cross itself is like a building

*Gold, emeraldes, and pearls

*pearls refernce the apostles

*the book leads you to salvation

*hammered form the inside

*less abstract

# data[].attributes.body
St. Matthew,

from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims.

Ca. 816-35

*The brushwork of the author portraits can be described as energetic, expressionistic, even frenzied

*The artist remains attentive to the use of highlighting and shadow to create three-dimensional forms, but does so with textured rather than smooth modeling, which creates an effect of movement.

*Matthew is hunched over as if frantically writing on his (still blank) codex, while Matthew’s posture in the Coronation Gospels is more upright and relaxed; his pen grazes his chin, as if he is pausing in thought.

*interpret of old stuff

*angle in the corner

*landscape of building which is classic

*a 3D view of matthew

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St. Matthew,

from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne (Coronation Gospels).

ca. 800-10

*were discovered in Charlemagne's tomb within the Palatine Chapel

*The manuscript is clearly a luxury object, written in gold ink on purple-dyed vellum

*are consistent with the elements of classical revival (e.g., modeling of figures to make them appear three-dimensional, gradation of the sky, the architecture and furnishings

*

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Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler (Charles the Bald?).

9th century

# data[].attributes.body
Burial ship and Animal head,

from Oseberg, Norway.

ca. 834

# data[].attributes.body
Chi Ro Iota page,

from the Book of Matthew, Book of Kells,

ca. 800

Book of Kells

*scriptorium- a place to just write

*a canon table-like a table of contents

*first images of Mary

*many carpet pages

Chi Ro

*the first letters of chirst name in greek

*interlacing used

*human heads, anmials, birds

*cats bitting

*act of devotion

*the New Testament

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St. Matthew,

from the Lindisfarne Gospels.

Ca. 700

*it is st matthew

*naturalism that nods to rome and greek

*flatter and more linear influnce of Iona

*penned by a single individual

*they would translate the book

*a luxury object

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Cross page,

from the Lindisfarne Gospels.

ca. 700

*Miniaturist=artist

*Attributed to one person: Bishop Eadfrith

*Carpet page=a full page in an illuminated manuscript that is filled with intricate, patterned designs (similar to a carpet)

*used to make the books individual

*common with old images

*has animal heads and the cross, but all mostly abstract

*the moving of info

# data[].attributes.body
St. Matthew,

from the Book of Durrow,

ca. 680

*Illuminated manuscript= book with painted decorations

# data[].attributes.body
Purse cover,

from the Sutton Hoo ship burial.

First half of 7th century

*Cloisonné=“fenced in” (bronze outlines with garnet and enamel)

*possibly king redwald

*a display of riches

*a reconstruction

*interlacing animal style

*millefori- canes of glass fused together

*found in a ship

*inbetween roman rule and norman invasion

*very early christianity

*The lid was made to cover a leather pouch containing gold coins. It hung by three hinged straps from the waist belt, and was fastened by a gold buckle. The lid had totally decayed but was probably made of whalebone

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Gold buckle,

from the Sutton Hoo ship burial.

First half of 7th century

# data[].attributes.body
cloisonné

“fenced in” (bronze outlines with garnet and enamel)

illuminated manuscript

book with painted
decorations

initial page

large decorative first letters of pages or of a persons initals

carpet page

a full page in an illuminated manuscript that is filled with intricate, patterned designs (similar to a carpet)

miniaturist

artist

scriptorium

a room, often within a
monastery, dedicated to the copying
and illumination of manuscripts

codex

a manuscript in book form, consisting of individual pages bound together, as opposed to the earlier scroll format

the four evangelists

The 4 Evangelists
Matthew=man
Mark=lion
Luke=ox
John=eagle

repoussé

a metalworking technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side

westwork

a monumental, west-facing entrance area in early medieval churches, typically featuring towers on each end

Charlemagne
=
Carolus Magnus
=
Charles the Great

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Anglo-Saxon: c. 600 A.D.
Hiberno-Saxon: c. 700 A.D.
Viking: c. 800 A.D.
Carolingian: c. 800 A.D.
Ottonian: c. 1000 A.D.

# data[].attributes.body
Choir of Glourcester Cathedral

*in harry potter

# data[].attributes.body
Salisbury cathederal

spire ca. 1320-30

*Butrresses became for stylish than for practical

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Virgin of Paris

Early 14th

Stone

*Cathedral of Norte-Dame, Paris

*jesus actully depicted as a child

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Virgin of Jeanne d' Evreux

1339

*its gilded gold so it simply covered in gold

*the gothic sway

*she thinks of mary as a queen is pretty small

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Guillaume de Machaut

The Enchanted Garden

From Le Dit du Lion

# data[].attributes.body
Jean Pucelle

The Betrayal of Christ and Annuciation

From the hours of Jeanne d'Evreux

1324-28

*is a book of hours and is a book of prayer they were supposed to say their prayers at certain times

*the capture of Jesus and everyone has a halo over their head exept for Judas

*they are adding more depth

*they have side stories they go on that have nothing to do with the main story

*Their is spacial use with something in fron and something behind

# data[].attributes.body
Melchizedek and Abraham

from Psalter of St. Loius

1253-70

*depitics of stain glass

*they have the pointed arches

*Abraham on a Holy war

*Abraham bringing the king his tithing

*Melchizedek is often seen as a sort of christ like figure

*Mel is offering something back to Abraham

*He offers him bread and wine

*they have the "gothic sway" and it does not always work anatomically and is seen as more naturalistic

*

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Brianche of castile and King Louis XI of France

Bible of Saint Louis

ca. 1227-34

(Moralized Bible) - taking stories from a bunch of different books to teach a lesson

*Queen teaching the king lessons

*also exencuates the royal

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Sainte-Chapel, paris

1214-48

*after the fall they started going smaller and focusing on the most important, windows and tractrey

# data[].attributes.body
Cologne Cathedral

1248-1880

*it is the tallest of the Cathedrals

*the stone work on the top and you can see the jericho crucifix

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Annunciation and Visitation

west Portal od Cathedral of Norte Dame in Rems

ca. 1230-65

*the jambs are looking less and less like columns

*the two on the right are belived to be made by the same man and maybe made by a Roman because of the drapery

*more naturalism

*the left is angel gabriel, then Mary, then Mary and Elizabeth

*the angel is simling

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Chathedral of Norte Dame in Re

*More openings

*more pointy things

*more carving out of the building

*more rose windows

# data[].attributes.body
*protecting the building

*water spouts

*if they dont have water spouts on them they are not gargouls they are grotesques

# data[].attributes.body
Nave of Notre Dame in Paris

*ribbed groin vaulted ceilings

*to feel transported

*

# data[].attributes.body
West Facade of the cathedral of Notre-Dame

Paris

ca. 1200-50

*the rose window

*door jamb figure

*a lot of peicing in the stone

*a lot of cutting out g the walls

*tracery- thin lines of stone

*the arches are pointed

what does it haave in common with the Partheonn

*open spacing to fell more airy

*have mathematics heavy involved with it

*both have post lintel

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Nave of cathedral of Notre-Dame

Laon, France

ca. 1160-1210

*barrel vault vs groin vault

# data[].attributes.body
*mary almost always the centure

*when you read stain glass we start for the bottom up

*still left to right

*the 3x3 is of the birth of christ

*the one like a clover in a clover at the bottom is of the good sameritan

# data[].attributes.body
Purposes for stained glass windows

*to beautify the church

*to diffuse the light

*to let in light

*to teach the scriptures ot those who can not read

*transforms the material of the stone into immaterial

*to transport viewers into the more heavnly vibe

# data[].attributes.body
Notre Dame de le Belle Verriere

*stain glass was like their version of painting held together by led

*some parts of the stain glass is actually painted

# data[].attributes.body
North Transpet of Catherdral of Notre doame

Chartres

*the stain glass causes this glitter affect

# data[].attributes.body
Jamb statues, South transpet

*these ones are less elongated

*they are not floating

*they add more and more naturalism

*all of them are saint

*saint theodore

*the smallest bit of contropostto

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Coronation of the Virgin

*they are carrying Mary up into heaven

*

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Portals

North transept of cathedral of Norte-Dame

Chartes

ca. 1204-30

*transet- a window and arch that is pointed up to the heavens

*the portals draw you into the home

# data[].attributes.body
Jamb statues,

west portal of Cathedral of Norte-Dame, Chartres

*Abstraction helps them with the spirituality of them

# data[].attributes.body
Cutaway drawing, Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

# data[].attributes.body
Schematic drawing of a generic Arab hypostyle mosque

# data[].attributes.body
Schematic drawing of a generic Persian four-iwan mosque

# data[].attributes.body
Taj Mahal,

Agra, India.

ca. 1650

Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

*Shah Jahans wivess, Mumtaz Mahal, tomb after death during child birth

*The Taj is, however, exceptional for its monumental scale, stunning gardens, lavish ornamentation, and its overt use of white marble.

*The white-marble mausoleum is flanked on either side by identical buildings in red sandstone.  One of these serves as a mosque, and the other, whose exact function is unknown, provides architectural balance.

*The interior floor plan of the Taj exhibits the hasht bishisht (eight levels) principle, alluding to the eight levels of paradise

*Qur’anic verses inscribed into the walls of the building and designs inlaid with semi-precious stones—coral, onyx, carnelian, amethyst, and lapis lazuli

*flowers are important

*Taj Mahal being referred to as an architectural “symbol of love” in popular literature

*one suggests that the Taj is not a funeral monument, and that Shah Jahan might have built a similar structure even if his wife had not died. Based on the metaphoric specificity of Qur’anic and other inscriptions and the emperor’s love of thrones, another theory maintains that the Taj Mahal is a symbolic representation of a Divine Throne—the seat of God—on the Day of Judgment.

*A third view holds that the monument was built to represent a replica of a house of paradise

*