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End of the Ice Age. Rising water levels formed the archipelago of England, Scotland, and Wales. The island people were hunter-gatherers and settled in areas where land and water met.

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4,000 BC: Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) 

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4,000 BC: Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) 

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Farming begins

Town-like permanent settlements

The construction of monumental sites like Stonehenge which reflected a hierarchical society.

Pottery and polished stone tools.

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Extensive farming and settlements

Metalworking (copper, bronze)

Burial mounds (barrows) and roundhouses

International trade

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Iron tools and weapons replace bronze

Celtic tribes and territoriality between the land and tribes

The Druids were the religious leaders

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Julius Caesar's invaded Britain but eventually left the island

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43 AD: Roman conquest under Emperor Claudius

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43 AD: Roman conquest under Emperor Claudius

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The Roman army was experienced and the Celtic tribes weren’t united.

“Client kings” from local tribes would govern regions on behalf of Rome.

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Boudica, Prasatagus’ wife, leads a rebellion of the Iceni against the Romans.

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Hadrian's Wall built to keep the aggressive Celts and Picts out of the Empire

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The Romano-British had to fight against the Scots, Irish and Saxons alone

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Rome falls to the Barbarians Visigoths

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Britons hired Germanic mercenaries (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) to help defend against northern invaders. These groups began to take over land.

Several kingdoms formed (e.g., Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Kent, East Anglia).

The rise of kings like Offa of Mercia (built Offa’s Dyke along the Welsh border).

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597 AD: St. Augustine brings Christianity

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597 AD: St. Augustine brings Christianity

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St. Augustine converted the King of England, aethelbert, and established a monastery at Canterbury.

The church brought education and written literature to England.

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597 AD: St. Augustine brings Christianity.

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the first viking raid on Lindisfarne monastery. Eventually, large parts of England fall under Danelaw (Viking control).

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Alfred the Great resists Vikings

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1016 AD: Cnut becomes Danish king of England

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1016 AD: Cnut becomes Danish king of England

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1042 AD: Edward the Confessor restores Anglo-Saxon rule

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1042 AD: Edward the Confessor restores Anglo-Saxon rule

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William, the duke of Normandy, defeats Harold at the Battle of Hastings and becomes William the Conqueror, King of England.